Chapter 13 Key Terms 1 ClotEmbolism ErythrocytesHematopoiesis InfarctionHemoglobin...
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Transcript of Chapter 13 Key Terms 1 ClotEmbolism ErythrocytesHematopoiesis InfarctionHemoglobin...
1Chapter 13 Key Terms
ClotEmbolism
ErythrocytesHematopoiesisInfarctionHemoglobinLeukocytesLymphocytesMacrophageNeutrophilsPhagocytosisPlaquePlasma
ThrombosisLysozymeEosinophils
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 13: BLOOD
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Composition
Formed elementsErythrocytes: red blood cellsLeukocytes: white blood cellsThrombocytes: platelets
Fluid partPlasmaAbout 55% of blood
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Functions
Transportation Oxygen from lungs to cells on Erythrocytes CO2 from cells to lungs on Erythrocytes
Nutrients, ions, and water from digestive tract to cells Waste products from cells to sweat glands and kidneys Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
Regulation Body pH (blood pH is usually 7.35-7.45) Body temperature
Clotting Mechanism Protects against foreign microorganisms and toxins
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Blood Cells
Erythrocytes (red blood cells ) – make up 95% of blood cells
Leukocytes (white blood cells)Granular – have granules when stained
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular – no granulesMonocytes, lymphocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets)
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Plasma
Over 90% water Albumin – maintains water balance between cells and
blood Globulins – antibodies and transport molecules Fibrinogen – involved in clotting mechanism Rest consists of solutes
Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones
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Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) All blood cells begin as hematocytoblasts (stem
cells) and differentiate into the different blood cells
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Erythrocyte Anatomy
Red tint because of pigment Biconcave Contains no nucleus Contains hemoglobin molecule Do not divide Last approximately 4 months Oxygen rich = bright red Oxygen deprived = dark red
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Anemia
Decrease in erythrocytes or hemoglobin Symptoms
Lack of energyShortness of breathPale skin
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Leukocyte Anatomy
Have no color Asymmetrical Contain nuclei Can leave blood and move into tissues Clean up cellular debris and fight infections by
phagocytosis
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Neutrophil
Contain very fine granules 4 lobed nucleus Secretes lysozyme Most common leukocyte
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Eosinophil
Coarse, red granules 2 lobed nucleus Produce antihistamines to
fight allergies Produce other chemicals to
fight parasites (hookworm, tapeworm)
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Basophil
Dark granules 2 lobed nucleus Active in allergic reactions Release heparin – anticoagulant Release histamine – inflammatory Release serotonin – vasoconstrictor
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Monocyte
Largest leukocyte Large, irregular nucleus Called macrophage when they
leave the blood Phagocytize large particles
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Lymphocyte
Large, round nucleus Involved in immune system Become “memory cells” Long life span
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Platelets
Small pieces of a megakaryocyte
Responsible for starting the clotting mechanism
Prevent fluid loss from blood vessel
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Clotting Mechanism
Step 1: platelets clump together are site of injury, damaged tissues release of thromboplastinProduces prothrombin activator
Step 2: Prothrombin is converted to thrombinDone by prothrombin activator in presence of calcium
ions Step 3: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
Fibrin forms long threads that act as a netBlood cells and platelets get tangle in this net forming a
clot
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Clotting Mechanism
Step 4: SyneresisTightening of the clot to make the wound
smallerSerum = yellow fluid seen after clot
forms (plasma) Step 5: Mitotic Cell Division
To repair the damage to the blood vessel Step 6: Fibrinolysis
Dissolution of the blood clot
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Unwanted Clotting
Plaque is a build up of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels
Thrombosis forms when platelets stick to plaque in unbroken blood vessel (clot is called thrombus)
If a piece of a blood clot becomes dislodged and travels, it is called an embolus (embolism when the embolus becomes lodged in a blood vessel)
Infarction is when tissues die because of lack of circulation
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Blood Groups
AgglutinationClumping of red blood cells
ABO Blood GroupAntigen AAntigen BBody develops antibodies against the antigen NOT
present on your erythrocytesAntibodies react with antigens of the same type
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Rh Factor
Named after the Rhesus monkeys Presence of Antigen D produces Rh positive blood Rh negative person does not produce Anti-Rh
antibodies unless given a transfusion of Rh positive blood
Erythroblastosis fetalisRh negative mother carries Rh positive babyAntibodies cross placenta and destroy baby’s RBCs
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Blood donation
4 main methods Whole Blood: pint of blood taken from veins Platelets: apheresis machine separates platelets
from blood Plasma: apheresis machine separates plasma from
blood Double Red Cell: apheresis machine separates RBCs
from blood Type O and Rh negative donors are always needed!
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