CHAPTER 5 ATOMIC STRUCTURE & PERIODIC TABLE. ATOMIC STRUCTURE DEMOCRITUS TEACHER, 4 th Century BC...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 5 ATOMIC STRUCTURE & PERIODIC TABLE. ATOMIC STRUCTURE DEMOCRITUS TEACHER, 4 th Century BC...
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CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5
ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
& PERIODIC TABLE& PERIODIC TABLE
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ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
DEMOCRITUSDEMOCRITUSTEACHER, 4TEACHER, 4thth Century BC Century BC
ATOMIST SCHOOL of ATOMIST SCHOOL of THOUGHTTHOUGHT
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ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
MATTERMATTER TINY PARTCLES CALLED ATOMSTINY PARTCLES CALLED ATOMS
ATOMSATOMSFUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF MATTERFUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF MATTER
INVISIBLEINVISIBLE
INDESTRUCTABLEINDESTRUCTABLE
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ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
JOHN DALTONJOHN DALTON (1766-1844) (1766-1844) ENGLISH SCHOOL TEACHERENGLISH SCHOOL TEACHER
STUDIED ELEMENTAL RATIOS STUDIED ELEMENTAL RATIOS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONSIN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYDALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
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ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYDALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYELEMENTS ARE COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS ARE COMPOSED OF
SUBMICROSCOPIC INDIVISIBLE SUBMICROSCOPIC INDIVISIBLE PARTICLES – ATOMSPARTICLES – ATOMS
ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT ARE ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT ARE IDENTICAL IDENTICAL
ATOMS OF ANY 1 ELEMENT ARE DIFFERENT ATOMS OF ANY 1 ELEMENT ARE DIFFERENT FROM ATOMS OF ANY OTHER ELEMENTFROM ATOMS OF ANY OTHER ELEMENT
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ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYDALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS CAN MIX ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS CAN MIX
TOGETHER or CHEMICALLY COMBINE TO TOGETHER or CHEMICALLY COMBINE TO FORM COMPOUNDS IN SIMPLE WHOLE FORM COMPOUNDS IN SIMPLE WHOLE NUMBER RATIOSNUMBER RATIOS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR WHEN CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR WHEN ATOMS ARE SEPARATED, JOINED OR ATOMS ARE SEPARATED, JOINED OR REARRANGEDREARRANGED
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ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYDALTON’S ATOMIC THEORYATOMS OF ONE ELEMENT ARE NEVER ATOMS OF ONE ELEMENT ARE NEVER
CHANGED INTO ATOMS OF ANTOHER CHANGED INTO ATOMS OF ANTOHER ELEMENT AS A RESULT OF A CHEMICAL ELEMENT AS A RESULT OF A CHEMICAL REACTIONREACTION
TODAY, MUCH OF THEORY STILL VALID TODAY, MUCH OF THEORY STILL VALID EXCEPT THAT ATOMS ARE NOT EXCEPT THAT ATOMS ARE NOT INDIVISIBLEINDIVISIBLE
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THE ATOMTHE ATOM
SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE ELEMENT’S PROPERTIESELEMENT’S PROPERTIES
THE ATOM’S SIZETHE ATOM’S SIZEIF YOU PLACED 100,000,000 COPPER IF YOU PLACED 100,000,000 COPPER
ATOMS SIDE BY SIDE, THE LINE ATOMS SIDE BY SIDE, THE LINE WOULD BE 1 cm LONGWOULD BE 1 cm LONG
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J. J. THOMSONJ. J. THOMSON
ENGLISH PHYSICISTENGLISH PHYSICIST1897 – DISCOVERED ELECTRONS 1897 – DISCOVERED ELECTRONS
NEGATIVELY CHARGENEGATIVELY CHARGE
SUBATOMIC PARTICLESSUBATOMIC PARTICLES
