The Federalist Era: The Federalist Era: George Washington’s George Washington’s

Presidency Presidency

The Rise of Political PartiesThe Rise of Political Parties

Political PartiesPolitical Parties – groups of people with – groups of people with similar political views similar political views

During the ratification fight, 2 different During the ratification fight, 2 different groups emerged, Federalists and Anti-groups emerged, Federalists and Anti-FederalistsFederalists

Washington chose members of both Washington chose members of both parties to serve with himparties to serve with him Was a strong figure that unified both parties Was a strong figure that unified both parties

• Neither side wanted to be against Washington Neither side wanted to be against Washington

The Rise of Political PartiesThe Rise of Political Parties FederalistsFederalists – favored the – favored the

Constitution, and a strong Constitution, and a strong central central governmentgovernment

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists (also (also known as Democratic-known as Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans, or Republicans)Republicans) – –

originally opposed the originally opposed the Constitution, favored strong Constitution, favored strong state state governmentgovernment

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

11stst President President

Elected in 1789Elected in 1789 Only president ever to Only president ever to

be elected be elected unanimously unanimously Runner up was John Runner up was John

Adams, became VP Adams, became VP

Executive Departments Executive Departments

Congress created three executive Congress created three executive departments and Washington got to departments and Washington got to choose the heads of those depts. choose the heads of those depts. Washington began meeting regularly with the Washington began meeting regularly with the

heads of the departments heads of the departments • For advice and assistanceFor advice and assistance• First Cabinet First Cabinet

Presidential Cabinet Presidential Cabinet

The First Presidential Cabinet The First Presidential Cabinet Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War – Henry KnoxSecretary of War – Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

Judicial Branch Judicial Branch

Judiciary Act of 1789 – Judiciary Act of 1789 – created federal court created federal court system with 3 levels system with 3 levels

Established District and Established District and Appellate Courts Appellate Courts

Set the number of Set the number of Supreme Court Justices at Supreme Court Justices at 66

Also created executive Also created executive department of Justice and department of Justice and Attorney GeneralAttorney General

• Edmund Randolph joined Edmund Randolph joined cabinet cabinet

Edmund Randolph – 1Edmund Randolph – 1stst Attorney General Attorney General

Washington’s Cabinet Washington’s Cabinet

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Only Immigrant Founding Only Immigrant Founding

Father Father British West Indies British West Indies

Father left and mother diedFather left and mother died Worked in the shipping Worked in the shipping

business as a clerkbusiness as a clerk Operated the business as a Operated the business as a

teen when owner was away teen when owner was away Sent to New York for Sent to New York for

educationeducation Joined Continental Army Joined Continental Army

Aide to Washington Aide to Washington Became lawyer Became lawyer Financial Genius Financial Genius Completely shaped US Completely shaped US

Financial System Financial System

Alexander Hamilton and US Alexander Hamilton and US Financial PolicyFinancial Policy

1. Pay off foreign war debt immediately 1. Pay off foreign war debt immediately and in fulland in full $11.7 Million (owed mostly to France)$11.7 Million (owed mostly to France) Only way to create confidence in new nation Only way to create confidence in new nation

Alexander Hamilton and US Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy Financial Policy

2. Buy back depreciated Revolutionary 2. Buy back depreciated Revolutionary war bonds at face value war bonds at face value US owed $40 million to citizens in war bondsUS owed $40 million to citizens in war bonds Only way to establish trust in new nation Only way to establish trust in new nation

• Government must do what it said it would Government must do what it said it would Jefferson opposed plan Jefferson opposed plan

• Rewarded speculators at the expense of the poorRewarded speculators at the expense of the poor

Alexander Hamilton and US Alexander Hamilton and US Financial PolicyFinancial Policy

3. Assume State’s war debt 3. Assume State’s war debt $25 million dollar debt $25 million dollar debt Would establish a federal line of creditWould establish a federal line of credit Tie all states to Federal Government Tie all states to Federal Government Establish support for Federal Government Establish support for Federal Government Help national economy by freeing up states’ Help national economy by freeing up states’

money money

Alexander Hamilton and US Alexander Hamilton and US Financial PolicyFinancial Policy

4. Create Bank of the United States4. Create Bank of the United States Bank for Government money and loans Bank for Government money and loans 20 year charter 20 year charter Believed that the “necessary and proper” Believed that the “necessary and proper”

clause gave Congress power to charter Bankclause gave Congress power to charter Bank Helped US consolidate its debt and pay its Helped US consolidate its debt and pay its

creditors creditors Offered stability to the US economy Offered stability to the US economy

Foreign Issues Foreign Issues

French Revolution breaks out in 1789 French Revolution breaks out in 1789 Britain resumes fighting France Britain resumes fighting France Spain still has New Orleans blocked Spain still has New Orleans blocked

Washington’s Foreign Policy Washington’s Foreign Policy France France

The French Revolution started in 1789The French Revolution started in 1789 Storming of the Bastille Storming of the Bastille French uprising against monarchy of Louis XVI caused considerable French uprising against monarchy of Louis XVI caused considerable

violence and bloodshed violence and bloodshed The noble ideas of liberty, freedom, and the rights of man which started The noble ideas of liberty, freedom, and the rights of man which started

the revolution would turn to fear and tyranny the revolution would turn to fear and tyranny • ““Reign of Terror”Reign of Terror”

Mass executions of enemies of the Revolution (18-40,000)Mass executions of enemies of the Revolution (18-40,000) This revolution would renew French hostilities with Britain This revolution would renew French hostilities with Britain

Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists sided with the French and their Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists sided with the French and their push towards individual rightspush towards individual rights

