Washington’s Presidency 1789-1797 AN UNPRECEDENTED PRESIDENCY.
Ch 9 Launching a New Republic. Section 1 - Washington’s Presidency The president and the Congress...
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Ch 9Ch 9
Launching a New Launching a New RepublicRepublic
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Section 1 - Washington’s Section 1 - Washington’s PresidencyPresidency
The president and the The president and the Congress begin to set up Congress begin to set up the new governmentthe new government
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Washington’s Presidency Washington’s Presidency
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Washington Takes OfficeWashington Takes Office
George Washington George Washington inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st inaugurated, sworn in, as 1st U.S. President (1789) U.S. President (1789)
John Adams, first vice-John Adams, first vice-presidentpresident
Congress agrees to call Congress agrees to call Washington “Mr. President”Washington “Mr. President”
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Setting Up the CourtsSetting Up the Courts
Congress passes the Congress passes the Federal Judiciary Act (1789)Federal Judiciary Act (1789)
Gives Supreme Court six Gives Supreme Court six members:members:
1 chief justice or judge1 chief justice or judge5 associate judges5 associate judges
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Setting Up the CourtsSetting Up the Courts
The number of judges The number of judges later grows to ninelater grows to nine
Act also provides for lower Act also provides for lower federal courtsfederal courts
John Jay is named chief John Jay is named chief justicejustice
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Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet
Congress creates 3 Congress creates 3 departments to help the departments to help the president:president:
1. war department1. war department2. state department2. state department3. treasury department3. treasury department
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Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet
Heads of departments are Heads of departments are president’s cabinetpresident’s cabinet1. Secretary of war, Henry 1. Secretary of war, Henry Knox, oversees the nation’s Knox, oversees the nation’s defensedefense
2. Secretary of state, Thomas 2. Secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, oversees diplomatic Jefferson, oversees diplomatic relationsrelations
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Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet
3. Secretary of the 3. Secretary of the treasury, Alexander treasury, Alexander Hamilton, manages U.S. Hamilton, manages U.S. finances finances
4. Attorney general, 4. Attorney general, Edmund Randolph, gives Edmund Randolph, gives legal advicelegal advice
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Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems
By 1789, U.S. has huge By 1789, U.S. has huge national debt—$52 millionnational debt—$52 million
U.S. must pay debt to gain U.S. must pay debt to gain respect of other countriesrespect of other countries
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Hamilton vs. JeffersonHamilton vs. Jefferson
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Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan
Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton proposes 3-step financial proposes 3-step financial plan to Congress (1790)plan to Congress (1790)1. pay off all war debts1. pay off all war debts2. raise government 2. raise government revenuesrevenues
3. create a national bank3. create a national bank
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Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan
Many southern states Many southern states have paid war debts, have paid war debts, northern states have notnorthern states have not
To gain southern support, To gain southern support, U.S. agrees to place capital U.S. agrees to place capital in the South in the South
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Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton supports tariffs (tax Hamilton supports tariffs (tax
on imported goods) because:on imported goods) because:1. raises money for U.S. 1. raises money for U.S.
governmentgovernment2. encourages growth of U.S. 2. encourages growth of U.S.
industryindustry3. encourages people to buy 3. encourages people to buy
American goodsAmerican goods
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Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan
Hamilton calls for a Hamilton calls for a National bank, safe for National bank, safe for government investmentsgovernment investments
The Bank would make The Bank would make loans to businesses, issue loans to businesses, issue bank notesbank notes
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Interpreting the Interpreting the ConstitutionConstitution
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Thomas Jefferson, James Madison against a national bankagainst a national bank
They claim that the Constitution They claim that the Constitution does not allow for a national does not allow for a national bankbank
Alexander Hamilton has more Alexander Hamilton has more flexible interpretation of the flexible interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution
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Interpreting the Interpreting the ConstitutionConstitution
He claims Congress has He claims Congress has the power to set up the the power to set up the bankbank
George Washington George Washington approves a national bank approves a national bank (1791)(1791)
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Section 2 - Challenges to Section 2 - Challenges to the New Governmentthe New Government
Washington establishes Washington establishes central authority at home central authority at home and avoids war with and avoids war with European powers.European powers.
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The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers resist U.S. tax on Farmers resist U.S. tax on whiskeywhiskey
More economical for farmers More economical for farmers to sell rye whiskey than to sell rye whiskey than bushels of ryebushels of rye
Use whiskey as money to get Use whiskey as money to get suppliessupplies
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The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion
In Pennsylvania, farmers In Pennsylvania, farmers stage Whiskey Rebellion stage Whiskey Rebellion against tax (1794) against tax (1794)
Troops subdue rebellion, Troops subdue rebellion, shows government has shows government has power to enforce laws power to enforce laws
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French RevolutionFrench Revolution
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The French RevolutionThe French Revolution
French Revolution—French French Revolution—French people rebel against their people rebel against their government government
France declares war on Britain, France declares war on Britain, Holland, SpainHolland, Spain
Some Americans want U.S. to Some Americans want U.S. to support revolution and the cause support revolution and the cause of libertyof liberty
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The French RevolutionThe French Revolution
Others do not want war Others do not want war with Britainwith Britain
U.S. remains neutral, not U.S. remains neutral, not siding with one country or siding with one country or the other (1793)the other (1793)
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Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral
British seize the cargo of British seize the cargo of American ships from the American ships from the French West IndiesFrench West Indies
Seizures make it difficult Seizures make it difficult for the U.S. to remain for the U.S. to remain neutralneutral
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Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral
U.S. Chief Justice John Jay U.S. Chief Justice John Jay convinces British to sign convinces British to sign Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)1. British pay for damages 1. British pay for damages to U.S. vesselsto U.S. vessels
2. leave Ohio Valley by 2. leave Ohio Valley by 17961796
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Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral
Jay fails to open profitable Jay fails to open profitable British West Indies trade to British West Indies trade to AmericansAmericans
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Section 3 - The Section 3 - The Federalists in ChargeFederalists in Charge
The split between The split between Hamilton and Jefferson Hamilton and Jefferson leads to the growth of leads to the growth of political parties.political parties.