EXPERIMENTS USED FLOW OF EXPERIMENTS USED FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT THROUGH ELECTRIC CURRENT THROUGH GASESGASES
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CATHODE RAY TUBECATHODE RAY TUBE
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CATHODE RAY TUBECATHODE RAY TUBE
CATHODE RAYS WERE ATTRACTED TO CATHODE RAYS WERE ATTRACTED TO POSITIVELY CHARGED METAL PLATESPOSITIVELY CHARGED METAL PLATES
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PLATES REPELLED NEGATIVELY CHARGED PLATES REPELLED THE RAYTHE RAY
IF LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND OPPOSITE IF LIKE CHARGES REPEL AND OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT, RAY IS MADE UP OF CHARGES ATTRACT, RAY IS MADE UP OF NEGATIVE CHARGED PARTICLES, i.e. NEGATIVE CHARGED PARTICLES, i.e. ELECTRONSELECTRONS
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DEFLECTION of CATHODE RAYDEFLECTION of CATHODE RAY
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CATHODE RAY CATHODE RAY
CATHODE RAY PRODUCTION WAS CATHODE RAY PRODUCTION WAS INDEPENDENT OF TYPE OF GASINDEPENDENT OF TYPE OF GAS
ELECTRON PARTICLES WERE PART OF ELECTRON PARTICLES WERE PART OF EVERY ATOMEVERY ATOM
DETERMINED ELECTRON MASS WAS 1/2000 DETERMINED ELECTRON MASS WAS 1/2000 THE MASS OF A HYDROGEN ATOMTHE MASS OF A HYDROGEN ATOM
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MATTER AND MATTER AND ELECTRIC CHARGEELECTRIC CHARGE
ATOMS HAVE NO NET CHARGEATOMS HAVE NO NET CHARGE
CHARGES ARE CARRIED BY PARTICLES OF CHARGES ARE CARRIED BY PARTICLES OF MATTERMATTER
CHARGES ALWAYS EXIST IN WHOLE CHARGES ALWAYS EXIST IN WHOLE NUMBER MULTIPLES OF A SINGLE BASIC NUMBER MULTIPLES OF A SINGLE BASIC UNITUNIT
WHEN AN EQUAL NUMBER OF NEGATIVE WHEN AN EQUAL NUMBER OF NEGATIVE CHARGES COMBINE WITH AN EQUAL CHARGES COMBINE WITH AN EQUAL NUMBER OF POSITIVE CHARGES, THE NUMBER OF POSITIVE CHARGES, THE PARTICLE HAS NO NET CHARGEPARTICLE HAS NO NET CHARGE
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PROTONSPROTONS
A POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE MUST A POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE MUST BE PRESENT TO BALANCE EACH BE PRESENT TO BALANCE EACH NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONNEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRON
EVIDENCE OF THESE PARTICLES WERE EVIDENCE OF THESE PARTICLES WERE PRESENTED BY E. GOLDSTEIN IN 1886PRESENTED BY E. GOLDSTEIN IN 1886– OBSERVED A RAY TRAVELING IN THE OBSERVED A RAY TRAVELING IN THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF THE CATHODE RAY OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF THE CATHODE RAY – CANAL RAY– CANAL RAY
– CANAL RAY MADE UP OF POSITIVE CANAL RAY MADE UP OF POSITIVE PARTICLES - PROTONSPARTICLES - PROTONS
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THE NEUTRONTHE NEUTRON
IN 1932, JAMES CHADWICK (English IN 1932, JAMES CHADWICK (English physicist 1891-1974) CONFIRMED THE physicist 1891-1974) CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF ANOTHER SUB-ATOMIC EXISTENCE OF ANOTHER SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLE – PARTICLE – NEUTRONNEUTRON
NEUTRONS HAVE MASS SIMILAR TO NEUTRONS HAVE MASS SIMILAR TO PROTONS, BUT NO CHARGEPROTONS, BUT NO CHARGE
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THE ATOMIC NUCLEUSTHE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
BECAUSE OF SMALL SIZE, ATOM WAS BECAUSE OF SMALL SIZE, ATOM WAS DIFICULT TO STUDYDIFICULT TO STUDY
ORIGINALLY BELIEVED THAT ORIGINALLY BELIEVED THAT POSITIOVE AND NEGATIVE POSITIOVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGES WERE DISTRIBUTED CHARGES WERE DISTRIBUTED EVENLY THROUGHOUT ATOMEVENLY THROUGHOUT ATOM
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THE ATOMIC NUCLEUSTHE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
