Chapter 5

The Classical Style

(ca. 700–30 B.C.E.)

The quest for harmonious order was the driving force behind the evolution of the

classical style.

The Classical Style

clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmonious proportion

2

Humanism, realism, and idealism Humanism, realism, and idealism

Humanism - Focuses so consistently on the actions of human beings.

Realism – faithful to nature

Idealism –the effort to achieve a perfection that surpasses nature.

3

Greek PaintingGreek Painting

• Geometric period Geometric period - (ca. 1200-700 B.C.E.)

• Archaic period – (cArchaic period – (ca.700-480 B.C.E.)

• Classical period Classical period – (ca. 480-323 B.C.E)

• Hellenistic period Hellenistic period – (ca. 323 - 30 B.C.E.)

4

Greek Painting Greek Painting GeometricGeometric periodperiod

•Geometric painting (ca. 1200-700 B.C.E.)

•Flat, angular figures and complex patterns

•Figures painted in black or brown

Funerary Krater ca. 750 B.C.E., terra-cotta

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funerary amphora, almost 6 feet tall

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Greek Painting Archaic periodGreek Painting Archaic period

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Ca.700-480 b.c.e.

Startling clarity of design is produced by the dark and light areas

More realism replace geometric shapes

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fully-developed techniqueearly examples, rough and sketchy

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Panathenaic prize amphora showing footrace, from Vulci, ca. 530 b.c.e.

Terracotta, height 24 ½ “, Euphiletos

Contest of two warriors, ca. 540-530 b.c.e. amphora,

ceramic by the “Botkin Class”

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Achilles and Ajax playing dice ca. 530 b.c.e. height 24 “, Exekias,

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Greek art was influenced by art from other areas of the world.

(Persia?)

Niobid Krater

Greek Painting Classical period

•480-323 B.C.E

•human body the color of the clay and the ground was painted black

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Euphronios, Death of Sarpedon, ca. 515 B. C. E.

Euphronios krater

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red-figure vase-painting, Kleophrades Painter

Andokides Painter

Euphronios (Greek painter), Red-Figure Psykter with Feasting Hetaerae, 505-500 BCE, clay, height

Greek Stamnos (Wine Jar) High

Classical Period, c 450 BC Painting.

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19

Dionysus and Eros in Procession.mid-4th century B.C.E.Wine jug, red-figured,

Kerch style.

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Interior (tondo) of a red figure kylix, depicting Herakles and Athena, by Phoinix (potter) and Douris (painter), circa 480-470 BC

Art Philosophy

Socrates - select and combine the most beautiful details of many different models.

Plato's Ideal Forms - the artist's imitations of reality improve upon sensory reality to achieve absolute perfection.

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Greek Painting Hellenistic period

• 323 - 30 B.C.E.• New emphasis on

personal emotion & individuality

Hoplite Warrior

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Tomb fresco from near Thessalonika Greek, Hellenistic period

Battle of Alexander and the Persians, Mosaic copy from Pompeii of a Hellenistic painting of ca. 315 BCE, ca. 100 BCE, Naples, Mosaic

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Hellenistic painting Pottery25

Sculpture

Classical: Head of Blond Youth

Archaic: 700 - 480 B.C.E.

Classical: 480 - 323 B.C.E.

Hellenistic: 323 - 30 B.C.E

Archaic: Kouros c. 650 B.C.E.

The Archaic Period(700 B.C.E. - 480 B.C.E.)

•Egyptian and

Mesopotamian influence

•Freestanding, rigid

and block like

•Perpetual homage

to the gods

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Greek Statue Egyptian Statue

1. technical, proportional and obvious formal similarities

2. Greek: unclothed Egyptian: wear a kilt

3. Greek: freestanding Egyptian: a support

lean against a back support

Archaic Period Influence: Ancient Egypt c. 2600 B.C.E.

•Kouros – male youth

•Kore – female youth

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Archaic: Kore from Acropolis and Painted Kore

Archaic: Kore

mother-of-pearl gray agates

lapis lazuli

Early Classical Kritios Boy, c. 480 B.C.E. and Blond Boy, c. 480 B.C.E.

dig site on Acropolis in 1865

Classical: Polycleitus, Doryphorus (spear-bearer)

The Classical Period(480 B.C.E. - 323 B.C.E.)

