(Chap 1) Intro to Engineering Geology

7/31/2019 (Chap 1) Intro to Engineering Geology

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Milky_Way_IR_Spitzer.jpg


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The Milky Way sometimes referred to simply as "the Galaxy",is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies.

Although the Milky Way is one of billions of galaxies in theobservable universe, its special significance to humanity is that it is

the home galaxy of our Solar System.

The plane of the Milky Way galaxy is visible from Earth as a band oflight in the night sky, and it is the appearance of this band of light

which has inspired the name for our galaxy.
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/gamma/images/groo_milkyway_large.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/gamma/groo2_02.html&usg=__rBR22_87_33SdPmaOM8SwjV1fVs=&h=376&w=500&sz=123&hl=en&start=37&um=1&tbnid=xjHbN863l71FDM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmilky%2Bway%26start%3D36%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://schoolnet.gov.mt/earth_universe/images/milkyway.jpg&imgrefurl=http://schoolnet.gov.mt/earth_universe/The%2520Universe.htm&usg=__71_Eh6v2qS3wrWsvzDalMA0srYM=&h=513&w=640&sz=58&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=fdQ-Z9tm01RKgM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmilky%2Bway%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN


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Neptune

Jupiter

Mars

Earth Venus

Mercury

Uranus

Saturn

Pluto


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The Solar SystemThe Solar System is made up of the Sun orbited by eight planets and adwarf planet called Pluto. We can see the planets because each planet

reflects light from the Sun.


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Planetary facts ratio to earth
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/Planetary%20Facts%20(Ratio%20to%20Earth).docxhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/Planetary%20Facts%20(Ratio%20to%20Earth).docx


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INTRODUCTION TO

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY the earths crust

geologic cycle and geological time


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What is geology ?


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Geology is the fascinating study of the Earth, its rocksand minerals. Geologists are the 'field hands' of earth

science who work to understand how the dynamic forceswhich shape our earth work, and use this knowledge topredict their affect on mankind. Earthquakes, volcanoes

and soil erosion affect all of us: even if the geological

event occurs halfway around the world, we are alltouched to a greater or lesser extent.

More than just naming rocks and digging up fossilizedbones, geologists tell us the story of the earth. That story

goes back billions of years, and leaves its impression inthe very ground we walk on. In this section you will learn

about the amazing Earth.


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a place to live

Lets learn

more about theearth

EARTH
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/864/10066898.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Geography/Maps-and-Cartography/Map-Making/Globe-Sections/Globe-Sections-1.html&h=512&w=520&sz=41&hl=ms&start=8&tbnid=mkQ-sWzkVICdgM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=131&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dglobe%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dms


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Earth can be divided into several layers :

1. Crust

2. Mantle

3. Outer core4. Inner core


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THE CRUST

Lays above the mantle and is the earth's hard outershell. In relation with the other layers the crust ismuch thinner. It floats upon the softer, densermantle. The crust is made up of solid material butthese material is not everywhere the same.

Up to 100km

Consists of lithosphere, hydrosphere and

atmosphere The part which all the creatures can live

Major element in crust is oxygen (93.8%), silicon(0.9%) and others (% in volume)


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Oceanic crust:As the name already suggests, this crust is below the

oceans. There, the crust is 4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick. Therocks of the oceanic crust are very young compared with the

rocks of the continental crust. The rocks of the oceanic crustare not older than 200 million years. The material of whichthe oceanic crust consists is for the greater part tholeiiticbasalt (this is basalt without olivine).

Basalt has a dark, fine and gritty volcanic structure. Itis formed out of very liquid lava, which cools off quickly. Thegrains are so small that they are only visible under amicroscope. The average density of the oceanic crust is3g/cm.

The crust consists of two parts: the oceanic and the continental crust


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Continental crust:When you look at the globe, you see that the surface of the

earth consists of a lot of water (71%). The other 29% consists of

land. You can divide this land into six big pieces, which are calledcontinents.

The earth's crust is the thickest below the continents, with anaverage of about 20 to 25 miles (30 to 40 km) and with a maximumof 45 miles (70 km). The continental crust is older than the oceanic

crust, some rocks are 3.8 billion years old.The continental crust mainly consists of igneous rocks and is

divided into two layers. The upper part mainly consists of graniterocks, while the lower part consists of basalt and diorite. Granite islightly-colored, coarse-grain, magma. Diorite has the same

composition, but it's scarcer than granite and is probably formed byimpurities in the granite-magma. The average density of thecontinental crust is 2.7g/cm.


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THE ATMOSPHEREThe earth is surrounded by all kind of gases. This layer is called the earth'sAtmosphere. Without this atmosphere life on earth isn't possible. It gives us air,water, heat and protects us against harmful rays of the sun and againstmeteorites.

