Section 1 Human Origins and Early Civilizations Section 2 Great Empires of West Africa
Global History & Geography Review – Unit 1 Ancient Civilizations, Religions & Early Empires Early...
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Transcript of Global History & Geography Review – Unit 1 Ancient Civilizations, Religions & Early Empires Early...
Global History & Geography Review – Unit 1
Ancient Civilizations, Religions & Early Empires
• Early peoples & river civilizations
• Classical civilizations
• Rise & fall of Great Empires
• Emergence and spread of belief systems
Early Peoples & River Civilizations
• Early people were hunters and gatherers, which meant they lived nomadic lives
• With the Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BC), people made permanent settlements, which grew into civilizations
• Most early civilizations settled along river valleys
Early Peoples & River Civilizations
Characteristics of civilizations– Cities– Central governments– Traditional economy– Organized religion– Social classes– Specialized jobs– Roads, bridges, public works– Art & architecture– System of writing
Big names of early civilizations
• Egyptians– Located along the fertile Nile River– Polytheistic– Pharaoh considered a god/king– Distinct social classes– Lots of contributions, including:
• Hieroglyphics
• Architecture
• Calendar
Big names of early civilizations
• Mesopotamia– Located between the Tigris & Euphrates
Rivers on the Fertile Crescent
Big names of early civilizations
• Mesopotamia– Rivers provided excellent farm land & easy transportation
• Cultural diffusion• Many civilizations developed in this region• Sumerians
– Polytheistic – built ziggurats– Cuneiform – wedge shaped writing in clay
• Assyrians• Persians• Babylonians -Hammurabi’s Code of Law• Hittites – mined iron ore, made plows, weapons• Lydians – coined money
Mesopotamia
Other River Valley Civilizations
• Indus Valley• China – river valleys of the Huang He (Yellow
River), and the Yangzi.– Considered themselves the Middle Kingdom
– Established dynasties
– Written language – 2000 BC – pictographs & ideographs
Classical Civilizations
• China– Mandate of Heaven & the dynastic cycle
– Shang, Zhou, Shi, Qin, Han, etc.
– Many accomplishments & contributions• Irrigation systems
• Astronomy & calendar
• Silk & porcelain
• Great Wall
• Civil Service system
• Paper, wheelbarrow, rudder for ships, herbal remedies,
Greece (1750 BC – 133 BC)
• Location in mountainous region prevented large empire and led to many city-states
• Lots of cultural diffusion due to sea trade
• City-states (polis) – two most powerful ones were Athens & Sparta– Athens – birthplace of direct democracy– Sparta - militaristic
Ancient Greece
Alexander the Great
• His father conquered Greece in the 300s BC
• Alexander build a huge empire that included the Nile Valley, Persia, and parts of India– Spread Greek culture– Hellenistic Culture – blended Greek &
Persian, Indian life
Cultural contributions of Greek & Hellenistic civiliations
• Philosophy – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Literature – Comedies & tragedies, poems (Homer), history (Herodotus)
• Art & Architecture – Humans portrayed in perfect form, fantastic architecture
• Science & Math – Archimedes, Hippocrates, Pythagoras, Euclid
Rome (509 BC – 476 AD)• Located on Italian peninsula• Republic – officials chosen by the people• Patricians (rich) & plebeians (farmers, etc)• Created a huge empire• Contributions:
– Twelve Tables of Law– Romanesque architecture – Extensive roads & trade – Well-disciplined army, civil service system– Pax Romana – long period of peace & prosperity– Eventually overrun by foreign invasions
Major Belief Systems
System When & Where/Who Major concepts
Animism One of the earliest anywhere
Africa, China
Every living & non living thing in nature has a spirit.
