Chapt03 Lecure Nutrition

7/21/2019 Chapt03 Lecure Nutrition

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Chapter 3 : The Human body

Body OrganizationBody Organization

Cells form TissuesCells form Tissues

Tissues form OrgansTissues form Organs

Organs form Systems (e.g.,Organs form Systems (e.g.,

digestive)digestive)


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Cell ProcessesCell Processes

Constant turnover of substancesConstant turnover of substances

Reuire energy, adenosineReuire energy, adenosine

tri!"os!"atetri!"os!"ateReuire nutrientsReuire nutrients


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The Organic Molecules of CellsThe Organic Molecules of Cells

#acromolecules are#acromolecules areconstructed by lin$ingconstructed by lin$ing

toget"er similar ty!es oftoget"er similar ty!es ofsubunits, calledsubunits, called monomersmonomers..

% re!eating c"ain of% re!eating c"ain ofmonomers forms amonomers forms a

!olymer.!olymer.


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Cell #embraneCell #embrane

&ouble layers of li!id,&ouble layers of li!id,

carbo"ydrate, and !roteincarbo"ydrate, and !rotein Controls !assage of substancesControls !assage of substances

&istinct identi'cation structures&istinct identi'cation structures


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Chapter 3 : The Human body#etabolism


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OrganellesOrganelles Cyto!lasmCyto!lasm

#itoc"ondria #itoc"ondria Poer !lantPoer !lant

* #a+or site for energy !roduction#a+or site for energy !roduction

ndo!lasmic reticulum ndo!lasmic reticulum CommunicationCommunication

netor$netor$* Roug" endo!lasmic reticulum - !roteinRoug" endo!lasmic reticulum - !rotein

synt"esissynt"esis

* Smoot" endo!lasmic reticulum - fat synt"esisSmoot" endo!lasmic reticulum - fat synt"esis


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OrganellesOrganelles

olgi Com!le/olgi Com!le/

* Pac$aging site for !roteinPac$aging site for !rotein 0ysosomes0ysosomes

* Cell1s digestive systemCell1s digestive system

Pero/isomesPero/isomes* &eto/ify "armful c"emicals&eto/ify "armful c"emicals


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2ucleus2ucleus

&ouble membrane&ouble membrane enetic material &2%enetic material &2%

&irects !rotein synt"esis and cell&irects !rotein synt"esis and cell

divisiondivision


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3our Ty!es of Tissues3our Ty!es of Tissues

!it"elial!it"elial

* 0ines t"e outside surfaces and e/ternal0ines t"e outside surfaces and e/ternal!assages!assages

ConnectiveConnective* 4olds structures toget"er4olds structures toget"er

#uscle#uscle* Contracts to cause movementContracts to cause movement

2ervous2ervous

* Trans!orts nerve im!ulsesTrans!orts nerve im!ulses


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Chapter 3 : The Human bodyExchange of NutrientsExchange of Nutrients


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4omeostasis4omeostasis

4omeostasis is t"e relative constancy on t"e4omeostasis is t"e relative constancy on t"e

body1s internal environment.body1s internal environment.

ven if e/ternal conditions c"angeven if e/ternal conditions c"ange

dramatically, internal conditions stay it"in adramatically, internal conditions stay it"in a

narro range.narro range.


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2egative 3eedbac$2egative 3eedbac$% #ec"anical /am!le % 4uman /am!le% #ec"anical /am!le % 4uman /am!le


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Ty!es of TissuesTy!es of Tissues

!it"elial tissue !rotects!it"elial tissue !rotects

underlying structures5underlying structures5

functions may also include6functions may also include6

* Secretion (glands)Secretion (glands)

* %bsor!tion%bsor!tion

* /cretion/cretion

* 3iltration3iltration


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Connective TissueConnective Tissue* Binds organs toget"erBinds organs toget"er

* Provides su!!ort and !rotectionProvides su!!ort and !rotection

* 3ills s!aces3ills s!aces

* Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells

* Stores fatStores fat


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#uscular Tissue#uscular Tissue

* #uscle cells are called muscle 'bers#uscle cells are called muscle 'bers

* #uscles 'bers contain actin and myosin 'laments#uscles 'bers contain actin and myosin 'laments 7nteraction of actin and myosin accounts for movements7nteraction of actin and myosin accounts for movements

* Ty!es of #uscle TissuesTy!es of #uscle Tissues S$eletalS$eletal

Smoot" (visceral)Smoot" (visceral) CardiacCardiac


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Ty!es of TissuesTy!es of Tissues 2ervous Tissue2ervous Tissue

* 2eurons (nerve cells)2eurons (nerve cells) Conduct im!ulsesConduct im!ulses

* Sensory in!ut, integration, motorSensory in!ut, integration, motor

out!utout!ut

2euron structure2euron structure

* &endrites&endrites

* Cell bodyCell body

*%/on%/on

* 2euroglia2euroglia Su!!ort and nouris" neuronsSu!!ort and nouris" neurons

* #icroglia6 !"agocytic#icroglia6 !"agocytic

* %strocytes6 !rovide nutrients%strocytes6 !rovide nutrients

* Oligodendroglia6 form myelinOligodendroglia6 form myelin


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Cardiovascular and 0ym!"aticCardiovascular and 0ym!"aticSystemsSystems