This layer around the earth is a colorless, odorless, tasteless 'sea' of gases, water

and fine dust. The atmosphere is made up of different layers with differentqualities. It consists of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0,93 percent argon,0,03 percent carbon dioxide and 0,04 percent of other gases.

Source : http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/atmos.htm
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/atmosphere%20layer.docxhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/atmosphere%20layer.docx


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Inner Mantle:

The inner mantle can be found between 190 miles (300 km) an1,800 miles (2,890 km) below the earths surface. The average

temperature is 5400 F (3000C), nevertheless the rock is solidbecause of the high pressures. The inner mantle for the biggest partprobably consists of sulphides and oxides of silicon and magnesium.The density is between 4.3g/cm and 5.4g/cm.

Outer Mantle:The outer mantle is a lot thinner than the inner mantle. It can befound between 7 miles (10 km) and 190 miles (300 km) below thesurface of the earth. You can divide the outer mantle into twodifferent layers. The bottom layer is tough liquid rock and probably

consists of silicates of iron and magnesium. The temperature in thispart is between 2520 F (1400C) and 5400 F (3000C) and thedensity is between 3.4g/cm and 4.3g/cm. The upper layer of theouter mantle consists of the same material but is stiffer because ofits lower temperature.


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CORE

The inner part of the earth is the core. This part of the earth is about1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the earth's surface. The core is adense ball of the elements iron and nickel.

Divided into 2 : outer and inner core

Outer core : liquid form (2,200 km thick) Inner core : solid form (1,250 km thick)

The outer core is so hot that the metal is always molten, but theinner core pressures are so great that it cannot melt, even thoughtemperatures there reach 3700C.

Major element in mantle is ferum and nikel


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OTHER INFO

Average radius : 6330 km

Mass : 5.976 x 1027 gm

Average density : 5.51 gm/cm3

Diameter from pole : 12713 km

Surface area : 510 066 000 km2

For more info kindly visit to http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html


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THE DEFORMATION OF THEEARTH STRUCTURE

CRUST

Continentalshelf

Ocean basin

Continentalmass PROCESS

Gradation Tectonism

Volcanism


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GRADATION

Gradation refers to the process by which the surface of the earth isleveled off, or the bed of a stream is brought to equilibrium.

All planets have gravity that drags objects down to the lowest point on asurface. This means anything that sticks up, such as mountains or thesides of craters, will eventually fall down in landslides and make piles of

rubble. Loose and crumbling material is dragged around or carried by winds or

liquids, creating new landforms.

These flattening actions are known collectively as gradation.


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TECTONISM

The earths crust consists of a number of moving pieces or plates, that arealways colliding or pulling apart. The Lithosphere consists of nine largeplates and twelve smaller ones. The continents are imbedded in continentalplates; the oceanic plates make up much of the sea floor. The study ofTectonic plates - called plate tectonics - helps to explain continental drift, the

spreading of the sea floor, volcanic eruptions and how mountains areformed. The force that causes the movement of the tectonic plates may bethe slow churning of the mantle beneath them. Mantle rock is constantlymoved upwards to the surface by the high temperatures below and thensinks by cooling. This cycle takes millions of years.

The crust movements due to the instability of the crust which floating on the

mantle Continuous process and still happens

Eg : plate tectonic (ocean-floor spreading, continent collision,intercontinental rifting)

Will result to the formation of tectonic features eg : mountains, faults, folds

etc


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Continental drift

Earthquake
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/Continental%20Drift.docxhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/earthquake.pptxhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/earthquake.pptxhttp://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/UMP/Desktop/Continental%20Drift.docx


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VOLCANISM

A Volcano is a gap in the earth where molten rock and othermaterials come to the earth's surface. Some volcanoes are justcracks in the earth's crusts. Others are weak places in the earth'scrust, which occur on places where magma bubbles up through thecrust and comes to the earth's surface. Magma is molten rock that

occurs by partial melting of the crust and the mantle by hightemperatures deep down in the ground. Once magma comes to theearth's surface it is called lava.

Activities which involves the eruptions of the volcanoes

Result : magma / lava flow


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Types of VolcanoA diagram of the structure of six types of volcano.


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Other forms of volcanism are the Geysers and the Hot Springs. You oftenfind them in the neighborhood of volcanoes, where the earth's crust isthinner and the heat of the magma further penetrates into the earth'scrust. A Geyser is a hole in the earth's crust, spouting fountains of boiling

water. Hot rock heats up water in an underground chamber and when thewater boils, it sends out a fountain of boiling water, up to 1,640 ft. (500 m)into the air. A Hot Spring works in the same way, but the water is not sohot that it spouts with pressure.


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GEOLOGICAL TIME

The geological time scale is used by geologistsand other scientists to describe the timing andrelationship between events that have occurred

during the history of earth Past life is often referred to being a part of a

certain era, or a certain point on the geologicaltimescale. There are 6 eras on the geological

timescale, consisting of the Hadean, Archaean,Protezoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and theCenozoic.


