Chapter 3Chapter 3

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

1.1. The Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution-The -The Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution started in started in Britain Britain as a as a

result of the result of the Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution, changes , changes in farming greatly increased the amount and in farming greatly increased the amount and variety of food produced.variety of food produced.

1)During the 1700’s, farmers in Britain began to 1)During the 1700’s, farmers in Britain began to grow new crops such as potatoes and corn grow new crops such as potatoes and corn that were introduced from the American that were introduced from the American colonies.colonies.

2)In the 1730’s, 2)In the 1730’s, Crop RotationCrop Rotation was introduced. It was introduced. It was discovered that fields did not have to be was discovered that fields did not have to be left empty if farmers would rotate the crops left empty if farmers would rotate the crops they planted in the fields.they planted in the fields.

1.1. The Agricultural Revolution (Pg 2) The Agricultural Revolution (Pg 2)

3)New farmland machines also increased food 3)New farmland machines also increased food production. The production. The Seed Drill, Iron PlowSeed Drill, Iron Plow and and Mechanical ReapersMechanical Reapers was introduced that made was introduced that made farming more efficient farming more efficient

4) Changes in land ownership also contributed to 4) Changes in land ownership also contributed to increased food production. Wealthy land increased food production. Wealthy land owners began consolidating former feudal owners began consolidating former feudal common lands and making larger more common lands and making larger more efficient farms. This became known as the efficient farms. This became known as the Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement..

2.2. Effects Effects -The Agricultural Revolution helped set the stage -The Agricultural Revolution helped set the stage

for the Industrial Revolution. for the Industrial Revolution.

1) With more food available, people’s diet and 1) With more food available, people’s diet and health improved. health improved.

2) As populations increased, the demand for 2) As populations increased, the demand for manufactured goods increased. manufactured goods increased.

3) More efficient methods of farming meant that 3) More efficient methods of farming meant that fewer people need to work the lands.fewer people need to work the lands.

3.3. Changes in the Textile Industry Changes in the Textile Industry

-While changes in agriculture put many -While changes in agriculture put many farmers out of work, inventions in the farmers out of work, inventions in the textile industry created new jobs. textile industry created new jobs.

-During the 1500’s and 1600’s, families -During the 1500’s and 1600’s, families produced cloth at home produced cloth at home

((Domestic System) Domestic System) -However, the domestic system could not -However, the domestic system could not

produce enough cloth to keep up with the produce enough cloth to keep up with the rising demand for clothrising demand for cloth

3.3. Changes in the Textile Industry Changes in the Textile Industry

-New inventions would make producing cloth -New inventions would make producing cloth faster. These new machines were so faster. These new machines were so large that they could not fit in the home large that they could not fit in the home and needed water to turn them. (Power and needed water to turn them. (Power Loom)Loom)

3.3. Changes in the Textile Industry Changes in the Textile Industry-In 1793, -In 1793, Eli WitneyEli Witney, an American, invented the , an American, invented the

Cotton GinCotton Gin. It could clean cotton mechanically . It could clean cotton mechanically rather than by hand. The Cotton Gin increased rather than by hand. The Cotton Gin increased the supply of raw cotton and gave factories more the supply of raw cotton and gave factories more supplies.supplies.

-New buildings needed to be built by rivers to -New buildings needed to be built by rivers to power these huge machines.power these huge machines.

(Resulted in the (Resulted in the Factory SystemFactory System))

- Under the factory system, workers left their - Under the factory system, workers left their houses, and went to the mills to manufacture houses, and went to the mills to manufacture goodsgoods..

4. 4. Changes in FactoriesChanges in Factories

-In the mid 1700’s, the -In the mid 1700’s, the Steam PoweredSteam Powered Engine Engine replaced running water as a means of powering replaced running water as a means of powering the machinery of the textile industry.the machinery of the textile industry.

-Due to the steam engine, factories could be built -Due to the steam engine, factories could be built anywhere not just by riversanywhere not just by rivers

-Steam engines also had a huge effect on -Steam engines also had a huge effect on transportationtransportation

-Factories needed a efficient transportation system -Factories needed a efficient transportation system to survive. Coal, iron and raw materials needed to survive. Coal, iron and raw materials needed for the factories and finished goods needed to for the factories and finished goods needed to leave and distributing to the citiesleave and distributing to the cities

5. 5. New TransportationNew Transportation

- This need for a good transportation system led This need for a good transportation system led to the development of the to the development of the Railroad System. Railroad System.