Reverence for ancestors
Hinduism 1500 BC
India
Reincarnation
Karma & Dharma
Castes
Brahman
Major Belief Systems
System When & Where/Who
Major concepts
Buddhism 500 BC
India
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
Judaism 2000 BC – Hebrews
(Abraham)
Monotheistic
Torah
10 Commandments
Major Belief Systems
System When & Where/Who Major concepts
Christianity 30 AD – Jesus Jesus is God the Son, the Messiah
Monotheistic
Bible
Islam 622 AD – Mohammed in Arabia
Monotheistic
Five Pillars
Koran
Major Belief Systems
System When & Where/Who Major concepts
Confucianism Confucius (551 BC)
China
The Analects
5 key relationships
Everyone has duties
Education is key to success
Taoism Laozi Peace & well being depend on harmony between yin and yang
Early Empires:The Gupta of India (320-550 AD)
• United much of the Indian subcontinent
• Period of peace and prosperity
• Protected by geography• Promoted Hinduism
– Caste system
• Patriarchal families, arranged marriages
• Declined due to weak rulers and foreign invaders
Early Empires:The Gupta of India (320-550 AD)
• Contributions:– Zero & decimal
system
– Arabic numerals
– Herbal remedies, surgery, vaccines against small pox
– Beautiful temples
– Fables, folk tales
Early Empires: 618-1279 ADTang & Song Dynasties in China• Both had efficient
governments where trade flourished and great advances in art, literature, and architecture developed
Early Empires: 618-1279 ADTang & Song Dynasties in China• Government
corruption led to the decline of the Tang dynasty in 907 AD
• Both used the civil service system for govt. officials
• Strict social structure of gentry, peasantry, merchants
Early Empires: 618-1279 ADTang & Song Dynasties in China• Foreign trade
expanded to India, Persia, Middle East
• Influenced Japan• Contributions
included calligraphy, pagoda temple design, porcelain
Early Empires: The Byzantine Empire
• After the Roman empire was divided in the late 200s by Emperor Diocletian, the Emperor Constantine moved the capital to the site of the Greek city of Byzantium
Early Empires: 527 - 1453The Byzantine Empire
Early Empires: The Byzantine Empire
• It was a blend of Greek, Roman, and Christian influences
• Weakened by Crusaders, sacked by Ottomans in 1453
• Contributions:– PRESERVED GRECO-
ROMAN CULTURE– Justinian’s Code of Law– Influenced Russia – written
language, religion, autocratic government, art & architecture
Early Empires: The Byzantine Empire
• Architecture: Church of Hagia Sophia
• Art – Mosaics• Religion:
Orthodox Christian Church – Great Schism in 1054
Early Empires: Islamic Civilization
• After Mohammed’s death, Islam spread to areas in Europe, Africa, and Asia
• Experienced a golden age during the 700s and 800s based on trade, and achievements in the arts & sciences
The spread of Islam
Early Empires: Islamic Civilization
• Islam arose in the Arabian peninsula
• Reasons for Muslim success: Arabs were strong fighters, enemies were weak (Byzantine & Persian empires), they were united in the faith, and rulers treated the conquered peoples fairly.
Early Empires: Islamic Civilization
• Golden Age contributions:– Preserved Greco-Roman
culture– Calligraphy– Mosques and palaces– Literature – poetry, tales
(The Thousand and One Nights)
– Mathematics – algebra– Astronomy– Medicine
Early Empires:Islamic Civilization
• Crusaders from Western Europe came into contact with Muslims in the Holy Lands, which encouraged cultural diffusion & lasting feelings of distrust between the two
500-1400s
• The collapse of Rome in 476 left Western Europe with no central government and basically in chaos– Feudalism and manorialism developed– The Christian Church was the one institution
that remained intact & it played a humongous role in people’s lives
Medieval Europe
• Charlemagne (742-814), king of the Franks, built an empire that included France, Germany, and part of Italy
• Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne King of the Romans – a popular fellow
• Charlemagne encouraged education & helped spread Christianity
Feudalism
The Crusades
• Seljuk Turks (Muslims) invaded the Byzantine Empire and conquered Palestine in the 1050s
• 1096 – Pope Urban II called on Christians to recover the Holy Lands and expel the Muslims
The Crusades
• Pope Urban II also hoped to win favor with Eastern Orthodox Christians so they would rejoin the Roman Church
• Crusaders were looking for adventure
• The poor were looking to escape the hardships of feudalism and constant fighting
The Crusades
• Only the first of four Crusades in 1099 was successful in regaining control of Jerusalem. Christians slaughtered Muslims and Jews there.
The Crusades
• Subsequent Crusades became more aimed at personal enrichment, not religious zeal
• Saladin united Muslims and regained Jerusalem in late 1100s
• The Fourth Crusade – looted Byzantine
A little known crusade
Impact of the Crusades
• Increased trade between east and west
• Reawakened Europeans to lost knowledge preserved by Muslims and Byzantine Empire
• Increased power of monarchs & weakened feudalism
• Lasting distrust between Muslims and Christians
• Sparked the Age of Exploration & Renaissance