•More natural positioning

•Greater weight on the left leg

•Balanced opposition that is natural and

graceful

•Doryphorus is considered the canon of

ideal proportions.

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Praxiteles – Aphrodite of Knidos ac. 350 B.C.E. (Roman Copy)

•Established a model for the ideal

female nude.

•Regarded by the Romans as the

finest statue in the world.

•What do you think?

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Classical: Zeus 440 B.C.E.

High Classical Period

Prominent feature:

capture the “idea moment”

before action

Depiction of more vigorous

action

Dynamically posed of the

figures(Discus Thrower) (Zeus/ Poseidon)

Phidias, Man with Helmet

Belvedere Apollo (Roman copy) Vatican Museum- late fourth century B.C.E.

Hellenistic Art

• 323 - 30 B.C.E

•New emphasis on personal emotion &

individuality

•Notable for its sensuous male/female

nudes.

•Apollo Belvedere, A landmark example

of the new sensuousness.

Laocoon and his sons c. 175-150 B.C.E. Vatican Museum

Hellenistic: Venus of Melos (Milo) c. 100 B.C.E.

Winged Victory, Pythocritos of Rhodes, Nike of Samothrace, ca. 190 b.c.e. Marble, height 8 ft.. 50

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52

Reconstruction - Nike of Samothrace

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A maenad leaning on a thyrsos, Roman copy of Greek original, ca. 420-410 b.c.e. Marble relief

Athena battling with Acyoneus, f rom the frieze of the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, ca. 180 b.c.e. Marble, height 7” 6’ 54

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Suicidal Gaul 230-220 BCE

Dying Gaul 230-220 BCE

celebrate his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia

Hellenistic art

Gold pendant disk

Gained international acclaim for their gold working

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Gold in Greece

Gold pendant disk with the head of Athena (one of a pair), from Kul Oba, ca. 400-350 b.c.e. Height

Ancient Greek Jewelry, 300 BCE

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An ancient Greek art necklacewith rams head gold decoration

Classical style in Music and Dance

Music played a major role in Greek life

Epictetus, cup detail, ca. 510 b.c.e., terracotta, 13”

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The graceful solo dance by a cult follower of Dionysus is accompanied

by the

music of a double autos (a set of reed pipes) held in place by leather straps.

Classical style in Music and Dance

Dance was prized for its moral value

Gives pleasure

Induces good health

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The Berlin painter, red-figure amphora, ca. 490 B.C.E. Terra-cotta,

Iliad and Odyssey

Achilles- greatest hero. Proud and headstrong.

Patroclus -  Achilles’ beloved friend, companion, and advisor.

Hector -  mightiest Trojan warrior. Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city.

.

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The Odyssey, HomerT EN YEARS HAVE PASSED since the fall of Troy, and the Greek hero Odysseus still has not returned to his kingdom in Ithaca.

Odysseus, Penelope, Prince Telemachus

Zeus, Athena

Calypso

Suitors

Poseidon

Penelope organizes an archery contest the following day and promises to marry any man who can string Odysseus’s great bow and fire an arrow through a row of twelve axes

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Classical style in PoetryClassical style in Poetry

Pindar (ca. 522-438 b.c.e.)

Odes (seems to love Wrestling)

Make the claim that prowess, not chance, leads to victory, which in turn renders the victor immortal.

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Sappho Sappho ca. 610-580 B.C.E.ca. 610-580 B.C.E.

(The female Homer)(The female Homer)

Great Greek lyrists

One of a few known female poets of the ancient world.

Settled on The island of Lesbos, where she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite.

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The End.

Parthenon

? ?

Greek Architecture

Acropolis Architecture

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Parthenon replica - NashvilleI

Greek ArchitectureGreek Architecture: The Parthenon: The Parthenon(448 to 432 B.C.E.)

•Temple dedicated to Athena (the goddess of war and of wisdom, and the patron

of the arts and crafts.)