- Trains powered by steam engines traveled Trains powered by steam engines traveled across rails to supply the factories with raw across rails to supply the factories with raw materials which carried finished products to the materials which carried finished products to the cities. cities.

- Also, the steam engine was used to power Also, the steam engine was used to power ships. Decreased amount of time to bring goods ships. Decreased amount of time to bring goods across the Atlantic to the Americas and other across the Atlantic to the Americas and other port cities. port cities.

- Decreased time bringing goods to market = Decreased time bringing goods to market = More profitsMore profits

6. 6. The Rise of Modern IndustryThe Rise of Modern Industry

1)1) Food production which increased population Food production which increased population and freed many laborers to work in the and freed many laborers to work in the industry.industry.

2)2) British British EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs had the capital (money) had the capital (money) to invest in factories and machinery.to invest in factories and machinery.

3)3) Britain had plentiful iron and coal depositsBritain had plentiful iron and coal deposits4)4) It developed an excellent transportation It developed an excellent transportation

system to speed the flow of goods.system to speed the flow of goods.5)5) Britain also had numerous colonies throughout Britain also had numerous colonies throughout

the world to supply factories and to buy goods.the world to supply factories and to buy goods.

7. 7. New Methods of ProductionNew Methods of Production

New machines and technology improve New machines and technology improve worker productivity.worker productivity.

- Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts were introduced. were introduced.- The The Assembly LineAssembly Line was also introduced was also introduced

(complex jobs of assembling is broken (complex jobs of assembling is broken down into small tasks).down into small tasks).

- Introduction of Introduction of Mass ProductionMass Production (or turning (or turning out large quantities of identical goods). out large quantities of identical goods).

8. 8. Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

- Before the Industrial Revolution, most Before the Industrial Revolution, most businesses were very small.businesses were very small.

1)1) Sole Proprietor-Sole Proprietor- Operated by one person. Operated by one person.2)2) PartnershipPartnership- Businesses owned by two or - Businesses owned by two or

more people (in a partnership people shared more people (in a partnership people shared the profits and liabilities, equally).the profits and liabilities, equally).

3)3) Corporation- Owners allowing people to buy Corporation- Owners allowing people to buy stock, or ownership in their company.stock, or ownership in their company.

4)4) MonopolyMonopoly- Corporations gaining almost - Corporations gaining almost complete control of the production and sale of complete control of the production and sale of a single good or service.a single good or service.

8. The Rise of Big Business (Pg.2)8. The Rise of Big Business (Pg.2)

The Industrial Revolution brought alternating The Industrial Revolution brought alternating periods of prosperity and decline. This periods of prosperity and decline. This alternating pattern is known as the alternating pattern is known as the Business CycleBusiness Cycle..

A sharp downturn in the economy is known A sharp downturn in the economy is known as a as a DepressionDepression..

9. 9. New IdeasNew Ideas

PhysiocratsPhysiocrats - A group of economists who attack - A group of economists who attack the idea that government should control the idea that government should control business.business.

Adam SmithAdam Smith - Reasoned that two natural laws - Reasoned that two natural laws governed all business and economic activity.governed all business and economic activity.

1)1) Law of Supply and DemandLaw of Supply and Demand, as demand , as demand increased, supply increases and prices rise. increased, supply increases and prices rise. As demand decreases, supply decreases and As demand decreases, supply decreases and prices fall.prices fall.

9. New Ideas (Pg.2)9. New Ideas (Pg.2)

2)2) Law of CompetitionLaw of Competition, as manufacturers , as manufacturers compete with each other to sell their compete with each other to sell their products, they must reduce prices.products, they must reduce prices.

- Only the most sufficient manufacturers Only the most sufficient manufacturers will survive.will survive.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism – Survival of the fittest, – Survival of the fittest, considered Classical Economics considered Classical Economics (founder Adam Smith).(founder Adam Smith).

9. New Ideas (Pg. 3)9. New Ideas (Pg. 3)

- Adam SmithAdam Smith is considered the founder of is considered the founder of Classical EconomicsClassical Economics, and also believed in , and also believed in a system known as a system known as Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise..

- This economic system justified competition This economic system justified competition unrestricted by laws and government unrestricted by laws and government controls.controls.

- Laissez-FaireLaissez-Faire, or “ Leave Things Alone.” , or “ Leave Things Alone.”

10. 10. SocialismSocialism

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, few As a result of the Industrial Revolution, few individuals became wealthy. Most people individuals became wealthy. Most people remained poor, including the factory workers remained poor, including the factory workers that drove the economy. that drove the economy.

The only way to The only way to distribute wealth moredistribute wealth more evenlyevenly was to change the ways of was to change the ways of ownership, and the operation of means of ownership, and the operation of means of production.production.

