Chapt03 Holes Lecture Animation

8/12/2019 Chapt03 Holes Lecture Animation

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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 3Lecture

PowerPointCells


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3.1: Introduction

The basic organizational

structure of the human body is

the cell.

There are 50-100 trillion cells

in the human body.

Differentiation is when cells

specialize.

As a result of differentiation,

cells vary in size and shape

due to their unique function.


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3.2: A Composite Cell

Also called a typical

cell

Major parts include:

Nucleus containsDNA

Cytoplasm

cellularcontents

betweenplasmamembrane&

nucleus

Cell membrane selective barrier

Micro

tubules

Flagellum

Nuclear envelope

Basal body

Chromatin

Ribosomes

Cell membrane

Mitochondrion

Cilia

Microtubules

Microtubule

Centrioles

Microvilli

Lysosomes

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Phospholipid bilayer

Smooth

Endoplasmicreticulum

Rough

Endoplasmicreticulum

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required f or reproduction or display.

Golgi

apparatus

Secretoryvesicles


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Cell Membrane

(aka Plasma Membrane)Outer limit of the cellControls what moves in and out of the cell

Selectively permeable

Phospholipid bilayerWater-soluble heads form surfaces (hydrophilic)Water-insoluble tails form interior (hydrophobic)

Permeable to lipid-soluble substances

Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane

Proteins:Receptors

Pores, channels and carriers

Enzymes

CAMS

Self-markers


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Cell Membrane

Cell membraneCell membrane

(b)(a)

Heads of

phospholipid

Tails ofphospholipid


a: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Fibrous proteinCarbohydrateGlycolipid

Glycoprotein

Extracellular side

of membrane

Cytoplasmic side

of membrane

Cholesterol

moleculesGlobular

protein

Double

layer of

Phospholipid

molecules

Hydrophobic

fatty acid

tail

Hydrophilic

Phosphate

head



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CellMembraneElectrochemical Gradient

due to selectivepermeability

difference in

concentration ofchemicals acrossmembrane

difference indistribution ofcharges acrossthe membrane

difference is themembranepotential


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Cell Adhesion Molecules

(CAMs)Guide cells on the move

Selectinallows white

blood cells to anchor

Integringuides white blood

cells through capillary walls

Important for growth ofembryonic tissue

Important for growth of nerve

cells

Adhesion

White blood cell

Integrin

Selectin

Exit

Splinter

Attachment

(rolling)

Blood vessellining cell

Carbohydrates

on capillary wall

Adhesion

receptor proteins



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Cytoplasm

Cytosol = water

Organelles = solids

Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit

salad where the Jello is the cytosol andthe fruits (oranges, grapes, bananas,

maybe walnuts, etc.) are the

organelles.


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OrganellesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Connected, membrane-bound

sacs, canals, and vesicles

Transport system

Rough ERStudded with ribosomes

Smooth ERLipid synthesis

Added to proteins

arriving from rough ER

Break down of drugsRibosomes

Free floating or connected to ER

Provide structural support and enzyme activityto amino acids to form protein (protein synthesis)

Membranes

Ribosomes

Membranes

(b) (c)



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Organelles

Golgi apparatus

Stack of flattened,

membranous sacs

Modifies, packagesand delivers proteins

Vesicles

Membranous sacs

Store substances

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

Cristae

(a) (b)


a: Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Mitochondria

Membranous sacs with

inner partitions

Generate energy


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Organelles

Lysosomes

Enzyme-containing

sacs

Digest worn out cellparts or unwanted

substances

PeroxisomesEnzyme-containing

sacs

Break down organic

molecules

Centrosome

Two rod-like centrioles

Used to produce cilia

and flagellaDistributes

chromosomes during cell

division

(a) (b)

Centriole

(cross-section)

Centriole(longitudinal section)


a: Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited


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Organelles

Cilia

Short hair-like projections

Propel substances on cell

surface

Flagellum

Long tail-like projection

Provides motility to sperm

(a)


a: Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Colin Anderson/Brand X/CORBIS


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Microfilaments and microtubules

