Sleep and Dream states n Consciousness n What is consciousness? u Consciousness is what goes on...
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Transcript of Sleep and Dream states n Consciousness n What is consciousness? u Consciousness is what goes on...
Sleep and Dream statesSleep and Dream states
ConsciousnessConsciousness What is consciousness?What is consciousness?
Consciousness is what goes on between your Consciousness is what goes on between your ears when you are awake?ears when you are awake?
DREAMING is a state of consciousnessDREAMING is a state of consciousness
Altered states of consciousnessAltered states of consciousness Sleep, drugs, meditation, hypnosis?Sleep, drugs, meditation, hypnosis?
Sleep and wakefulnessSleep and wakefulness
Seem different but have a lot in commonSeem different but have a lot in common In sleepIn sleep we may ‘talk’we may ‘talk’ we may ‘walk’we may ‘walk’ we have memorieswe have memories we can even plan things!we can even plan things!
Sleep patterns vary - average = 7/8 hours per Sleep patterns vary - average = 7/8 hours per nightnight
SleepSleep
Disruption of sleep leads to fatigueDisruption of sleep leads to fatigue
What goes on in the brain of a sleeper?What goes on in the brain of a sleeper?
Brain activity can be recorded by an Brain activity can be recorded by an EEG EEG
ElectroencephalogramElectroencephalogram
Sleep and dream statesSleep and dream states Every 24 hours we sleepEvery 24 hours we sleep
we spend 30% of our lives asleepwe spend 30% of our lives asleep sleep is an active NOT a passive behavioursleep is an active NOT a passive behaviour
Dement and Kleitman (1950s)Dement and Kleitman (1950s) the five stages of sleepthe five stages of sleep
National InitiativesNational Initiatives UfIUfI NGFLNGFL
Sector DevelopmentsSector Developments ConnectivityConnectivity Local initiativesLocal initiatives Inclusivity and widening participationInclusivity and widening participation
The brain and its states...The brain and its states...
Waking EEGs -Waking EEGs - Desynchronised brain wavesDesynchronised brain waves not all chanting togethernot all chanting together
The stages of sleepThe stages of sleep
Before sleepBefore sleep just as we fall asleepjust as we fall asleep
synchronised alpha wavessynchronised alpha waves heart rate slows, temperature fallsheart rate slows, temperature falls muscle tension reducesmuscle tension reduces
The stages of sleepThe stages of sleep
Stage 1 sleepStage 1 sleep - alpha waves reduced - alpha waves reduced less desynchronised brain activityless desynchronised brain activity
Stage 2 sleepStage 2 sleep - synchronised brain activity - synchronised brain activity larger and slower waveslarger and slower waves bursts of sharp ‘spikes’bursts of sharp ‘spikes’ (sleep spindles)(sleep spindles)
The stages of sleepThe stages of sleep
Stage 3 sleepStage 3 sleep - slow delta waves - slow delta waves less sleep spindlesless sleep spindles heart and breathing rate continue to fallheart and breathing rate continue to fall Stage 4 sleepStage 4 sleep - only delta waves - only delta waves arousal threshold high (people are hard to arousal threshold high (people are hard to
wake up) wake up) 4 stages of Slow Wave Sleep4 stages of Slow Wave Sleep all synchronised slow wave activityall synchronised slow wave activity
REM sleepREM sleep
REM sleepREM sleep - - after about 90 minutes after about 90 minutes EEG shows SHIFT into fast EEG shows SHIFT into fast desynchronised brain activitydesynchronised brain activity
heart rate increasesheart rate increases skeletal muscles relaxed (paralysis)skeletal muscles relaxed (paralysis) Rapid Eye Movements occur (REM)Rapid Eye Movements occur (REM)
REM sleepREM sleep
REM sleepREM sleep - 15 minutes in REM sleep - 15 minutes in REM sleep then back through stage 2 3 and 4then back through stage 2 3 and 4
this cycle repeats every 90 minutesthis cycle repeats every 90 minutes 5 or 6 cycles per night5 or 6 cycles per night towards morning more REM sleeptowards morning more REM sleep we dream in REM sleep, thus dream more we dream in REM sleep, thus dream more
in early morningin early morning
What is sleep FOR?What is sleep FOR?
The evolutionary theoryThe evolutionary theory All species sleep, thus sleep MUST All species sleep, thus sleep MUST
have a valuable function (survival of have a valuable function (survival of the species)the species)
Do animals need sleep?Do animals need sleep? Rats deprived of sleep die after 21 daysRats deprived of sleep die after 21 days Jouvet - cats & the flower pot techniqueJouvet - cats & the flower pot technique (These animals may have died of stress)(These animals may have died of stress)
Human sleep deprivation?Human sleep deprivation?