ERNEST RUTHERFORDERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871-1937) (1871-1937)
University of Manchester, EnglandUniversity of Manchester, England
TESTED THEORY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURETESTED THEORY OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
BOMBARDED GOLD FOIL WITH ALPHA BOMBARDED GOLD FOIL WITH ALPHA PARTICLE BEAMPARTICLE BEAM
IF POSITIVE CHARGE EVENLY SPREAD IN IF POSITIVE CHARGE EVENLY SPREAD IN ATOM, BEAM SHOULD PASS THROUGHATOM, BEAM SHOULD PASS THROUGH
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RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTRUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTRutherford and coworkers aimed a beam of alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil surrounded by a florescent screen.
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RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTRUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENT
Most particles passed through with no deflection, while some were highly deflectedRutherford concluded that most particles passed through because the atom is mostly empty space.
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RUTHERFORD’S RUTHERFORD’S EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENT
CONCLUDED THAT ALL OF POSITIVE CONCLUDED THAT ALL OF POSITIVE CHARGE AND MOST OF ATOM’S MASS CHARGE AND MOST OF ATOM’S MASS ARE CONCENTRATED IN A SMALL COREARE CONCENTRATED IN A SMALL CORE
THIS REGION WOULD HAVE A POSITIVE THIS REGION WOULD HAVE A POSITIVE CHARGE CAPABLE OF DEFLECTING CHARGE CAPABLE OF DEFLECTING BEAMBEAM
THIS REGION WAS CALLED THE THIS REGION WAS CALLED THE NUCLEUSNUCLEUS
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
ATOMIC NUMBERATOMIC NUMBERUNIQUE FOR EACH ELEMENTUNIQUE FOR EACH ELEMENT
EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE ELEMENT’S ATOMTHE ELEMENT’S ATOM
NUMBER OF PROTONS MUST EQUAL NUMBER OF PROTONS MUST EQUAL NUMBER OF ELECTRONS FOR NUMBER OF ELECTRONS FOR NEUTRAL ATOMNEUTRAL ATOM
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
ATOMIC MASS NUMBERATOMIC MASS NUMBER
MASS IS CONCENTRATED IN THE MASS IS CONCENTRATED IN THE NUCLEUSNUCLEUS
DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF PROTONS & NEUTRONSPROTONS & NEUTRONS
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ElementElement SymboSymboll
Atomic Atomic ##
Mass Mass ##
# of # of NeutronsNeutrons
Nitrogen-Nitrogen-1515
Neon-22Neon-22
BerylliumBeryllium-9-9
DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
ISOTOPESEQUAL NUMBER OF PROTONS &
ELECTRONS
DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER
CHEMICALLY ALIKE
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
Atomic MassAtomic MassMass of proton or neutron is small Mass of proton or neutron is small
(1.67 x 10(1.67 x 10-24 -24 g)g)
Mass of electron is negligible in Mass of electron is negligible in comparison (9.11 x 10comparison (9.11 x 10-28 -28 g)g)
The mass of even the largest atom is The mass of even the largest atom is incredibly smallincredibly small
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
Compare relative mass using a Compare relative mass using a reference isotope as a standardreference isotope as a standard
Isotope C-12 assigned a mass of 12 Isotope C-12 assigned a mass of 12 amuamu
Atomic mass unit (amu) defined as Atomic mass unit (amu) defined as one-twelfth the mass of carbon-12one-twelfth the mass of carbon-12
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
If atomic mass is determined by the If atomic mass is determined by the number of protons and electrons, why number of protons and electrons, why isn’t the mass of an element a whole isn’t the mass of an element a whole number?number?