Thin rods and tubules

Support cytoplasm

Allows for movement oforganelles

Organelles

Inclusions

Temporary nutrients

and pigments

Microtubules

Microfilaments


M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited


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Cell Nucleus

Is the control center of the cell

Nuclear envelopePorous double membrane

Separates nucleoplasm from

cytoplasm

NucleolusDense collection of RNA and

proteins

Site of ribosome productionChromatin

Fibers of DNA and proteins

Stores information for synthesis of

proteins


Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin

(a)

Nuclear

pores

Nuclear

envelope


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3.3: Movements Into

and Out of the Cell

Passive (Physical)

Processes

Require no cellularenergy and include:

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Filtration

Active (Physiological) Processes

Require cellular energy and

include:Active transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Transcytosis


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Simple Diffusion

Movement of substances from regions of higher

concentration to regions of lower concentration

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid-soluble substances

Time

Solute molecule

Water molecule

A B A B

(2) (3)

Permeable

membrane

A B

(1)



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Animation:

How Diffusion Works

Please note that due to differing

operating systems, some animations

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Show view). You may see blank slides

in the Normal or Slide Sorter views.

All animations will appear after viewing

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which is available at

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.


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Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or

carrier molecule

Glucose and amino acids

Region of higher

concentration

Transportedsubstance

Region of lower

concentrationProtein carrier

molecule

Cell

membrane



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Animation:

How Facilitated Diffusion

Works













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Osmosis

Movement of water through a selectively

permeable membrane from regions of higher

concentration to regions of lower concentration

Water moves toward a higher concentration of

solutes

Time

Protein molecule

Water molecule

A

B

A B

(1) (2)

Selectively

permeable

membrane



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Animation:

How Osmosis Works













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Osmosis and Osmotic

Pressure

Osmotic Pressureability of osmosis to generateenough pressure to move a volume of water

Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration

of nonpermeable solutes increases

Isotonicsame osmotic

pressure

Hypertonichigher osmotic

pressure (water loss)Hypotoniclower osmotic

pressure (water gain)


David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

(b)

(a)

(c)


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Filtration

Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes

Hydrostatic pressure important in the body

Molecules leaving blood capillariesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Capillary wall

Larger molecules

Smaller molecules

Blood

pressure Blood

flow

Tissue fluid


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Active Transport

Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from

regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration

Sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc.


Carrier protein Binding site

(a)

(b)

Cellmembrane

Carrier protein

with altered shape

Phospholipid

molecules Transported

particle

Cellularenergy

Region of higher

concentration

Region of lower

concentration


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Active Transport:

Sodium-Potassium PumpActive transport mechanism

Creates balance by pumping three (3) sodium (Na+)

OUT and two (2) potassium (K+) INTO the cell3:2 ratio


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Animation:

How the Sodium-PotassiumPump Works








in Presentation Mode and playing eachanimation. Most animations will require

the latest version of the Flash Player,




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Secondary Active Transport

uses the energy stored in a concentration gradient the gradient is established through active transport

symporters move substances in the same direction whileantiporters move substances in opposite directions


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Endocytosis

Cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle aroundthe substance

Three types:

Pinocytosissubstance is mostly water

Phagocytosissubstance is a solidReceptor-mediated endocytosisrequires the

substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor

Nucleus Nucleolus

Particle VesiclePhagocytized

particle

Cell

membrane



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Endocytosis

Cytoplasm

Vesicle

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Receptor

protein

Cell

membrane

Molecules

outside cell

Cell

membrane

indenting

Receptor-ligand

combination

Nucleus Nucleolus

Particle VesiclePhagocytizedparticle

Cellmembrane



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Exocytosis

Reverse of endocytosis

Substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane

Contents released outside the cell

Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells

Nucleus

Endoplasmic

reticulum

Golgi

apparatus



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Transcytosis

Endocytosis followed by exocytosis

Transports a substance rapidly through a cell

HIV crossing a cell layer

Viruses bud

HIV

Exocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

HIV-infectedwhite blood cells Anal or

vaginal canal

Lining of anusor vagina

(epithelial cells)