REM sleep seems important:REM sleep seems important: The Randy Gardner studyThe Randy Gardner study volunteers who are gradually deprived volunteers who are gradually deprived
of sleep of sleep (sleep reduced from 8 hours to 2 hours)(sleep reduced from 8 hours to 2 hours) pack REM sleep into the time they pack REM sleep into the time they
CAN sleepCAN sleep
Do we only DREAM in REM sleep?Do we only DREAM in REM sleep?
How can we find out?How can we find out?
IDEAS on a post card IDEAS on a post card please!!!!!please!!!!!
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Developed a rigorous and Developed a rigorous and objective test objective test
of theof the relationship between REM relationship between REM
sleep and dreamingsleep and dreaming
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Three ways to collect dataThree ways to collect data First DVFirst DV Dream recall during REM and Dream recall during REM and
NREM sleepNREM sleep they woke people up and asked they woke people up and asked
them if they had dreamedthem if they had dreamed
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Three ways to collect dataThree ways to collect data 2nd DV2nd DV Subjective estimate of the duration Subjective estimate of the duration
of dreams CORRELATED to the of dreams CORRELATED to the duration of REM before awakenedduration of REM before awakened
they asked people to say how long they asked people to say how long their dreams had lastedtheir dreams had lasted
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Three ways to collect dataThree ways to collect data 3rd DV3rd DV- patterns of eye - patterns of eye
movements were related to the movements were related to the reported dream contentreported dream content
to test whether the movement to test whether the movement represented specific expression of represented specific expression of the visual dream experiencethe visual dream experience
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Third DV - the criteria Third DV - the criteria FOUR eye movement patternsFOUR eye movement patterns 11 mainly verticalmainly vertical 22 mainly horizontalmainly horizontal 33 vertical & horizontalvertical & horizontal 4 4 little or nonelittle or none
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Have we all got that?Have we all got that? 3 ways to collect the data (DVs)3 ways to collect the data (DVs) self report of dreamingself report of dreaming self report of length of dream - self report of length of dream -
correlated to length of EEG REMcorrelated to length of EEG REM correlation of eye movement to correlation of eye movement to
reported dream contentreported dream content
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
9 participants (7 male & 2 female)9 participants (7 male & 2 female) only 5 studied intensivelyonly 5 studied intensively method - a lab experimentmethod - a lab experiment The procedure - Ps asked to The procedure - Ps asked to
refrain from alcohol & caffeinerefrain from alcohol & caffeine Report at bed time to sleep labReport at bed time to sleep lab
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Ps go to bed in quiet roomPs go to bed in quiet room Electrodes stuck next to eyes to Electrodes stuck next to eyes to
record eye movementsrecord eye movements Electrodes stuck to scalp to record Electrodes stuck to scalp to record
brain waves (EEG)brain waves (EEG) All attached by single wire to EEG All attached by single wire to EEG
(lead wire at top of bed)(lead wire at top of bed)
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Now - Ps awakened through the Now - Ps awakened through the night to test their dream recallnight to test their dream recall
21 awakenings in first 2 hrs of sleep21 awakenings in first 2 hrs of sleep 29 awakenings in 2nd 2 hrs of sleep29 awakenings in 2nd 2 hrs of sleep 28 awakenings in 3rd 2 hrs of sleep28 awakenings in 3rd 2 hrs of sleep 22 awakenings in 4th 2 hrs of sleep22 awakenings in 4th 2 hrs of sleep
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
They were woken by a bell placed They were woken by a bell placed next to the bednext to the bed
when woken the Ps spoke into a when woken the Ps spoke into a recording device near the bedrecording device near the bed
FIRST - they said whether they had been FIRST - they said whether they had been dreamingdreaming
NEXT they said what they were dreaming NEXT they said what they were dreaming about (if they could)about (if they could)
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
CONTROLCONTROL No communication between No communication between
experimenter and sleeper until experimenter and sleeper until after they told of their dream after they told of their dream contentcontent
in case the experimenter in case the experimenter ‘suggested the content’‘suggested the content’
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
CONTROLCONTROL They were NOT told whether they They were NOT told whether they
had been woken in REM sleep or had been woken in REM sleep or in NREM sleepin NREM sleep
Woken in BOTH REM and NREMWoken in BOTH REM and NREM
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants dream reports (DV1)dream reports (DV1) REM SLEEPREM SLEEP 191 awakenings191 awakenings 152 dream reports152 dream reports 39 no dream reports39 no dream reports
