Chapter 5

-Greek Art-

Early Greek World 2300BCE

Later Greek Colonies

Greek Origins

• Aegean and European traits• Formed Independent city states or Poleis• Political rule was first by Kings –then by Tyrants• Tyrants overthrown in Athens 2500 years ago.

Democracy established• Olympics – 776 BCE • Greeks regarded themselves as Hellas, rather than

Barbarians ( which surrounded the boundaries)• Western colonies in Italy = Best preserved temples

Greek Humanism

• Democracy• Art, History, Literature• Western culture = taken from the Greeks• Religion- Like divinities of the Near East, the gods assumed human

form and were immortal• “Humans, are the measure of all things” from Philosopher

Protagoras• Athens - HUGE symbol of Greek Culture• - Great Plays held there, Market places, Gymnasiums• Socrates and Plato= encouraged philosophy and Plato formulated

his idea for the best government• Greeks loved exercise, education and daily life• Greeks borrowed from Egypt and Near east – owed debts to them

Greek Civilization

• Slavery was natural

• Greek women were not equal with men

• Democracy – dominated by white males based on military thinking

• Greek men – educated with Homer’s Hero’s

• War- among the city states was atrocious & fell into Rome’s Imperialism

The Geometric and Orientalzing Periods

• Reading and writing lost, frescos sculpting

• Disappearance of Kings led to loss of knowledge

• Trade began

• Homer’s stories memorized

• Olympic games start

Geometric Krater – Athens 740 BCE

angular motifs, key/meander patterns = Geometric Style

Hero and Centaur

Centaur – Greek Invention

Orientalizing ArtMantiklos Apollo

Bronze, 700-800 BCE Thebes, Greece• Statue made for a

god for a favor in return

• Characteristics -

Corinthian black figure amphora with animal friezes

625-600 BCE • Organized bands• What influence?

Stone Temples 625 BCE

• Trading with Egypt the Greeks saw the monumental sculpture of the Egyptians

• Temple A for unknown deity

Lady of Auxerre – 650 BCE

• Statue of a goddess of Kore

• Gesture of Prayer• Daedalic

Kouros – 600 BCE

• Like Egyptian sculptures

• Funerary sculpture– stood over grave

• Similar to Egyptian however very different

• Liberated from stone block

• Nude

Calf Bearer- Greece 560 BCE

• Offering • Left foot forward –

trait of Kouri• Archaic Statue Smile • V shape body• Thin Cloak

Krisos Boy – Greece 530 BCE

• Died a Hero’s death• Skin left natural color• Polished (eyes, lips,

drapery were painted encaustic)

Peplos Kore – 530 BCE

• What shape is the Peplos Kore?

• Kore and other sculptures had been knocked over by the Persians during their sack of the acropolis in 480bce

• Not sure if figure is goddess or Maiden

Korefrom the Acropolis, Athens 520-510BCE

Early Greek Arch.

• Early Greek arch. did not survive due to the use of mudbrick

• Oak columns were replaced with Marble• Their temples influenced western world• Greek Temple shrines – the altar lay outside the temple

– at the east end facing the rising sun (cult sculpture outside of temple)

• Greeks used proportion in their temple plans• Classical temples are longer• Harmony and music was in proportion

Doric and Ionic Temples

Doric and Ionic Temples

•Greek Arch. ( Balance and Clarity)

550BCEUsed columns for load bearing not like Egyptians

Temple of Hera ICella is split in middle

Doric Capitals

West Pediment from the Temple of Artemis – 600-580 BCE

• Pediment• What is the problem with Pediments?• Arm bent ( pinwheel)• Gorgon Medusa, Chrysaor and pegasus – Medusa’s

Children ---

Reconstruction of the Siphnian Treasury – Delphi, Greece 530 BCE

• Set up for storage of offerings and votives

• Caryatid- A female figure that supports a column

• Frieze on all 4 sides

Gigantomachy- From Siphnian Treasury– Delphi 530 BCE

-Gigantomachy – battle of gods and giants ( popular theme)

-Apollo and Artemis attacking the giants

Francois Vase – 570BCE

• Archaic painted vases• Black figure painting• Volute with handles• By Kleitias and

Ergotimos • 200 Figures in 6

registers• Figures are all from

Greek Mythology

Exekias - Achilles and AjaxBlk figure ptg 540BCE

• No horizontal bands• Amphora – a jar to

hold wine or water

Exekias- Achllies and Ajax playing dice game – Bilingual Painting

Euphronios – Herkales wrestling Antaios – 510BCE

• Thinner glaze for giant

• Compositional human figure not correct

Euthymides – 3 Revelers 510BCE

Onesimos – Girl Preparing to Bathe

Temple of Aphaia- Greece 500-490 BCE

• Doric columns, displaced

• Local goddess worship

• Statue added – placed on central axis

Temple plan of Aphaia

• Three aisles dividing up space

• Three rooms rooms

Dying Warrior from the East Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia – 490-480BCE