Virus infects

white blood cells on

other side of lining

Receptor-mediated

endocytosis


Cell

membrane


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3.4: The Cell Cycle

Series of changes a cell

undergoes from the time it

forms until the time it divide

Stages:Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Apoptosis

G2phase

Cytokinesis

Restriction

checkpoint

Remain

specialized

Proceed

to division

S phase:

genetic

material

replicates

G1 phase

cell growth



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Interphase

Very active period

Cell grows

Cell maintains routine functions

Cell replicates genetic material to prepare for nucleardivision

Cell synthesizes new organelles to prepare for

cytoplasmic division

Phases:G phasescell grows and synthesizes structures other

than DNA

S phasecell replicates DNA


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Mitosis

Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell

Nucleus divideskaryokinesis

Cytoplasm dividescytokinesis

Phases of nuclear division:Prophasechromosomes form; nuclear envelope

disappears

Metaphasechromosomes align midway between

centriolesAnaphasechromosomes separate and move to

centrioles

Telophasechromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms


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Mitosis

Telophase and CytokinesisNuclear envelopes begin to

reassemble around two daughter

nuclei. Chromosomes decondense.

Spindle disappears. Division of

the cytoplasm into two cells.

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate to

opposite poles of cell. Eventsbegin which lead to cytokinesis.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align along

equator, or metaphase plateof cell.

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and

become visible. Nuclear

envelope and nucleolus

disperse. Spindle apparatus

forms.

Late InterphaseCell has passed the

restriction checkpoint

and completed DNA

replication, as well as

replication of centrioles

and mitochondria, and

synthesis of extra

membrane.

Early Interphase

of daughter cells

a time of normal cell

growth and function.

Cleavage

furrow

Nuclear

envelopes

Nuclear

envelope

Chromatin

fibers

Chromosomes

Spindle fiber

Centromere

Aster

Centrioles

Late prophase

Sister

chromatids

Microtubules

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

S phase

G1phase

Interphase

Restriction

checkpoint

(a)

(b)

(c)(d)

(e)


Ed Reschke

G2phase


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Animation:

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Please note that due to differingoperating systems, some animations






in Presentation Mode and playing eachanimation. Most animations will require





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Cytoplasmic Division

Also known as cytokinesis

Begins during anaphase

Continues through telophaseContractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half


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Animation:

Control of the Cell Cycle








animation. Most animations will require





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3.5: Control of Cell Division

Cell division capacities vary greatly among cell typesSkin and blood cells divide often and continually

Neuron cells divide a specific number of times then cease

Chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each

mitosis provide a mitotic clock

Cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area

to volume relationship

Growth factors and hormones stimulate cell divisionHormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus

Epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin

Tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control

Contact (density dependent) inhibition


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Tumors

Two types of tumors:Benignusually remainslocalized

Malignantinvasive andcan metastasize; cancerous

Two major types of genescause cancer:

Oncogenesactivateother genes that increase cell

division

Tumor suppressor

genesnormally regulatemitosis; if inactivated they are

unable to regulate mitosis

Cells are now known asimmortal

Normal cells

(with hairlike cilia)

Cancer cells


Tony Brain/Photo Researchers, Inc.;


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Animation:

How Tumor Suppressor GenesBlock Cell Division








animation. Most animations will require





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3.6: Stem and Progenitor Cells

Stem cell:

Can divide to form two new stem cells

Self-renewal

Can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cellTotipotentcan give rise to every cell type

Pluripotentcan give rise to a restricted number of cell

types

Progenitor cell:Committed cell

Can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells

Pluripotent


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Stem and Progenitor Cells

one or more steps

Sperm

Egg

Fertilized

egg

Stem cell

Stem cell

Progenitor cell

Progenitorcell

Progenitorcell

Blood cells and platelets

Fibroblasts (a connective tissue cells)

Bone cells

Progenitorcell

Astrocyte

Neuron

Skin cell

Sebaceousgland cell

produces another stem cell

(self-renewal)

Progenitor

cell

Progenitor

cell

Progenitorcell

Progenitorcell

Progenitorcell

Progenitorcell



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3.7: Cell Death

Apoptosis:

Programmed cell death

Acts as a protective mechanism

Is a continuous process

Chapt03 Holes Lecture Animation

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