"The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is natural manure." - Thomas Jefferson patriots and tyrants. It is natural manure." - Thomas Jefferson

Mob violence scared Hamilton, Federalists Mob violence scared Hamilton, Federalists • Preferred the stability and order of Britain Preferred the stability and order of Britain

Neutrality Proclamation Neutrality Proclamation Did not want to take sides in regards to French Revolution Did not want to take sides in regards to French Revolution Washington pursued a friendly and impartial conduct between the two Washington pursued a friendly and impartial conduct between the two

nations nations

Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign PolicyBritain Britain

British still had not evacuated western forts British still had not evacuated western forts Were using them to supply Indians on raids against Were using them to supply Indians on raids against

American settlers American settlers Britain wanted to eliminate American Trade with the Britain wanted to eliminate American Trade with the

FrenchFrench• British capturing neutral American merchant ships in the British capturing neutral American merchant ships in the

French West Indies French West Indies Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty

Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to negotiate Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to negotiate treaty with British treaty with British

Both sides received some of their demands Both sides received some of their demands • British agreed to pay for seized ships, abandon frontier British agreed to pay for seized ships, abandon frontier

forts, and allow some Caribbean trade forts, and allow some Caribbean trade • American agreed to pay pre-revolutionary war debts to American agreed to pay pre-revolutionary war debts to

British merchantsBritish merchants• British continued impressment of American sailors British continued impressment of American sailors • Not incredibly helpful, but did prevent war with Britain Not incredibly helpful, but did prevent war with Britain

Jefferson would disagree with treaty, feeling that it Jefferson would disagree with treaty, feeling that it aligned US to closely with Britain aligned US to closely with Britain

• Became a divisive party issue Became a divisive party issue

Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign PolicySpain Spain

Spanish had closed port of New Orleans to Spanish had closed port of New Orleans to Americans due to border disputes in 1784Americans due to border disputes in 1784

Pinckney’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty US Ambassador Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain US Ambassador Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain

to negotiate a treatyto negotiate a treaty Treaty was huge successTreaty was huge success

• Re-opened New Orleans to American trade Re-opened New Orleans to American trade • Moved Florida border from mid Georgia to 31Moved Florida border from mid Georgia to 31stst parallel (close parallel (close

to current border) to current border)

Washington’s Domestic Policy Washington’s Domestic Policy The Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion

Congress passed excise tax on American made Congress passed excise tax on American made Whiskey in 1791Whiskey in 1791 To pay off national debt To pay off national debt Pennsylvania farmers who couldn’t pay the tax Pennsylvania farmers who couldn’t pay the tax

rebelled rebelled • Tarred and feathered Tarred and feathered tax collectors tax collectors • Skirmishes broke out Skirmishes broke out between rebels and between rebels and Federal officers Federal officers

Shots fired Shots fired

Rebels tarring and feathering a tax collector Rebels tarring and feathering a tax collector during the Whiskey Rebellion during the Whiskey Rebellion

Washington’s Domestic Policy Washington’s Domestic Policy The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

Washington personally Washington personally commanded nearly 13,000 commanded nearly 13,000 troops to shut down the troops to shut down the rebellion rebellion

Most Rebels fled without Most Rebels fled without battle battle

• Washington captured 20 Washington captured 20 First major show of Federal First major show of Federal

Authority, Force Authority, Force • Washington WOULD see Washington WOULD see

that the laws were executedthat the laws were executed• set a precedent that U.S. set a precedent that U.S.

citizens who wished to citizens who wished to change the law had to do so change the law had to do so peacefully through peacefully through constitutional means constitutional means

Washington’s Domestic Policy Washington’s Domestic Policy Northwest Territory Northwest Territory

Americans continued to settle in the Ohio Americans continued to settle in the Ohio Country north of the Ohio River Country north of the Ohio River British had ceded land to US after Rev. war British had ceded land to US after Rev. war

Indians rallied around Little Turtle and Indians rallied around Little Turtle and went to war against settlerswent to war against settlers Indians felt land was theirs despite treaties Indians felt land was theirs despite treaties Were supplied by British Were supplied by British

Washington sent General “Mad” Anthony Washington sent General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to end the dispute Wayne to end the dispute

Washington’s Domestic Policy Washington’s Domestic Policy Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Fallen Timbers

August 20, 1794August 20, 1794 Near Toledo, Ohio Near Toledo, Ohio Wayne and his men chased Wayne and his men chased the Indians back to Fort Miamithe Indians back to Fort Miami

British refused Indians access – British refused Indians access – did not want to start another wardid not want to start another war

Americans routed Indians, burning their fields and Americans routed Indians, burning their fields and villages villages

Led to Treaty of Greenville in 1795 Led to Treaty of Greenville in 1795 Indians gave Americans most of Ohio, Chicago, DetroitIndians gave Americans most of Ohio, Chicago, Detroit Americans gave Indians $20,000 worth of goods and Americans gave Indians $20,000 worth of goods and

acknowledged existing claims acknowledged existing claims

Battle of Fallen Timbers Battle of Fallen Timbers

Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address Washington chose to step Washington chose to step

down after two terms in down after two terms in office (1789-1797)office (1789-1797)

His farewell address is his His farewell address is his most famous speechmost famous speech

• Warns of political party Warns of political party divisions divisions

Political Unity was key Political Unity was key to success to success

• Warns about dangers Warns about dangers of foreign entanglement of foreign entanglement

No permanent friends No permanent friends or foes or foes

• Morality in government Morality in government Religion is Religion is

instrumental instrumental

Washington’s Farewell Address by Washington’s Farewell Address by Allyn Cox – US Capitol Allyn Cox – US Capitol