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Transcript of Ch6
Chapter 6AChapter 6ATransforming Data Into
Information
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataData
5A-2
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData
Outline:Outline:
Components affecting SpeedComponents affecting Speed
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataDataNumber systems
◦A manner of counting◦Number systems have
Decimal number(0,1,2,………9)Binary number(0.1)
Decimal number system◦Used by humans to count◦Contains ten distinct digits◦Digits combine to make larger
numbers5A-3
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataData
5A-4
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataDataBinary number system
◦Used by computers to count◦Two distinct digits, 0 and 1◦0 and 1 combine to make numbers◦Example:◦0110 0001 = a
5A-5
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataDataBits and bytes
◦Binary numbers are made of bits◦Bit represents a switch◦A byte is 8 bits◦Byte represents one character.◦A=1 Byte and so on…
5A-6
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataData
Text codes Converts letters into binary. Standard codes necessary for data
transfer◦ASCII
American English symbols
◦Extended ASCII Graphics and other symbols
◦Unicode• provide enough characters to cover all the
world’s languages. 5A-7
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataData
5A-8
Examples from theASCII Text Code
How Computers Represent How Computers Represent DataDataWhy is it important to have a
standard text code?This standard code system would
enable any programmer or program to use the same combinations of numbers to represent the same individual pieces of data.
5A-9
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData
5A-10
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData1. The CPU
◦Central Processing Unit◦Brain of the computer◦Two part:1.Control unit
Controls resources in computer Contains the list of all commands a CPU
understands.2.Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
I. Arithmetic operationsII.Logical operations Simple math operations Require Registers to store math operations
5A-11
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData
5A-12
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData
5A-13
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataDataMachine cyclesThe CPU follows a set of steps-called a
machine cycle to process data1.Instruction cycle
CPU gets the instruction
2.Execution cycle CPU performs the instruction
◦ Billions of cycles per second◦ Pipelining processes more data
5A-14
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData2. Memory
◦Stores open programs and data◦Small chips on the motherboard◦More memory makes a computer
faster
5A-15
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData3. Nonvolatile memory
◦Holds data when power is off◦Read Only Memory (ROM)
Store the routines that enable a computer to boot up
5A-16
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData4. Flash memory• Data is stored using physical
◦Special form of nonvolatile memory◦Camera cards, USB
5A-17
How Computers Process How Computers Process DataData5. Volatile memory
◦Requires power to hold data◦Random Access Memory (RAM)◦Data in RAM has an address◦CPU reads data using the address
5A-18
5A-19
Components affecting SpeedComponents affecting Speed
Affecting Processing Affecting Processing SpeedSpeed1. Registers
◦Number of bits processor can handle◦Larger indicates more powerful
computer◦Increase by purchasing new CPU
2. Virtual RAM◦Computer is out of actual RAM◦File that emulates RAM◦Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
Least recently used data is moved5A-20
Affecting Processing Affecting Processing SpeedSpeed3. The computer’s internal clock
◦Every tick causes a cycle◦Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz)
4. The bus◦Electronic pathway between
components◦System bus connects CPU and RAM◦Bus width is measured in bits
5A-21
Affecting Processing Affecting Processing SpeedSpeedExternal bus standards
1. Peripheral Control Interface(PCI)2. Accelerated Graphics Port(AGP)3. Universal Serial Bus(USB)4. PC Card
5A-22
Affecting Processing Affecting Processing SpeedSpeedPeripheral control interface (PCI)
◦Connects modems and sound cards
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)◦Connects video card to motherboard
5A-23
Affecting Processing Affecting Processing SpeedSpeedUniversal Serial Bus (USB)
◦Connects external devices◦Hot swappable◦Cameras, printers, and scanners
PC Card◦Used on laptops ◦Hot swappable◦Devices are the size of a credit card◦
5A-24
Affecting Processing Affecting Processing SpeedSpeed5. Cache memory
◦Very fast memory◦Holds common or recently used data◦Speeds up computer processing◦Most computers have several caches
5A-25
Modern CPUsModern CPUsChapter 6BChapter 6B
A Look Inside The ProcessorA Look Inside The Processor
5A-27
Comparing ProcessorsComparing Processors
Outline:Outline:
Extending The Processors PowerExtending The Processors Power
Microcomputer ProcessorsMicrocomputer Processors
A Look Inside The A Look Inside The ProcessorProcessorArchitecture
◦Determines Location of CPU parts Bit size Number of registers Pipelines
◦Main difference between CPUs
5B-28
Microcomputer ProcessorsMicrocomputer Processors
1. Intel◦ Leading manufacturer of
processors◦ Current processors
Centrino Itanium Pentium IV Xeon
5B-29
Microcomputer ProcessorsMicrocomputer Processors
2. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)◦ Main competitor to Intel◦ Current processors
Sempron Athlon FX 64 Athlon XP
5B-30
Microcomputer ProcessorsMicrocomputer Processors
3. Freescale◦ Currently focuses on the Linux
market
4. IBM◦ Historically manufactured
mainframes
Comparing ProcessorsComparing ProcessorsSpeed of processorSize of cacheNumber of registersBit sizeSpeed of Front side bus
Advanced Processor Advanced Processor TopicsTopicsParallel Processing
◦Multiple processors in a system
Extending The Processors Extending The Processors PowerPowerStandard computer ports
◦Keyboard and mouse ports◦USB ports◦Parallel◦Network◦Modem◦Audio◦Serial◦Video
5B-34
Standard computer portsStandard computer ports
◦Keyboard and mouse ports
◦USB ports
Standard computer portsStandard computer ports
◦Parallel
◦Serial
Standard computer portsStandard computer ports
Video
Audio
Standard computer portsStandard computer ports
◦ Network & Modem Port
Standard Computer PortsStandard Computer Ports
5B-39
Extending The Processors Extending The Processors PowerPower
Serial and parallel ports◦Connect to printers or modems◦Parallel ports move bits
simultaneously◦Serial ports move one bit
5B-40
Serial CommunicationsSerial Communications
5B-41
Parallel CommunicationsParallel Communications
5B-42
Extending The Processors Extending The Processors PowerPowerSpecialized Expansion Ports:
USB◦Universal Serial Bus◦Most popular external bus◦Supports up to 127 devices◦Hot swappable
5B-43
Extending the Processors Extending the Processors PowerPowerFireWire
◦Cameras and video equipment◦Hot swappable
5B-44
Extending the Processors Extending the Processors PowerPowerExpansion slots and boards
◦Slots allow the addition of new devices
◦Computer must be off before inserting
5B-45
Extending the Processors Extending the Processors PowerPowerPC Cards
◦Expansion bus for laptops◦Hot swappable◦Small card size
5B-46
Extending the Processors Extending the Processors PowerPowerPlug and play
◦New hardware detected automatically
◦Prompts to install drivers
5B-47
Chapter 6Chapter 6End of Chapter