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Hadian Era

The Hadian era did not contain life as we knowit, but rather the building blocks of life, such as

amino acid, proteins and the like, mentionedpreviously. It lasted aproximatley from 3.8 to 4.5billion years ago.


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Archean Era

This era took place from about 3.8 to 2.5billion years ago and also saw the formation of

the first cells, as described in the The First Cellsection.

Also, it is likely that approximately 70% of theworld's landmasses where created during thisera.

This era saw the creation of simple bacteriaand plant like algae, which could actually feed offpure energy in the form of sunlight. Theybecame the building blocks for evolution of life,and the basis of early food chains.

Proterozoic Era


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Proterozoic Era

This era took place approximately 2.5 billion to 544million years ago. Many fossils have been found fromthis Era, mostly in the form of Bacterial life and

Archaean life (Archaeans are physically similar tobacteria, but are biochemically different so much thatthey are considered a separate from bacteria. Theyare known for living in very extreme environments)About 1.8 billion years ago, eukaryotic cells began toappear (Eukaryotic cells are ones containing a

nucleus, which stores genetic information. Eukaryoticcells are contained in many species today, such asplants, fungi, animals, insects and so forth.)

Another important event in the Proterozoic era wasthe first evident of oxygen buildup in the atmosphere.This meant death for early bacteria, whom could notsurvive in oxygen environments, but allowedeukaryotic cells to thrive.

The end of this era also saw the beginnings of

multi-cellular life forms, such as certain algae andsimple animals.


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Paleozoic Era

During the Paleozoic era, many life forms beganto flourish. Many of these life forms we would not

recognize today. These life forms slowly evolved inthe ocean, and began to step out onto land,originally with amphibious life forms, and eventuallywith reptiles.

Marking the end of this era, here was the mass

Permian extinction, approximately 245 million yearsago, in which many of the life forms that onceflourished died off.


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Mesozoic Era

The Mesozoic era has three time periods. Thecretaceous (146-65 mya), the Jurassic ( 208-146mya) and the Triassic (245-208)

Mesozoic carries the meaning of middleanimals. The Mesozoic saw the creation of manydifferent life forms, including the famous dinosaurs.

There where also many new plants, includingearly coniferous plants. However, many of these lifeforms succumbed to extinction, or evolution, andare not around today in the form they originallywhere.


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Cenozoic Era

The Cenozoic is the most current era, takingplace from the last mass extinction of all land-

based dinosaurs (approximately 65 million yearsago) to the present day.

This era saw the rise of many mammals, suchas whales, the great hunter cats, as well asHumans. But it also saw the rise of the birds,

insects, and many new plants, including floweringplants. Much of life as we know it today evolvedduring this era.
http://../wiki/Cenozoichttp://../wiki/Phanerozoichttp://../wiki/Precambrian


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Millions of Years

The largest defined unit of time is the supereon comprised of Eons. Eons aredivided into Eras which are turn divided into Periods, Epochs and Stages

For more info kindly visit the website http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/geologictime.php
http://../wiki/Paleocenehttp://../wiki/Eocenehttp://../wiki/Oligocenehttp://../wiki/Miocenehttp://pliocene/http://pliocene/http://../wiki/Pleistocenehttp://../wiki/Paleogenehttp://../wiki/Neogenehttp://../wiki/Quaternaryhttp://../wiki/Cenozoichttp://../wiki/Cambrianhttp://../wiki/Ordovicianhttp://silurian/http://silurian/http://../wiki/Devonianhttp://../wiki/Carboniferoushttp://../wiki/Permianhttp://../wiki/Triassichttp://../wiki/Jurassichttp://../wiki/Cretaceoushttp://paleogene/http://paleogene/http://neogene/http://neogene/http://../wiki/Paleozoichttp://../wiki/Mesozoichttp://../wiki/Cenozoichttp://../wiki/Phanerozoichttp://siderian/http://siderian/http://rhyacian/http://rhyacian/http://orosirian/http://orosirian/http://statherian/http://statherian/http://calymmian/http://calymmian/http://ectasian/http://ectasian/http://stenian/http://stenian/http://tonian/http://tonian/http://cryogenian/http://cryogenian/http://../wiki/Ediacaranhttp://eoarchean/http://eoarchean/http://paleoarchean/http://paleoarchean/http://mesoarchean/http://mesoarchean/http://neoarchean/http://neoarchean/http://../wiki/Paleoproterozoichttp://../wiki/Mesoproterozoichttp://neoproterozoic/http://neoproterozoic/http://paleozoic/http://paleozoic/http://mesozoic/http://mesozoic/http://cenozoic/http://cenozoic/http://../wiki/Hadeanhttp://../wiki/Archeanhttp://../wiki/Proterozoichttp://../wiki/Phanerozoichttp://../wiki/Precambrian


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(Chap 1) Intro to Engineering Geology

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