Most elements occur as a mixture of two Most elements occur as a mixture of two or more isotopes.or more isotopes.
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
The atomic mass of an element is a The atomic mass of an element is a weighted average mass of the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element.sample of the element.
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DISTINGUISHING ATOMSDISTINGUISHING ATOMS
You can calculate the atomic mass if You can calculate the atomic mass if you know three values:you know three values:
The number of stable isotopes of The number of stable isotopes of the element.the element.
The mass of each isotope.The mass of each isotope.
The natural percent abundance of The natural percent abundance of each isotope.each isotope.
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MASS DEFECTMASS DEFECT
Calculate the mass defect of a chlorine-35 Calculate the mass defect of a chlorine-35 atom. atom.
The actual mass of chlorine-35 is 5.81 x The actual mass of chlorine-35 is 5.81 x 1010-23 -23 gramsgrams
e = 9.11 x 10e = 9.11 x 10-28 -28 gg
p = 1.67 x 10p = 1.67 x 10-24 -24 gg
n = 1.67 x 10n = 1.67 x 10-24 -24 gg
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THE PERIODIC TABLETHE PERIODIC TABLE
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)
Russian chemistRussian chemist
Listed elements in columns in order of Listed elements in columns in order of increasing atomic mass.increasing atomic mass.
Arranged columns so that elements Arranged columns so that elements with similar properties were side by with similar properties were side by side.side.
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THE PERIODIC TABLETHE PERIODIC TABLE
Medeleev left blank spaces Medeleev left blank spaces where there were no known where there were no known elements with the appropriate elements with the appropriate properties or mass.properties or mass.
Predicted the properties of the Predicted the properties of the missing elements.missing elements.
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THE PERIODIC TABLETHE PERIODIC TABLE
Henry Mosely (1887-1915)Henry Mosely (1887-1915)British PhysicistBritish Physicist
Determined the atomic number of the Determined the atomic number of the atoms of the elements.atoms of the elements.
Arranged elements in table by atomic Arranged elements in table by atomic number instead of mass.number instead of mass.
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
Each horizontal row is a periodEach horizontal row is a periodSeven periodsSeven periodsFrom 2 to 32 elements in a periodFrom 2 to 32 elements in a periodProperties of the elements change as Properties of the elements change as
you move across a period.you move across a period.This pattern repeats from period to This pattern repeats from period to
periodperiod
The Periodic LawThe Periodic Law
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
Each column is a group or familyEach column is a group or familyElements in a group have similar Elements in a group have similar
physical and chemical propertiesphysical and chemical propertiesGroups are identified by a number and Groups are identified by a number and
the letter A or Bthe letter A or BGroup A are the representative elementsGroup A are the representative elementsGroup A can be divided into three broad Group A can be divided into three broad
classesclasses
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
METALSMETALSHIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITYHIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
HIGH LUSTERHIGH LUSTER
DUCTILEDUCTILE
MALLEABLEMALLEABLE
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
METALSMETALSALKALI METALS ALKALI METALS
ALKALINE EARTH METALSALKALINE EARTH METALS
TRANSITION METALSTRANSITION METALS
INNER TRANSITION METALSINNER TRANSITION METALS
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
NON-METALSNON-METALSPOOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITYPOOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
NON-LUSTRIOUSNON-LUSTRIOUS
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
NON-METALSNON-METALSHALOGENSHALOGENS
NOBLE GASESNOBLE GASES
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THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE
METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS
Elements with properties that Elements with properties that are intermediate between are intermediate between
those those of metals and non-metals.of metals and non-metals.