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Transcript of Chapter 5 States of Consciousness These power point slides are to only be used as a means to take...
Chapter 5Chapter 5
States of ConsciousnessThese power point slides are to only be used as a means to take notes during Mrs. Bartolotti’s lecture. They are not to be reproduced in any way without the permission of the teacher. Also, the slides presented here are not to be the only means of studying for the chapter test. You will still need to read and take notes for both the reading and the lecture. Finally, please note, not all of the slides from Mrs. Bartolotti’s lecture are included in these slides; hey, some things have to be a surprise!
How is ConsciousnessHow is ConsciousnessRelated to Other Mental Related to Other Mental
Processes?Processes?
Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur
simultaneously outside our awareness
What Consciousness Does For UsWhat Consciousness Does For Us
Restricts our attention
Combines sensation with learning and memory
Allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can manipulate
How do we study consciousness?How do we study consciousness?
•Roger Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler (1971)
•Proved how consciousness allows us to manipulate objects by asking people to identify if objects that were rotated were the same object.
•See page 161 – are all three objects the same?
How do we study consciousness?How do we study consciousness?
•Stephen Kosslyn (1976)
•Said we could use our conscious minds to “zoom in,” like a camera of the details of our mental images.
Levels ofLevels ofConsciousnessConsciousness
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
NonconsciousN
onco
nsci
ous Subconscious
Present Awareness
No Conscious Processing
Just below awareness
Past awareness
No awareness
What Cycles OccurWhat Cycles Occurin Everydayin Everyday
Consciousness?Consciousness?
Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our
biological rhythms and the patterns of stimulation in our
environment
What Cycles OccurWhat Cycles Occurin Everydayin Everyday
Consciousness?Consciousness?
Daydreaming – A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation
Sleep and DreamingSleep and Dreaming
Circadian rhythms –Psychological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours
The sleep cycle involves:REM sleep
Non-REM (NREM) sleep
REM-sleep deprivation leads to REM rebound
The Sleep CycleThe Sleep Cycle
The Function of SleepThe Function of Sleep
Possible functions of sleep include:
• To conserve energy
• To restore the body (neurotransmitters, neuron sensitivity)
• To build “neural nets” and flush out useless information from the brain
The Need for SleepThe Need for Sleep
Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for
NREM sleep diminishes less sharply
Sleep Debt vs. The Circadian ClockSleep Debt vs. The Circadian Clock
Sleep debt –Deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning
Why We Dream: Why We Dream: A Cross-Cultural PerspectiveA Cross-Cultural Perspective
Folk theories
Scientific approach• Dreams as meaningful events• Dreams as random brain activity
Dreams as Meaningful EventsDreams as Meaningful Events
Freud believed dreams served the following two functions:• To guard sleep• To serve as sources of wish fulfillment
Dream content• Varies by culture, gender, and age• Frequently connects with recent experience• May help us form memories
Dreams as Random Dreams as Random Brain ActivityBrain Activity
Activation-synthesis theory – Theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from brain stem; dreams are brain’s attempt to make sense of this random activity
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders
Insomnia – Involves insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings
Sleep apnea – Respiratory disorder in which person intermittently stops breathing while asleep
Cataplexy – Sudden loss of muscle control that occurs before narcoleptic sleep attack; waking form of sleep paralysis
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders
Narcolepsy – Involves sudden REM sleep attacks accompanied by cataplexy
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders
Night terrors – The screaming of a child in deep sleep, who, once awakened, has no memory of what mental events might have caused the fear
What Other Forms Can What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?Consciousness Take?
An altered state of consciousness occurs when
some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or
chemical means
What Other Forms Can What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take?Consciousness Take?
Hypnosis
Meditation
Psychoactive drug states
HypnosisHypnosis
Hypnosis – Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation
Hypnotizability – Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions
Hypnosis As anHypnosis As anAltered StateAltered State
Experts disagree about whetherhypnosis involvesA distinct state of consciousness
Heightened motivation
Social processes such as role playing
A dissociate state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view)
Practical Uses forPractical Uses forHypnosisHypnosis
Hypnosis can have practical uses forResearchers
Psychological treatment
Medical and dental treatmentHypnotic analgesia –
Diminished sensitivity to pain while under hypnosis
MeditationMeditation
Meditation – Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions and minimizing external stimulation
HallucinogensHallucinogens
StimulantsStimulantsDepressantsDepressants
OpiatesOpiates
Psychoactive Drug StatesPsychoactive Drug States
Psychoactive drugs – Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system
Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness
(also called psychedelics)
• Mescaline• LSD• PCP• Cannabis
HallucinogensHallucinogens
Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain-relieving properties
• Morphine• Codeine• Heroin• Methadone
OpiatesOpiates
Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system
• Barbiturates• Benzodiazepines
(e.g. Valium)• Alcohol
DepressantsDepressants
Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses
• Cocaine• Amphetamines• Methamphetamine• MDMA (ecstasy)• Caffeine• Nicotine
StimulantsStimulants
End of Chapter 5End of Chapter 5Congratulations! You did it! Now, how about checking out some of those study tools and resources on my website to show what you know! Practice makes perfect!