Atomic structure. Atomic Structure The structure of the atom ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON.
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Atomic structure
Transcript of Atomic structure. Atomic Structure The structure of the atom ELECTRON PROTON NEUTRON.
Atomic structure
Atomic Structure
The structure of the atom
ELECTRON
PROTON NEUTRON
Sub-atomic particles
Particle Charge Location mass
Proton Positive Nucleus 1 amu
Neutron Neutral Nucleus 1 amu
electron negative Orbits the nucleus
1/1842 amu
The Atom Hydrogen
Proton Electron
Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons
The Atom Helium
ElectronProton
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
Mass number and atomic number
MASS NUMBER: number of protons + number of neutrons
SYMBOL
ATOMIC NUMBER: number of protons (only)
How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
How shells fill
• The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons.
• The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons.
• The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons.
• The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
The Atom Helium
ElectronProton
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
The Atom Lithium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Lithium has three electrons, three protons and four neutrons.
The Atom Boron
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.
The Atom Oxygen
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.
The Atom Sodium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
HydrogenH
1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
HeliumHe
2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
LithiumLi
2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron
BerylliumBe
2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
BoronB
2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron
CarbonC
2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
NitrogenN
2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron
OxygenO
2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
FluorineF
2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron
NeonNe
2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Potassium
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 1 electron
CalciumCa
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 2 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
SodiumNa
2 electron 8 electron 1 electron 0 electron
MagnesiumMg
2 electron 8 electron 2 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
AluminiumAl
2 electron 8 electron 3 electron 0 electron
SiliconSi
2 electron 8 electron 4 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
PhosphorusP
2 electron 8 electron 5 electron 0 electron
SulphurS
2 electron 8 electron 6 electron 0 electron
How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
ChlorineCl
2 electron 8 electron 7 electron 0 electron
ArgonAr
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 0 electron
The Periodic table
Horizontal rows are called PERIODS
Vertical columns are called GROUPS
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni Cu Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt Au Hg
The Periodic TableElements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer shell (this
correspond to their group number)
E.g. all group 1 metals have 1 electron in their outer shell
These elements have __ electrons in their outer shell
These elements have 3 electrons in their outer shells
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
NaMg
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe NiCu
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
PtAu
Hg
The Periodic TableAs you move down through the periods an
extra electron shell is added:
E.g. Lithium has 3 electron in the configuration 2,1
Potassium has 19 electrons in the configuration __,__,__
Sodium has 11 electrons in the configuration 2,8,1
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
NaMg
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe NiCu
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
PtAu
Hg
The Periodic TableMost of the elements are metals:
These elements are metals
This line divides metals from non-metals
These elements are non-metals
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
NaMg
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe NiCu
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
PtAu
Hg
The Periodic TableAll of the elements in the same group have similar PROPERTIES. This is how I thought of the periodic table in the first place. This
is called PERIODICITY.
E.g. consider the group 1 metals. They all:
1) Are soft
2) Can be easily cut with a knife
3) React with water
Group 1 – The alkali metals
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Group 0 – The Noble gasesHe
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Group 7 – The halogens
F
Cl
Br
I
At
The First Twenty Elements
• Hydrogen 1,0,0,0
• Helium 2,0,0,0
• Lithium 2,1,0,0
• Beryllium 2,2,0,0
• Boron 2,3,0,0
• Carbon 2,4,0,0
• Nitrogen 2,5,0,0
First 20 Elements continued
• Oxygen 2,6,0,0
• Fluorine 2,7,0,0
• Neon 2,8,0,0
• Sodium 2,8,1,0
• Magnesium 2,8,2,0
• Aluminium 2,8,3,0
• Silicon 2,8,4,0
First 20 Elements continued
• Phosphorus 2,8,5,0
• Sulphur 2,8,6,0
• Chlorine 2,8,7,0
• Argon 2,8,8,0
• Potassium 2,8,8,1
• Calcium 2,8,8,2
The Alkali metals
• Lithium, Sodium and Potassium have one electron in their outer shell and this is why they are found in group one of the periodic table.
The Nobel gases
• The Nobel gases have full outer shells and they are found in group 0 of the periodic table. Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon.
The Halogens
• Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine are the Halogens and they all have seven electrons in their outer shell. This is why they are found in group 7 of the periodic table.