Greek word parthenos (“maiden” or “virgin”)

Built with glitterling pentelic marble

•Commissioned by Pericles

Pheidas’ Athena Parthenos 2002 – Nashville Replica

Pheidas’ Athena Parthenos

The statue stood approximately around 40 ft. tall.

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Several marble copies and drawings have survived

Statue of Athena

Greek influence

The Greek order

1.Doric 2.Ionic 3.CorinthianSimple&Severe Delicate----- the most ornate &Ornamental

The Orders

©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 73

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Temples of the Doric order also have a certain structure at the upper levels.

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The Sculpture of the Parthenon

Location

1.pediment

2.metopes

3.frieze

(outer wall of cella)

High Relief

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Sculpture of the Parthenon

•Phidias and his members of his workshop

•448 and 432 B.C.E.

•Homage to the patron

deity of Athens: Athena

East pediment of the Parthenon

The Metopes of the Parthenon

all represented various instances of the struggle between the forces of order and justice

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"Lapith and Centaur" Metope

Lapith overcomimg a centaur, south metope

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The Pedimental Sculptures

the contest between Poseidon and Athena for the right to be the patron deity of Athens (Athena's gift of the olive tree was preferred over Poseidon's spring).

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The Frieze

depicts a procession of horsemen, musicians, sacrificial animals, and other figures with various ritual functions.

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West pediment of the Parthenon

“A Group of Young Horsemen”from the north frieze

Propylaia

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built as a monument

entrance to the Acropolis

Temple of Athena Nike

a sanctuary dating back to the Mycenaean era.

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Erechtheion

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built to accommodate the religious rituals that the old temple used to housed

Caryatids

Old Temple Charioteer Relief

Shallow relief of charioteer mounting the chariot.

Old Temple frieze

Marble, c. 510-500 BCE (Acropolis Museum)

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Three-Bodied Snake

Sculpture from the corner of a large temple (Old Temple).

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Herakles Fights Sea Monster

Limestone, c. 550-540 BCE (Acropolis Museum)

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Two Lions killing a Bull

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Gigantomachy Pediment

Marble, c. 525-520 BCE

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Temple of Apollo at Delphi

4th c. B.C

several Doric columns

porous stone and limestone.

oracle gave answers to questions

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Delphi Tholos

380 and 360 B.CE.

20 Doric columns

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The Great Library: Temple of Muses at Alexandria

half a million documents from Assyria, Greece, Persia, Egypt, India.

Doric: Temple of Zeus at Olympia

Architecture

Pheidas Zeus 5th c. BC (40 ft)

Lincoln Memorial

Greek influence

Lincoln Statue

the Alter of Zeus• At Pergamon (180 B.C.E)

• To celebrate the victory of minor kingdom of Pergamon over Gauls

•20-foot high, 300-foot based platform

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•Massive Ionic Colonnade

•Mythological battle •Olympic gods vs. giants

•Symbolize the Victory of Intellect

•Over Barbarians

•More theatrical in style•誇張的

Athena Battling with Acyoneus

•Strong light and

dark contrast

•Classical restraint → violent passion

A New League338BC – Philip of Macedon defeats the Greeks

•Promises Greek city-states autonomy (self rule)•Assassinated by captain of his bodyguard •Alexander (20 yrs. old) left to finish the job

A Promising Future King

•13 years old: Tutored by Aristotle•16 years old: Regent of kingdom when Philip was away•Crushed revolts, saved father’s life

The Hellenistic Age The Hellenistic Age (323-30 B.C.E.)(323-30 B.C.E.)

•He was a military genius: Within 12 years, he created an empire that stretched Greece to borders of modern India.

©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 112

The Invasion of Persia

•Reliving father’s dreams•Found out that he was very good at warfare

Small, mobile cavalry units (250) formed main striking force

Military features:

The Invasion of Persia

Deeper Phalanx

13 ft. spears

The Invasion of PersiaWar Machines

Siege towers, catapults used effectively for first

time

Could hurl huge arrows, boulders 590 ft.(180

meters)

Four BattlesAlexander conquered the world in four decisive

battles, in less than 10 years

1.Granicus

2.Issus

3.Gaugamela

4.Hydaspes

The End of AlexanderAlexander’s conquests took a

toll on him

Died of Malaria at age 32

Legacy• Incredible military genius•Never lost a battle•Huge cultural impact•Ensured Greek dominance by spreading Greek culture all over world•Contributed to the Greek science, made Athens center of world