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants Dream reports (DV1)Dream reports (DV1) NREM sleepNREM sleep 160 awakenings160 awakenings 11 dream reports11 dream reports 149 no dream reports149 no dream reports
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants dream reports (DV1)dream reports (DV1) HIGH incidence of dream recall HIGH incidence of dream recall
after REMafter REM LOW incidence of dream recall LOW incidence of dream recall
after NREMafter NREM
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants Length of dream correlated to length of Length of dream correlated to length of
REM (DV2)REM (DV2) How was this done??How was this done?? Ps awakened randomly after 5 or 15 minutes Ps awakened randomly after 5 or 15 minutes
of REM and asked to guess how long theyof REM and asked to guess how long they had been dreaming had been dreaming
(5 or 15 minutes)(5 or 15 minutes)
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants 5 minutes REM SLEEP5 minutes REM SLEEP 45 reports were right45 reports were right 6 reports were wrong6 reports were wrong 15 minutes REM sleep15 minutes REM sleep 47 reports were right47 reports were right 13 reports were wrong13 reports were wrong
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants length of dream correlated to length of dream correlated to
length of REM (DV2)length of REM (DV2) most Ps guessed accurately most Ps guessed accurately
except one P who could only except one P who could only remember the ends of dreamsremember the ends of dreams
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants relationship between the type of eye relationship between the type of eye
movement to CONTENT of dreammovement to CONTENT of dream (DV3)(DV3) Ps woken when TYPE of eye movement Ps woken when TYPE of eye movement
was regular (vertical etc)was regular (vertical etc) 21 wakings - reports always looking at 21 wakings - reports always looking at
people or objects near to thempeople or objects near to them
•3 out of 35 awakenings were for vertical movements
•Standing at the bottom of cliff hoisting things up
•Climbing a ladder
•Playing basketball
One horizontal awakening
Throwing tomatoes
10 little or no eye movement
2 occasions driving car looking into distance then look left at car pulling out or man waving
A quick glance left observed just before waking
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
SUMMARY & conclusionsSUMMARY & conclusions regularly occurring REMs every nightregularly occurring REMs every night Most Ps recalled dreaming in REMMost Ps recalled dreaming in REM lack of dream recall + light brain waves lack of dream recall + light brain waves
suggest NO dreaming in NREMsuggest NO dreaming in NREM Objective measurement of dreaming Objective measurement of dreaming
MAY be achieved by recording REMS MAY be achieved by recording REMS while people sleepwhile people sleep
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
EvaluationEvaluation
REM sleep is important REM sleep is important the brain needs to sleep to organise the brain needs to sleep to organise
itselfitself evidenceevidence babies sleep longer than old peoplebabies sleep longer than old people REM is longer after complex tasksREM is longer after complex tasks
Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONSDement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS
Does it matter that only 2 Ps were female?Does it matter that only 2 Ps were female?
Why were Ps asked to refrain from alcohol / Why were Ps asked to refrain from alcohol / caffeine?caffeine?
Why was it important that the Ps did not Why was it important that the Ps did not know whether they were in REM or NREM?know whether they were in REM or NREM?
Does the size of the sample matter?Does the size of the sample matter?
Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONSDement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS
Why might the sleep patterns be different Why might the sleep patterns be different when the Ps sleep in their own beds?when the Ps sleep in their own beds?
Why might some of the Ps have recalled Why might some of the Ps have recalled dreams when they were woken in NREM dreams when they were woken in NREM
To whom can we generalise the findings?To whom can we generalise the findings?
Was the study ethical?Was the study ethical?
Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONSDement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS
What was the IV?What was the IV?
What were the three DVs?What were the three DVs?
What is the MAIN disadvantage of What is the MAIN disadvantage of correlational analysis?correlational analysis?
Have D & K established that dreaming Have D & K established that dreaming ONLY occurs in REM sleep?ONLY occurs in REM sleep?
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
YOU MUST read this study upYOU MUST read this study up
Also - Also - try to read a chapter on SLEEP try to read a chapter on SLEEP
RESEARCH in GROSS or RESEARCH in GROSS or CARDWELLCARDWELL
Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman
Try recalling your own dreamsTry recalling your own dreams
Keep a dream diaryKeep a dream diary Do you dream more after you Do you dream more after you
have been studying hard?have been studying hard?
The endThe end