4eart and blood vessels4eart and blood vessels

BloodBlood

Pulmonary circulationPulmonary circulation

Systemic circuitSystemic circuit 0ym!"atic system0ym!"atic system


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Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System


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Ca!illary and 0ym!" 8esselsCa!illary and 0ym!" 8essels


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Portal CirculationPortal CirculationTrans!orts nutrientsTrans!orts nutrients

3rom t"e small intestine3rom t"e small intestine &elivers to t"e liver&elivers to t"e liver


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0ym!"atic System0ym!"atic System Contains lym!"Contains lym!"

7mmune cells7mmune cells

Passage for large !articlesPassage for large !articles m!ties into veins leading to t"e "eartm!ties into veins leading to t"e "eart


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2ervous System2ervous System

Regulatory systemRegulatory system

Central 2ervous SystemCentral 2ervous System

* Brain and t"e s!inal cordBrain and t"e s!inal cord

Peri!"eral 2ervous SystemPeri!"eral 2ervous System

* Branc"es out to organsBranc"es out to organs

Basic unit is 2euronBasic unit is 2euron

* Res!onds to electrical and c"emical signalsRes!onds to electrical and c"emical signals


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TransmissionTransmission


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Sending SignalsSending Signals C"ange in sodium and !otassiumC"ange in sodium and !otassium

concentrationconcentration 2eurotransmitter2eurotransmitter

* Secretion of do!amine, e!ine!"rine, andSecretion of do!amine, e!ine!"rine, and

nore!ine!"rinenore!ine!"rine &e!endent on nutrient su!!ly&e!endent on nutrient su!!ly


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ndocrine Systemndocrine System Secretes regulatory substancesSecretes regulatory substances

("ormones)("ormones)Target cells it" rece!tor !roteinsTarget cells it" rece!tor !roteins

Body1s messengerBody1s messenger

7nsulin7nsulinT"yroid "ormonesT"yroid "ormones


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Chapter 3 : The Human bodyPancreasPancreas

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required or reproduction or! display.

Common bile duct

Pancreas

Pancreatic duct

Pancreatic

islet

Blood vessel

Exocrine cells

secrete digestive

enzymes into

pancreatic duct

Endocrine cells

secrete hormones

into blood stream


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7mmune System7mmune System

S$in7ntestinal cellsCirculatory system (9"ite

blood Cells)


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T"e S$inT"e S$in

Continuous barrierContinuous barrier:ects of nutritional de'ciencies:ects of nutritional de'ciencies

0ysozyme0ysozyme


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"e 7ntestinal Cells"e 7ntestinal Cells

Barrier to invadingBarrier to invading

microbesmicrobes

7mmunoglobulins7mmunoglobulins

#uscosal membrane#uscosal membrane:ects of nutritional:ects of nutritional

de'ciencyde'ciency


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9"ite Blood Cells9"ite Blood Cells %ttac$ microorganism%ttac$ microorganism

P"agocytesP"agocytes Cell-mediated immunityCell-mediated immunity

* %ntibodies%ntibodies

* %ntibody-antigen res!onse%ntibody-antigen res!onse*Tem!late (memory) madeTem!late (memory) made


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T"e &igestive SystemT"e &igestive System


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T"e #out"T"e #out"

#astication#astication

TasteTaste

SalivaSaliva

* SolventSolvent* nzymesnzymes

* #ucus#ucus


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T"e so!"agusT"e so!"agus 0ong tube0ong tube

!iglottis!iglottis PeristalsisPeristalsis

0oer eso!"ageal0oer eso!"ageal

s!"incters!"incter

4eartburn4eartburn


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PeristalsisPeristalsis


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T"e Stomac"T"e Stomac" S!"inctersS!"incters

SizeSize astric +uicesastric +uices

4olding ;tan$


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Stomac" %cidStomac" %cid &estroys activity of !rotein&estroys activity of !rotein

%ctivates digestive enzymes%ctivates digestive enzymes Partially digests dietary !roteinPartially digests dietary !rotein

%ssists in calcium absor!tion%ssists in calcium absor!tion

#a$es dietary minerals soluble for#a$es dietary minerals soluble forabsor!tionabsor!tion


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T"e Small 7ntestineT"e Small 7ntestine %!!ro/imately =>%!!ro/imately =>

feet longfeet long 3olded alls3olded alls

8illi8illi

%bsor!tive cells%bsor!tive cells Ra!id cellRa!id cell

turnoverturnover


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2utrient %bsor!tion2utrient %bsor!tion

Passive absor!tion (di:usion)Passive absor!tion (di:usion)