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Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address
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Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress
During his farewell address, During his farewell address, Washington advises the Washington advises the country on two topics: country on two topics: 1. Washington warned the 1. Washington warned the nation against Political parties nation against Political parties – he felt as though they would – he felt as though they would weaken the nationweaken the nation
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Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress
2. He advised the nation of 2. He advised the nation of Foreign Policy – remain Foreign Policy – remain neutral and “steer clear of neutral and “steer clear of permanent alliances with permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign any portion of the foreign world.”world.”
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
Political party: group that Political party: group that promotes its ideas, promotes its ideas, influences governmentinfluences government
1st two political parties in 1st two political parties in the country:the country:
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Party:Party:started by Thomas started by Thomas Jefferson, James MadisonJefferson, James Madison
1. wanted to support 1. wanted to support French Revolution French Revolution
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
2. wanted limited 2. wanted limited government, felt as though government, felt as though strong government could lead strong government could lead to tyrannyto tyranny
3. economy based on farming3. economy based on farming4. strict interpretation of the 4. strict interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
5. opposed to the National 5. opposed to the National BankBank
6. supporters were: farmers 6. supporters were: farmers and trades peopleand trades people
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
Federalist PartyFederalist Party
Started by Alexander Started by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams Hamilton and John Adams
1. opposed supporting the 1. opposed supporting the French RevolutionFrench Revolution
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
2. Wanted a strong central 2. Wanted a strong central governmentgovernment
3. economy based on trade, 3. economy based on trade, manufacturing, and manufacturing, and shippingshipping
4. loose interpretation of 4. loose interpretation of the Constitutionthe Constitution
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Growth of Political PartiesGrowth of Political Parties
5. wanted the National 5. wanted the National BankBank
6. supporters were: 6. supporters were: lawyers, merchants, lawyers, merchants, manufactures, and clergymanufactures, and clergy
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John Adams Takes OfficeJohn Adams Takes Office
John Adams is presidential John Adams is presidential candidate for Federalists candidate for Federalists
Thomas Jefferson is candidate Thomas Jefferson is candidate for Democratic-Republicansfor Democratic-Republicans
Adams wins election; runner-Adams wins election; runner-up, Jefferson, is vice-president up, Jefferson, is vice-president (1797) (1797)
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XYZ Affair XYZ Affair
In 1797, Britain and In 1797, Britain and France are still at war France are still at war
French seize U.S. ships, French seize U.S. ships, prevent trade with Britishprevent trade with British
Federalists want war with Federalists want war with FranceFrance
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XYZ AffairXYZ Affair
President Adams wants to President Adams wants to restore peace restore peace
President Adams sends diplomats President Adams sends diplomats to France, they are ignoredto France, they are ignored
3 French agents (known as X,Y, 3 French agents (known as X,Y, Z) ask for a loan and a bribe from Z) ask for a loan and a bribe from the diplomatsthe diplomats
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XYZ AffairXYZ Affair
Americans are outraged this Americans are outraged this and it comes to be known as and it comes to be known as the XYZ Affair the XYZ Affair
Congress cancels treaties Congress cancels treaties with France, allows U.S. to with France, allows U.S. to seize French shipsseize French ships
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The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs
Democratic-Republicans, Democratic-Republicans, Federalists criticize each otherFederalists criticize each other
To stop criticism of To stop criticism of Federalists, President Adams Federalists, President Adams targets immigrantstargets immigrants
Many immigrants are Many immigrants are Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans
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The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs
Federalist Congress passes Federalist Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):(1798):1. power to arrest disloyal 1. power to arrest disloyal aliens during wartimealiens during wartime
2. outlaws saying, writing 2. outlaws saying, writing anything false or harmful anything false or harmful against governmentagainst government
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The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs
Alien and Sedition Acts clamp Alien and Sedition Acts clamp down on freedom of speechdown on freedom of speech
Democratic-Republicans use Democratic-Republicans use states’ rights to fight actsstates’ rights to fight acts
State can refuse to pass a State can refuse to pass a federal law if it sees law as federal law if it sees law as unconstitutionalunconstitutional
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The Alien and Sedition The Alien and Sedition ActsActs
Kentucky, Virginia find Alien Kentucky, Virginia find Alien and Sedition Acts and Sedition Acts unconstitutionalunconstitutional
Democratic-Republicans gain Democratic-Republicans gain control of Congresscontrol of Congress
Repeal acts or let them expire Repeal acts or let them expire between 1800 and 1802between 1800 and 1802
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Peace with FrancePeace with France
U.S. and France make peace, U.S. and France make peace, sign Convention of 1800:sign Convention of 1800:1. stops naval attacks between 1. stops naval attacks between France and U.S.France and U.S.
2. allows U.S. and French ships 2. allows U.S. and French ships to sail the ocean in peace to sail the ocean in peace