AftermathAfter his death, the Empire quickly fell apart and was

divided among three powerful generals:

Egypt and fringe lands went to

PtolemyAsia Minor and old

Persian Empire went to Seleucus

Macedon and Greece went to

Antigonus

Archimedes of Syracuse

Calculated the value of pi (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter)

Compound pulley

Windlass for moving heavy weights

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Classical style in PoetryClassical style in Poetry

Pindar (ca. 522-438 b.c.e.)

Odes (seems

to love Sports)

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The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

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1) Khufu's Great Pyramid (ca.2560 B.C.E.)

Height 480 ft.

Limestone

2) The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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City State of Babylon (Modern Iraq)

Ca. 600 B.C.E.

80 ft., Mud brick waterproofed with lead.

3) The Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Peloponnesus (Modern Greece)

Ca. 432 B.C.E.

40 ft., Ivory and

gold-plated

on wooden frame.

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4) The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

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Ephesus (Present day Turkey)

ca. 323 B.C.E.

262 C.E. by Goths

425 ft

Mostly marble

5) The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

353 B.C.

King Mausolus Mausoleum

Queen Artemisia builds as a tribute.

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6) The Colossus of Rhodes

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Island of Rhodes (Modern Greece)

Ca. 292 - 280 B.C.E.

Commemorate War Victory

Height without 50 foot pedestal was 110 ft.

Bronze plates attached to iron framework

7)The Great Lighthouse at Alexandria

Alexandria, Egypt.

Ca. 290 - 270 B.C.E.

Height 450 ft.

Stone faced with white marble blocks with lead mortar.

•

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Oedipus the King by Sophocles430 b.c.e. (Greek Tragedy)

The prophesy: Tiresias answers only in riddles, saying that the murderer of Laius will turn out to be both brother and father to his children, both son and husband to his mother.

This Play returns to the fact that prophecies do come true and that the words of the gods must be obeyed.

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Oedipus the King Essay

Explain the concepts of free will versus fate. Explore how each is depicted in Oedipus the King.

How do you feel about Oedipus’ and Jocasta reaction to the truth?

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Oedipus the King by Sophocles

Fear? What should a man fear? It’s all chance, chance rules our lives. Not a man on earth can see a day ahead, groping through the dark. Better to live at random, best we can. And as for this marriage with your mother—have no fear. Many a man before you, in his dreams, has shared his mother’s bed. Take such things for shadows, nothing at all— Live, Oedipus, as if there’s no tomorrow! (Oedipus the King, 1068–1078)

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Case Study: Oedipus the King by Sophocles

Oedipus is the son of Laius, the king of Thebes, and of Jocasta. When born, he receives a prophesy that he will slay his father and marry his mother.The father has his boy’s feet pierced, and orders a shepherd to leave him on a hillside to die. Polybus, the shepherd, instead rears the child as his own. When, as a man, he receives this prophecy, he leaves the shepherd out of fear it might come true.He travels to Thebes, the most distant place from the siteThe theme underlying this effort is that it is folly to outwit the Fates.

Oedipus: The Patricide

While traveling, Oedipus meets a party of men who are blocking his wayThey argue over the right of way on a narrow roadThe dispute gets out of handOedipus kills several men in the entourageLaius, Oedipus’s father, is one of the men he murders

The Sphinx and Her RiddleAt the gates of Thebes, he encounters the Sphinx, who has been terrorizing Thebes for yearsThe Sphinx has waylaid people, ask a riddle, and murdered them all for their failure to give the right answerThe riddle: what walks on four in the morningOn two at noon, andOn three at night?Your turn: got a good answer?A man in the phases of infancy, adulthood, and old age

Oedipus’s Answer

His answer: “man”

He crawls on all fours in the morning (of life as a toddler)

Walks on two at noon (maturity)

Walks on three in the evening (a cane, at old age)

She screams, falls to the ground with a thud, and rots away with decay and vultures

Oedipus Become King and Marries his Mother

The grateful Thebans award him with the kinshipAnd with the hand of Jocasta to be his wifeIn so doing, he fulfils the prophecy that he will marry his mother. The Gods, angered by his incest, send a plague to the cityAfter siring and bearing four children, Oedipus is told by the blind prophet Tiresias that he is the cause of the plague. In his pride, he refuses to believe the prophet, thinking his rival Creon, Jocasta’s brother, has set him up to this.