Socialism (Pg.2)Socialism (Pg.2)

- SocialismSocialism is the process in which the is the process in which the government owns the means of production government owns the means of production and operates it for the benefit of “and operates it for the benefit of “allall” the ” the people, rich and poor.people, rich and poor.

- Socialist believed that everyone, not just Socialist believed that everyone, not just the owners, had the right to share in the the owners, had the right to share in the profitsprofits..

11. 11. Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists

Early socialist believed that people could live Early socialist believed that people could live together peacefully for a collective good. together peacefully for a collective good. These individuals were referred to as These individuals were referred to as Utopian SocialistUtopian Socialist..

12. 12. Karl MarxKarl Marx

- Karl MarxKarl Marx believed that the entire believed that the entire Capitalistic System should be destroyed.Capitalistic System should be destroyed.

- Marx argued about the struggle between Marx argued about the struggle between those that have money, and those that do those that have money, and those that do not have money (the wealthy, and poor).not have money (the wealthy, and poor).

- Marx argued that wealth is created by Marx argued that wealth is created by labor, but most of the wealth goes to the labor, but most of the wealth goes to the owners.owners.

12. Karl Marx (Pg.2)12. Karl Marx (Pg.2)

- Marx believed that the Marx believed that the poorpoor (proletariat) must unite (proletariat) must unite and seize power from the factory owners and seize power from the factory owners (capitalists) by force.(capitalists) by force.

- Finally, society will need to evolve into a Finally, society will need to evolve into a Classless Classless societysociety known as known as CommunismCommunism..

-These ideas were based upon -These ideas were based upon TheThe Communist Communist ManifestoManifesto, which was written by Marx and , which was written by Marx and Friedrich EngelsFriedrich Engels in 1848. in 1848.

-Pure Marxist believe that capitalism should be -Pure Marxist believe that capitalism should be overthrown in a violent revolution.overthrown in a violent revolution.

13. 13. Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1)1) Thousands of factory workers crowded Thousands of factory workers crowded into poorly built houses.into poorly built houses.

2)2) The city’s water system was inadequate.The city’s water system was inadequate.

3)3) Buildings had little to no sanitation. Buildings had little to no sanitation. Sewage was simply flung out of windows Sewage was simply flung out of windows into open trenches along the streets.into open trenches along the streets.

4)4) Pollution from each factory made air Pollution from each factory made air quality poor.quality poor.

13. Effects of the Industrial 13. Effects of the Industrial Revolution (Pg.2)Revolution (Pg.2)

5)5) The buildup of garbage throughout the The buildup of garbage throughout the city led to an abundance of rats and city led to an abundance of rats and insects.insects.

6)6) In these crowded slums, diseases spread In these crowded slums, diseases spread rapidly.rapidly.

14. 14. Working ConditionsWorking Conditions1) The supply of unskilled workers was large, so 1) The supply of unskilled workers was large, so wages were relatively low.wages were relatively low.

2) Due to low wages, woman and children were 2) Due to low wages, woman and children were force to work.force to work.

3) Work hours were often 12 to 16 hours.3) Work hours were often 12 to 16 hours.

4) Fumes from machines and furnaces, combined 4) Fumes from machines and furnaces, combined with poor ventilation, made the air terrible.with poor ventilation, made the air terrible.

5) Poor lighting and machines not equipped with 5) Poor lighting and machines not equipped with safety devices led to many serious injuries, and safety devices led to many serious injuries, and death.death.

15. Demands for Change-In order to protest these unsafe working conditions,

workers in the same occupation, formed organizations called Labor Unions

-As a united front, these unions could put pressure on employers to raise wages and improve working conditions

-Using a process known as Collective Bargaining, the workers would propose a strike if the employer did not

bring about any changes-From the early 1800s till the late 1800s, there were often

outbreaks of violence between the union workers and strike-busters (pro-employer groups)

-After the 1920s, unions and other reform groups influenced government to pass laws benefiting workers

16. The Irish Potato Famine

-By the 1800s, the potato, which was brought over from the Americas, became the staple crop for Ireland

-In 1845, a crop disease, brought also from the Americas, started to infect the potato crop.

-For three years, the potato crop was completely lost.-Due to malnutrition and then the onset of widespread

disease due to unsanitary condition, almost 1 million Irish died.

-Another 1 million decided to leave Ireland and emigrated to Britain and the United States trying to leave the devastation that was caused by the famine.

-Due to the famine, almost 25% of the Irish population was lost, due to death or immigration