CHAPTER 4

ANATOMY ofPROKARYOTIC

and EUKARYOTIC CELLS

SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Dr. Reitano

BASIC STRUCTURE OF ___KARYOTIC CELL

Basic Bacterial Shapes

BASIC SHAPES:

1. __________ rod-shaped

2. Coccus __________

3. Spiral

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES

• ______________– Cytoplasm– Nucleoid Region

• _____– Double-stranded– circular

– _____________– Inclusions/granules– Endospores

• ___________– Glycocalyx

• ________• Slime layer

– Appendages• Flagella• Pili• Fimbriae• Axial Filaments

CELL __________

(Outer Membrane)Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

______________• DESCRIPTION

– Sticky, gel-like– made of polysaccharides,

polypeptides, or both– surrounds cell

• TYPES– ______ – organized, firmly attached to cell wall;

ex. S. mutans – Slime layer – unorganized, _______ attached to cell wall, ex. S. __________, B. _________

• FUNCTION– __________ protect against phagocytosis– Protection against dehydration– ________ – play role in attachment and production

of biofilms

________________• Microbes ______ to solid surfaces and

grow into _____________• Masses will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth,

and medical implants

____KARYOTIC FLAGELLADescription

long, whip-like appendagesLocation

external to cell Structure

______ -outermost hook-widest

basal body-anchors Function

_____________Runs, tumbles, swarmsChemotaxis - response to chemical signals

AXIAL FILAMENTS in ___KARYOTESa.k.a. endoflagella

• Description– Bundles of filaments

• Location– Anchored at 1 end of

spirochete cells– Wrap around the length of

the spirochetes, ex. T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi

• Function– Spiral, corkscrew

___________

PROKARYOTIC __________• Description

– hair-like appendages

• Location– Surrounds entire cell or at poles of cell

• Function– __________ (_______________) – Ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Structure– Protein (pilin)

PROKARYOTIC _________• Structure

–Long, rigid, tubular structures–1 or 2 per cell

• Function–Conjugation –

transfer of _________ from 1 bacterial cell to another

BACTERIAL CELL __________:determine ________

provide structural __________

COMPARISON of GRAM POSITIVE and GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL CELL WALLS

PEPTIDOGLYCAN• Polymer of a _______________

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

• Linked by polypeptides

Figure 4.13a

Figure 4.13b, c

BACTERIAL CELL ____ STRUCTURE

____________________________________________________

GRAM-_____________ CELL WALLS• PG -thick• __________ acids: Alcohol + phosphate

• Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane• Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan

– May regulate cation(+ ion) movement in and out cell– Provide antigenic specificity– Play role in cell growth

Figure 4.13b

GRAM _________ CELL WALL• PG - thin• _______________

– Structure• Lipopolysaccharides• Lipoproteins• Phospholipids• Porins

– Function• ____________

– Helps evade phagocytosis– Helps evade complement action– Barrier to certain antibiotics (penicillin),

lysozyme, detergents, metals, some dyes

ATYPICAL BACTERIAL CELL ______• _______________ sp.

– Lack cell walls– Sterols in plasma membraneEx. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

• ___________– Wall-less, or– Walls of pseudomurein (lack PG): (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

DAMAGE to BACTERIAL CELL WALLS

Some methods include:• ________- digests bonds between

disaccharides in peptidoglycan.– In G+, results in _____plasts (totally wall-less cells).– In G-, results in ______plasts (semi wall-less cells).

• _______- inhibits formation of peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.– G+ bacteria more susceptible than G- bacteria

• Thick peptidoglycan• _______ acids• In acid-fast cells,

mycolic acid present

Gram __________

Figure 4.13b–c

Thin peptidoglycan _________________ Periplasmic space

Gram __________

BACTERIAL CELL WALL SUMMARY

PRINCIPLE of __________• Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals

form in cell• Gram-________

– ________ dehydrates peptidoglycan– CV-I crystals do not leave

• Gram-___________– _________ dissolves outer__________ and leaves holes in __________________– CV-I _______________

___________ CELL MEMBRANE MODEL• STRUCTURE: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER +

__________• FUNCTION: controls ________ into and out of cell,

PERMEABILITY DAMAGE to PLASMA Membrane- Results in leakage of cell contents/CELL DEATH– Caused by:

Alcohols, Ammonia (detergents), Polymixin antibiotics

Figure 4.14b

INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF ____KARYOTIC CELLS_____________

substance inside the plasma

membrane

Figure 4.6a, b

NUCLEAR AREA (___________ region)

Genetic materialSingle, circular chromosomeRIBOSOMES(____)Function in protein synthesis

_____KARYOTIC INCLUSIONS

• Metachromatic granules (volutin)

• Polysaccharide granules

• Lipid inclusions

• _________ granules

• ______________

• Gas vacuoles

• ____________

•Phosphate reserves

•Energy reserves•Energy reserves•Energy reserves

•Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation

•________________•Protein covered cylinders

Iron oxide (destroys ____)

ENDOSPORES

____________ cells•Resistant to desiccation, ______, chemicals•Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp.•___________: Endospore formation•Germination: Return to __________ state

____KARYOTIC CELL

What groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic?