Curse of Oedipus Rex

The chorus fills the audience in on the details of the eventsA messenger conveys the news of the shepherd Polybus’s death and adds that he was only Oedipus’s adopted father. Jocasta discovers the truth in the conversation, runs off the stage and hangs herselfThe truth come slowly to Oedipus; he takes the brooch from his dead wife and blinds himself

The End.

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Departure of Oedipus Rex; Fate of Antigone

He leaves Thebes with his daughter Antigone

Another play portrays Antigone herself, his daughter/sister

After Oedipus’s death, she returns to Thebes

When Creon, now king, decrees she cannot give her brother Polynices the rites of burial at his death, she does so anyway

For her defiance, she is sealed in a cave to slowly suffocate.

She commits suicide rather than suffer this fate

Incest: A Universal Taboo

Definition: A rule that forbids copulation between two persons of defined relationships

Primary kin: parent-child, siblings

Father-daughter

Mother-son

Brother sister

Exception: Egyptian, Inca, Hawaiian

Allowed only in royal line: “purity”

Antigone, Sophocles

Explain the conflict between the individual and the community in Sophocles’ Antigone.

Whom do you consider the “tragic figure” in Sophocles’ Antigone: Antigone or Creon? Why?

 

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Delphi: Site of the OracleFounding Myth: A sanctuary for the Titan earth goddess GaiaSun God (Apollo) slays the Python, the dragon who guarded the gateFounded the Temple of Apollo, henceforth the oracle of prophesyThis is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife

©2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 142

Evolution of the Classical Style

Sculpture Archaic

Classical

Architecture: the Parthenon Post-and-lintel

Pediments: sculpture

Frieze: Panathenaic Festival

The Greek orders

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The Gold of Grecian Art

The Classical style in poetry Sappho

Pindar

The Classical style in music and dance

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Diffusion of the Classical Style

Alexander and the Hellenistic world

Hellenistic schools of thought

Hellenistic art Altar of Zeus

Apollo Belvedere

Nike of Samothrace

Laocoön and His Sons

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Four Battles1. Granicus (334 BC)

• Army of 35 000 invades Asia minor

at River Granicus

• Persians make their first stand

• Demolished by cavalry

• Near-death experience for Alexander

Four Battles2. Issus (333 BC)

•Massive battle – Alexander faces King Darius for 1st time

•Equal forces but cavalry defeats Persians again

•Darius flees – Alexander realizes he can conquer whole empire

Four Battles4. Hydspes (327BC)

•Wanted to conquer India!

•Greek army travels across Asia and fightsKing Porus at Hydspes

•Alexander’s superior strategy stillvictorious

•Wants to continue East, but men refuse – have already travelled over 17 000 km!

Four Battles3. Gaugamela (331 BC)

•Instead of chasing Darius, Alexander crushes Persian fleet

•Conquers:• Phoenicia ,Damascus andEgypt

•Darius tries to bribe Alexander to stop, no deal

Final showdown at Gaugamela: •Alexander commands 45 000 against larger Persian army

•Cavalry wins again, Darius flees, is murdered

Etruscans (950 and 300 B.C.E.)

150

northwestern Italy

These people rose to prosperity and power, then disappeared

Etruscan aristocracy

rich families of noble descent together with rich merchants and land owners

151

Etruscan tombs

the banquet was also a part of the religious ceremony at funerals

. 152

Etruscan religion

the destiny of man was completely determined by the unpredictability of the many deities

153

predestination

Although a postponement is sometimes possible by means of prayer and sacrifice, the end is certain.

154

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156

Etruscan, Lion's Head, first half of the 5th century BCE, bronze, height 26 cm, State Hermitage

Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Warrior with Villanovan Helmet, 700 B.C.

