Chapter 11: Peoples & Civilizations of the Americas, 600-1500
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Transcript of Chapter 11: Peoples & Civilizations of the Americas, 600-1500
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Chapter 11: Peoples & Civilizations of the Americas, 600-1500
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Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200-900 Teotihuacan
Large Mesoamerican city-population of about 150,000 Pyramids/temples- human sacrifice Forced relocation of farm families & agricultural
innovation such as irrigation & chinampas Apartment-like stone buildings housed commoners-
elites lived in separate residential compounds- controlled the bureaucracy, taxes, & commerce
Ruled by alliances of wealthy families Collapsed around 650 C.E.-mismanagement of
resources, conflict within the elite, or invasion
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The Maya
De-centralized city-states Increased agricultural productivity-drained swamps, built elevated &
terraced fields, managed forest resources Believed cosmos consisted of three layers, heavens, human world, &
the underworld Rulers & elites communicated with the other worlds Fought for captives, not for territory. Elite captives sacrificed &
commoners were enslaved Mayan women held no political power but participated in bloodletting
rituals Technological developments included the Mayan calender,
mathematics, & the Maya writing system Reasons for fall include disruption of trade, overpopulation & increased
warfare around 800-900 C.E.
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The Post-classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500 Toltecs
Central Mexico Built civilization based on Teotihuacan Capital at Tula ruled by dual kings-destroyed
by invaders around 1156 C.E.
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The Aztecs
Migrated to lake Texcoco area & established the cities of Tenochtitlan & Tlatelolco
Females maintained control of household & market Established irrigation & chinampas-also received
food from tribute Goods exchanged through barter Worshipped a large number of gods-most important
was Huitzilopochtli, the Sun god-he was appeased by sacrifice with human hearts
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The Northern Peoples
Southwestern Desert Cultures The Hohokam established extensive irrigation
systems in Salt & Gila valleys around 1000 c.e. Anasazi constructed Kivas in American southwest Chaco Canyon community engaged in trade, hunting
& irrigated agriculture- exerted some political & religious dominance over the area but
Declined due to drought, overpopulation, & warfare
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Mound Builders: The Mississippian Cultures
Hopewell culture developed from Adena culture- based in Ohio Valley
Major Hopewell centers ruled by chiefs-served as priests, managed secular affairs such as long distance trade
Hopewell built large mounds as burial sites & platforms upon which temples & residences of chiefs were constructed
Hopewell sites abandoned around 400 C.E.- mound building continued by Mississippian culture(700-1500 c.e.)
Mississippian chiefdoms made possible by increased agricultural productivity, bow & arrow & expanded trade networks
Largest center was Cahokia-abandoned around 1250 because of climate changes & population pressure
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Andean Civilizations 600-1500
Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge Andes, dry coastal plain, & Amazon forced inhabitants to
organize labor effectively The clan (ayllu) held land collectively-assisted each other in
production to supply goods & labor to clan chief Mit’a introduced around 1000-required each ayllu to provide
a set number of workers each year for religious establishments, royal court, or aristocracy
Work divided along gender lines Andean region divided into 4 ecological zones; coast,
mountain valleys, higher elevations, & Amazonian region
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Moche
North coastal region of Peru in about 200-700 C.E. Moche society stratified & theocratic Commoners supplied mit’a labor to elite-elite military
leaders & priests lived atop large platforms-decorated themselves in magnificent clothing
Moche artisans skilled in production of textiles, portrait vases, & metallurgy
Decline attributed to series of natural disasters & pressure from warlike Wari people
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Tiwanaku and Wari
Tiwanku located in Bolivia Urban construction of large terraced pyramid,
walled enclosures, a reservoir Ruled by hereditary elite Wari had contact with Tiwanaku-but separate
culture-built without central planning, used different techniques, much smaller scale than Tiwanaku
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Inca Inca empire grew from small chiefdom of Cuzco Key to wealth was strong military- used to expand
traditional exchange system that linked the Andes together Inca left local rulers in place- took heirs to Cuzco as
hostages- created an imperial bureaucracy Cuzco laid out in shape of puma- palaces were scene of
rituals, feasts, sacrifices of textiles, animals, tribute goods- occasional human
Did not introduce new technologies-made efficient use of existing technology-increased profits gained by trade
Technology included astronomy, weaving, copper & bronze metallurgy, gold & silver working
When the elite fell into civil war in 1525, Inca control over its vast territories weakened
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Comparative Perspectives
Political and Economic Comparisons The Aztec and Inca Empires shared similarities in the
use of powerful armies, strong economies based on large workforces, and their dependence on organized government and religious practices that connected secular rulers to the gods.
Distinctions were in their systems of distributing goods and in their management of the empire.
Aztecs used local leaders, while the Inca created a strong central government administered by trained bureaucrats.
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Imperial Comparisons
Both Aztec and Inca were last in a line of successive indigenous populations organized into strong empires from former collapsed civilizations
The arrival of Europeans ended the cycle of crises and adjustment in both regions