Dying Warrior from the West Pediment – 500-490 BCE

Temple of Hera II – 460 BCE

Temple of Zeus – Greece 470-456BCE

The Seer 470-456BCE

Athena, Herakles and Atlas – with the apples of Hesperides – 470-456BCE

• Metopes

Kritios Boy – 480 BCE

• Contrapposto (counterbalance)

Discus Thrower ( Roman Copy)

450BCE

• Tension in body

Polykleitos -Doryphorus – 450-440BCE

• Perfect image of man • Well balanced• Lost in Pompeii

The Athenian Acropolis

• Reconstruction of the Acropolis after the Persian sack of 480BCE

• Greeks unite – Delian Unite

Iktinos and KALLIKRATES - PARTHENON

Parthenon Architects

-Iktinos and Kallikrates

• X = 2y+1• Harmonious Design and mathematical

precision• Strict guidelines

• Mixing doric and ionic• Irregular shape• Athena Statue

Phidias

• Athenia Parthenos in the cella of the Parthenon

Lapith vs. Centaurs

• Almost fully in the round

• Metopes ( best preserved)

• Greeks have the upper hand

• Greek Body

East Pediment of ParthenonHelios, Horses and Dionysos ( Herkales)

438 BCE• Who did the Pediment

celebrate?• East pediment damaged when

the apse was added to the Partheon

• Helios emerging • Herkales

The Three Graces

• Figures related to each other

• Clinging • Drapery• Pose

Inner Frieze -Panathenaic Festival Procession –every 4

years in Athens

• Roles of Deities

• Aphrodite, left hand to draw her son Eros’s to the Athenians

• Celebration

Propylaia – Acropolis – 437BCE

• Two orders mixed

• Acropolis Gateway

Erechtheion– Acropolis 437BCE

• Ionic roof supported columns

• Doric order was ext.

• Caryatids(Porch of Maidens)

• Museum

• Honored Athenia

Temple of Athena Nike -427Bce

• Monumental, gateway• No decoration• Ionic Order• Amphiprostyle with 4 columns

in the front

Nike, adjusting her sandal 410 BCE

• Graceful

• Delicate incised drapery, revealing body

Grave stele of Hegeso, Athens 400BCE

Lekythhoi – Perfumed oil flask

• White ground technique• Offerings for deceased• Wide range of colors,

meant that the owner did not use it as a eveyday object

The Late Classical Period

• Peloponnesian War – 431 BCE- defeat of Athens – Greece drained of stength.

• Sparta was the victor• Greek cities united – Philip II came into power took over,

he was then assassinated in 336 and Alexander the Great ( His son) succeeded him.

• Alexander overthrew Persian Empire, Egypt and reached India

Art in Greek Late Classical Period

• Contrapposto

• Idealization of forms

• Polykleitos – canon of proportions

• Heavy muscles

• Praxiteles, - great sculpture of his avg., 1/8 of the body heads, and “s” curve frames

Praxiteles – Aphrodite of Knidos

• Sensual• She is admired• She is taking a cloak

off a water jar• S curve

Hermes and Infant Dionysos – 340BCE

• S curve• Dangle grapes to

Hermes• Interaction between a

child and a adult• Delicate

Grave Stele of a young hunter – 340BCE

Lysippos - Late Classical Sculptor

• Alexander the Great – selected him for official portrait

• Heads are roughly 1/8 of the bodyMore slender then Polykleitos

• Apoxyomenos ( Scraper)• Shift in weight, • Breaks out of box• Scraping oil off• Far away look

Lysippos - Herkales

• Weary Herkales• Overly muscular• prop to hold him up

Alexander the Great

• He believed Lysippos could only capture his portrait

• Macedonian Court is where he ruled

Battle of Issus – 310 BC – Philoxenos of Eretria

Polykleitos the Younger – Greece 350BCETheater, Greece 350 BCE

Polykleitos The Younger – 350 BCE

• Corinthian Capital

Hellenistic Period Temple of Apollo

• Dipteral plan

Stoa of Attalos II Agora Athens, Greece 150 BCE

• Stores• 21 shops• More common in

Hellenistic• More widely spaced

then temple arch.

Altar of Zeus – 175 BCE , Turkey Pergamon ( Alexander’s Empire)

Athena battling Alkyoneos – Gigantomachy Frieze - 175 BCE

• Grabs hair of Alkyoneos

• Nike crowns

Athena• Drapery• Zeus throws

thunderbolts• Battle

Epigonos – Gallic Chieftain 230bce

Dying Gaul – 230 BCE

Nike, 190 BCE

Alexandros of Antioch on the Meander – Venus de Milo aka Aphrodite

Aphrodite, Eros and Pan – 100BCE

Seated Boxer – 100-50 BCE

Old Market Woman – 150-100 BCE

Demosthenes – 280 BCE

Laocoon and his Sons- early first century CE