BASIC COMPARISON of ___________ CELL STRUCTURE

Flagella and ______**no _____ in _____karyotic cells

Figure 4.23a, b

___karyotic Flagellum: Structure

Microtubules Tubulin9 pairs + 2 arrangement

EUKARYOTIC _________ PROPERTIES*• Function

- ______, __________• Structure (lack ____________ acid)

– Carbohydrate• Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan

– Plants, algae, fungi

Cell walls _____ present in ______ cellsGlycocalyx

– Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane

– Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

EUKARYOTIC PLASMA _____________STRUCTURE - Phospholipid bilayer + ________ -Sterols (may be present)- protection against lysis -Carbohydrates-serve as -attachment + recognition sitesFUNCTION -Selective ___________- allows

passage of some molecules: water, simple sugars, oxygen, amino acids, carbon dioxide

-Enzymes for ATP production

CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES of __KARYOTIC CELLS

• _____________– Substance inside plasma membrane and outside

nucleus• Cytosol

– ____ portion of cytoplasm• Cyto__________*

– microfilaments – Intermediate filaments– microtubules provide support and movement for cytoplasm

• Cytoplasmic ___________*– Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

__KARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES*• Membrane-bound:

– __________ Contains chromosomes, genetic information; histone

proteins**– ER Transport network between

plasma and nuclear membranes

– ____ complex Membrane formation,

distribution, protein packaging

– Lysosome Digestive enzymes– Vacuole Brings food into cells and

provides support

– Mitochondrion Cellular _________ (70S ribosomes)– Chloroplast(plants) _____________ (70S ribosomes)– Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys

H2O2

EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES

• Not membrane-bound:– _______________

• Protein synthesis (80S*)– _______________*

• Cell division• Consists of protein fibers and centrioles

– ______________*• Cell division• Mitotic spindle formation

COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS: AN

OVERVIEW_________________•One circular chromosome, not in a membrane•No histones•No organelles•_______: peptidoglycan cell walls•Archaea: pseudomurein cell walls•Divides by ________ fission

________________•_________ chromosomes, in nuclear membrane•Histones•Organelles•Polysaccharide cell walls, when present•Divides by ________

_______________________ THEORY

• __karyotes evolved from ____karyotes

• Prokaryotes develop a___________

• Eukaryotes ingest ________ bacteria – become _____________________

• Eukaryotes ingest photosynthetic bacteria – become chloroplast Figure 10.2

PLASMA ___________

• _________ transport NO ATP needed

– Simple diffusion– Facilitated diffusion– Osmosis

• __________ transport –

ATP needed– Transporter protein– Group translocation– Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles

• Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

FunctionSelective __________ – allows passage

of some molecules via the following transport mechanisms:

Movement Across MembranesPASSIVE TRANSPORT

• Simple ______________: – Movement of a solute from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration.

• ________________ diffusion: – Movement of a solute from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration.– Solute combines with a _________ ________ in the

membrane.

Movement Across Membranes____________ TRANSPORT

• __________ ___________: – Movement of a solute from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration.

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANESFacilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport)

Figure 4.17

__________ combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES• ___________ (passive transport)

– Movement of __________ across a selectivelypermeable membrane from an area of higherwater concentration to an area of lower water conc.

• Osmotic pressure– The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

Figure 4.18a

Figure 4.17d

MOVEMENT OF WATER ACROSS MEMBRANES- Osmosis (Passive Transport)

• Movement of water from a ______ concentration of ________ to a lower concentration of water

( favorable gradient)a. through a phospholipid bilayer.b. through __________ (water transporting protein channels).

Figure 4.18a–b

THE PRINCIPLE OF ___________

THE EFFECT of ________ on _____

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES

• ___________ transport – Transport of substances

requires a transporter protein and ATP.

Group translocation – Transport of substances

requires a transporter protein and PEP.

ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS__________ TRANSPORT

________ vs. ______ TRANSPORTCLASSIFICATION of TRANSPORT

TRANSPORT PROTEIN

DIRECTION of MOVEMENT

REQUIRES ATP TYPE of TRANSPORT

SIMPLEDIFFUSION

____ Withconcentrationgradient

No ____________

FACILITATEDDIFFUSION

___ – carrierProteins or channel proteins

___________concentrationgradient

No Passive

ACTIVETRANSPORT

Yes – carrierProteins

_______concentrationGradient

________ Active

COMPARISON of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLSCELL PART FUNCTION PROKARYOTIC CELL* EUKARYOTIC CELL

Cell Wall Support/Protection Present* ________ only

Plasma membrane

Homeostasis/Transport

Present Present

Nucleus Control Center Absent Present

Genetic Material Cell Function/Properties Circular _________________

Histones Gene regulation/organization

Absent Present

Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Present (_______) Present (________)

____________ Internal Structure Absent Present

Mitochondrion Energy Production Absent Present

Chloroplast Photosynthesis Absent* Present*

EndoplasmicReticulum

Intracellular transport/chemical reactions

Absent Present

Golgi Apparatus Protein packaging/transport

Absent Present

___________ Digests Material Absent Present in some

Vacuole Storage Absent Present