Challenge of democracy 12th edition Janda.chapter 18

5/27/2018 Challenge of democracy 12th edition Janda.chapter 18

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Chapter 18

POLICYMAKINGAND

DOMESTICPOLICY


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Learning Outcomes

18.1 Categorize different types of public policiesand outline the process by which policies areformulated and implemented.

18.2 Trace the evolution of social welfareprograms as a central element of public policy inthe United States.

18.3 Describe the origins and evolution of SocialSecurity as well as the funding and benefit issuesfacing the program.

Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning 2


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Learning Outcomes

18.4 Explain how poverty is defined and trace theevolution of public assistance programs designedto address it.

18.5 Differentiate among Medicare, Medicaid, andthe Affordable Care Act of 2010 and explain howeach program addresses the issues of health-caredelivery.



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Learning Outcomes

18.6 Describe the role of the federal governmentin shaping education policy at the state and localgovernment levels.

18.7 Assess alternative policies for addressingillegal immigration into the United States.

18.8 Explain how the issue of fairness shapes

perspectives on government benefits.



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Government Purposes

and Public Policies The Policymaking Process

Disagreement about governments goals often rootedin value differences

Drug policies: Libertarians value freedom and want drugs

decriminalized

Conservatives value order and support controls over

drug use



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Government Purposes

and Public Policies

Types of Policies Distributive policies

Redistributional policies

Regulation



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Government Purposes

and Public Policies Public Policy Tools

Different ways to achieve public policy objectives

Incentives and disincentives

Direct provision of services

Governments largest expenditures come from directpayments to employees or vendors who implementprograms

Setting rules



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Government Purposes

and Public Policies A Policymaking Model

Policymaking process has four stages

Agenda setting

Policy formulation

Implementation

Policy evaluation



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Government Purposes

and Public Policies Fragmentation, Coordination, and Issue

Networks Separation of powers results in fragmented approach

to solving policy problems

Different interest groups influence government

Working relationships among participants in pluralistsystem counter fragmentation

Issue networks

Facilitate pluralist policies when majoritarian influencesare weak



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The Development of the

American Welfare State

The Great Depression and the New Deal Great Depression: longest and deepest setback of

U.S. economy in history

Began with stock market crash Oct. 24th, 1929 andended with start of WWII

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The Great Depression and the New Deal New Deal

FDR undertook measures to stem the Depression

Created Social Security

Initiated a long-range trend toward governmentexpansion

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The Great Society Lyndon B. Johnsons programs designed to redress

political, social, and economic inequality

War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act (1964)

Encouraged local programs to educate and train people foremployment

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Retrenchment and Reform Ronald Reagans reelection resulted in a

reexamination of social welfare policy

Shifted focus from economic equality to economicfreedom, and from federal government to states

Clinton charted middle course - Important reforms

Greatest expansion of welfare benefits under George

W. Bush Obama enacted the biggest welfare state reform since

the New Deal with the passage of health-care reformin 2010

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Social Security

Social insurance: protect individuals from loss,regardless of need (entitlements) Workerscompensation

Social Security

Medicare

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Social Security

Origins of Social Security Social insurance programs began in Europe after

World War I

In U.S., needs left to private organizations andindividuals until Great Depression

Social Security Act 1935

Social insurance old-age, surviving spouse,

unemployment Financial assistance needy, blind and disabled

Health and welfare services for disabled children,orphans and vocational rehabilitation for disabled

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Social Security

How Social Security Works Revenue fund administered by Social Security

Administration

Pay as you gotax system Universal participation essential and required

In 1955, nearly nine workers for each beneficiary

Today, three workers for every beneficiary

Birthrate, mortality rates and economy affect program

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Social Security

Who Pays? Who Benefits? Congress established automatic cost-of-living

adjustments (COLAs) for Social Security in 1972

Changes in payments and wages subject to tax tied toConsumer Price Index

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Social Security

Social Security Reform Future of Social Security a concern

Repeated attempts to reform Social Security have failed

due to tough choices involved George W. Bush - supported privatization

Obama opposes privatization but reform took back burner torecession

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Public Assistance

Poverty in the United States Until 1996, government imposed national standards on

state programs and distributed funds based on

proportion of population in poverty Poverty levelis minimum cash income that will provide

for a familys basic needs

The poverty thresholdis what the Census Bureau uses

to determine the number of people who live below thepoverty line

Feminization of poverty

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Public Assistance

Welfare Reform

Personal Responsibility and Opportunity to Work Act(1996)

Abolished Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC)

Replaced AFDC with Temporary Assistance to NeedyFamilies (TANF)

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Health Care

U.S. only major industrialized nation withoutuniversal health-care system

Cost and Access Access

50 million people (16%) had no health insurance in 2010,and many were underinsured

Cost

In 2010, public and private spending on health carereached an all-time high of $2.6 trillion, which was 17.9percent of gross domestic product (GDP).

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Health Care

Medicare

Social Security Act amended to provide Medicare forcitizens 65 and older

Two Components: Part A for hospitalization

Part B for physicians fees

Compulsory program, expanded over years to cover

other services Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and

Modernization Act (Part D)

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Health Care

Medicaid Provides health care to Americans with low incomes

Product of the Great Society, passed as another

amendment to Social Security Act Vast program, run and financed jointly with states

Eligibility and services vary widely by state

Medicaid participants: children under age twenty-one

(half of all participants in 2011), adults (mainly pregnantwomen, parents, and other caregivers of children), thosewho are disabled, and those aged sixty-five and over

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Health Care

Health-Care Reform Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Most wide-ranging policy change in a generation

Aim is to provide insurance to as many people as

possible

Notable aspects:

19-25 year olds can stay on parentsinsurance plans

Cannot be denied coverage due to pre-existing conditions

All individuals are required to have health insurance by 2014or pay a fine

Concerns about cost, although not expected to add to thedeficit

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Elementary and Secondary

Education

Concerns Motivating Change Equity: Overriding and persistent concern

Social and economic equity found through equality of

educational opportunity Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Despite federal policy, improvements in education elusive

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Education

Concerns Motivating Change (contd) National Security and Prosperity

Education considered key public policy area

National Defense Education Act of 1958 (NDEA)

1983 report: A Nation at Risk Findings created momentum for improvement

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Education

Values and Reform No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)

Reauthorization of ESEA

Required proficiency in reading and math by 2014 Implementation controversial teaching to the test,

unfunded mandate

NCLB not reauthorized in 2007

2010, Obama spin on NCLB -

Blueprint for Reform

Focuses on bottom 5 percent of schools

Race to the Top competitive grants

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Immigration

Important problem facing America Immigrants make up 12.5 percent of population; of

those, 11.2 million are illegal

27% of noncitizens live below poverty line

Policy debates over illegal immigrants Johnson-Reed Act 1924

DREAM Act - Obama issued executive action in 2012

The Constitution grants Congress the authority toestablish a uniform rule of naturalization

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They Have a Dream


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Benefits and Fairness

Two benefits provided by nationalgovernment Means-tested benefits

Non-means-tested benefits

Fairness of non-means-tested benefits?

Reform debates: making affluent pay more

for programs

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Challenge of democracy 12th edition Janda.chapter 18

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