3acilitated absor!tion3acilitated absor!tion

%ctive absor!tion%ctive absor!tion

P"agocytosis and !inocytosisP"agocytosis and !inocytosis


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Nutrient AbsorptionNutrient Absorption


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T"e 0arge 7ntestineT"e 0arge 7ntestine 7ndigestible food stu:7ndigestible food stu:

2o villi or enzymes2o villi or enzymes #ucus-!roducing cells#ucus-!roducing cells

%bsor!tion of ater, some%bsor!tion of ater, some

minerals, vitaminsminerals, vitamins BacteriaBacteria

liminationlimination

h h b d


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Ch 3 Th H b d


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RectumRectum StoolStool

liminationlimination #uscle contraction#uscle contraction

%nal s!"incters%nal s!"incters

Ch t 3 Th H b d


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Ch t 3 Th H b d


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%ccessory Organs%ccessory Organs PancreasPancreas

allbladderallbladder 0iver0iver

Ch t 3 Th H b d


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T"e 0iverT"e 0iver BileBile

ntero"e!aticntero"e!aticcirculationcirculation

Ch t 3 Th H b d


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T"e PancreasT"e Pancreas &igestive enzymes&igestive enzymes

4ormones4ormones* lucagon and insulinlucagon and insulin

Pancreatic +uicesPancreatic +uices

* BicarbonateBicarbonate

Ch t 3 Th H b d


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Ch t 3 Th H b d


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T"e ?rinary SystemT"e ?rinary System @idneys@idneys

?reter?reter BladderBladder

?ret"ra?ret"ra

9aste !roducts9aste !roducts

Blood acid-baseBlood acid-base

balance (!4)balance (!4)

Chapter 3 The H man bod


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Chapter 3 The Human body


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Storage Ca!abilitiesStorage Ca!abilities #aintaining reserves#aintaining reserves

%di!ose tissue%di!ose tissue lucoselucose

%mino acids%mino acids

8itamins and minerals8itamins and minerals* Calcium in bonesCalcium in bones



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eneticsenetics 2utrigenomics2utrigenomics

2utritional &iseases it" a genetic lin$2utritional &iseases it" a genetic lin$* Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease

* 4y!ertension4y!ertension

*ObesityObesity* &iabetes&iabetes

* CancerCancer

* Osteo!orosisOsteo!orosis



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Common Problems it"Common Problems it"

&igestion&igestion ?lcers?lcers

4eartburn4eartburn Consti!ationConsti!ation

4emorr"oids4emorr"oids

7rritable Boel Syndrome7rritable Boel Syndrome &iarr"ea&iarr"ea

allstonesallstones



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?lcers?lcers Can occur inCan occur ineso!"agus,eso!"agus,

stomac" andstomac" andsmall intestinesmall intestine

CauseCause* 4. Pylori4. Pylori



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astroeso!"ageal reAu/ disease (R&)astroeso!"ageal reAu/ disease (R&)



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Consti!ationConsti!ation &icult or infreuent evacuation&icult or infreuent evacuation CausesCauses

* 7gnoring normal urges7gnoring normal urges* #uscle s!asms#uscle s!asms

* Certain medicationsCertain medications

TreatmentTreatment

* &ietary 'ber&ietary 'ber* 3luids3luids

* Regular !"ysical activityRegular !"ysical activity



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0a/atives0a/atives

7rritate t"e intestinal nerve7rritate t"e intestinal nerve

&ra ater into t"e intestine&ra ater into t"e intestine

Regular use is "armfulRegular use is "armful



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4emorr"oids (!iles)4emorr"oids (!iles)

Sollen veins of t"e rectum and anusSollen veins of t"e rectum and anus 7ntense !ressure and straining7ntense !ressure and straining

&ietary recommendation6&ietary recommendation6

* 3iber and Auid3iber and Auid



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7rritable Boel Syndrome7rritable Boel Syndrome Sym!tomsSym!toms* Cram!s, bloating, increased freuency, diarr"ea,Cram!s, bloating, increased freuency, diarr"ea,

consti!ationconsti!ation

CausesCauses* %ltered intestinal !eristalsis%ltered intestinal !eristalsis

* &ecreased !ain t"res"old&ecreased !ain t"res"old

7ndividualized treatment7ndividualized treatment* limination dietlimination diet

* #oderate ca:eine#oderate ca:eine

* 0o-fat, small, freuent meals0o-fat, small, freuent meals

* Stress reductionStress reduction



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&iarr"ea&iarr"ea 3luidity and freuency3luidity and freuency

CausesCauses* 7nfections7nfections

* Poorly absorbed substancesPoorly absorbed substances

Treatment6Treatment6* Plenty of AuidPlenty of Auid



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allstonesallstones Sym!tomsSym!toms

* ?!!er rig"t abdominal !ain, gas,?!!er rig"t abdominal !ain, gas,bloating, nausea and vomitingbloating, nausea and vomiting

TreatmentTreatment

*Removal of gallbladderRemoval of gallbladder

Chapt03 Lecure Nutrition

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