Statuettes from Brolio, 590 B.C.

Statuettes of Spear-Throwers, 5th B.C.

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Statuette of a Striding Hoplite, 450 B.C.

Mars of Todi, 4th B.C.

159Statuette of Haruspex, 4th B.C..

160

Statuette of a Ploughman from Arezzo, 4th B.C.

161

Boy Playing with a Bird, 2nd B.C.

162

Statuette of a Woman, 2nd B.C.

163

She-Wolf, 5th B.C.

Romulus and Remus, added in the 15th century, probably by Antonio Pollaiuolo.

164

Goat, 5th B.C.

165

Chimera of Arezzo, 4th B.C.

166

Etruscan, early 4th century BCE, Reclining Youth, Cinerary Urn, bronze, length of base 69 cm, height of figure 42 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St.

Petersburg, Russia. See cinerary urn.

167

Banqueter and Vanth, Limestone Cinerary Urn, 400 B.C.

168

Cinerary Urn of a Woman, Alabaster, 2nd B.C.

169

Statue of a Young Girl, 1st A.D.

170

Funerary Stele from Bologna, Sandstone, 350 B.C.

171

Cinerary Urn of a Woman, Alabaster, 2nd B.C.

172

Sarcophagus of Velthur Partunus, So-called Magnate, Painted Marble

and Limestone, 4th B.C.

173

Mother and Child from Chianciano, Limestone Cinerary Urn, 400 B.C.

174

Relief Urn from Chiusi, 520-500 B.C.

Relief Base of Cippus from Chiusi, with Scene of Women at

Home, 475 B.C

175

Cenatur from Vulci, Nenfro, 550 B.C.

. 176

Statue of a Boy on a Hippocamp from Vulci, Nenfro, 520 B.C.

PERFUME BOTTLES IN THE FORM OF ANIMALS 7th - 4th B.C.

177

178

179

pottery

180

Etruscan - Corinthian Amphora, Decorated With Friezes of Animals

by the so-called Painter of the Bearded Sphynx, 7th B.C.

Amphora, 600 B.C.

181

Etruscan Kalpis, 6th B.C.

182

Hydria with Europa Riding the Bull, 6th B.C.

183

Amphora by the so-called Paris Painter, 6th B.C.

184

Hydria from Cerveteri, 550-525 B.C.

Etruscan Bell-Shaped Cup from Spina, 4th B.C.

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Askos, 4th B.C.

Crater by the so-called Painter of Dawn (from Falerii), 375-350 B.C.

186

The Charinos Female Head-Shaped Rhython, 490 B.C.

Canopic Urn

187

Canopic Urn, Terracotta Ossuary, 7th B.C.

Canopic Urn, Bronze Ossuary, 7th B.C. Terracotta Head, 6th B.C. and

a Terracotta Throne.

188

Canopic Urn, Impasto, 7th B.C. Side view.

Canopic Urn, Impasto, 7th B.C.

Front view.

Head from a Canopic Urn, Terracotta, 6th B.C.

189

Sarcophagus of the Married Couple from The Bandataccia Necropolis, Cerveteri, 6th B.C.

190

Sarcophagus of the Married Couple from The Bandataccia Necropolis, Cerveteri, 6th B.C. (Detail)

191

Sarcophagus of a Couple, 6th B.C.

The Girl from Monte Abatone, 6th B.C. (Detail)

. 192

Sarcophagus of Larthia Seianti from Chiuisi, 2nd B.C

193

Sarcophagus of Larthia Seianti from Chiuisi, 2nd B.C

194

Death Leaning into the Face of an Old Man, 2nd

B.C.

Votive Statuette of Dionysos

Enthroned, 2nd B.C.

Votive Figures of Swaddled Babies with Bullae, 4th-1st B.C.

195

Head of a Man from the Votive Deposit of Manganello, Cerveteri, 100 B.C.

Rome

The Etruscans went on to lay the foundation of the city of Rome

196

197

Alexander the Great (290-323 B.C.E.)

King of Macedonia (Hellenistic period)

carried the ideas of the Greeks and their love of learning throughout his empire.

He founded the great city of Alexandria, which became a center of learning and culture in Egypt.

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