Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.
-
Upload
ezra-oneal -
Category
Documents
-
view
231 -
download
1
Transcript of Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.
![Page 1: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 1:The Human Body: An Orientation
From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7th ed.
![Page 2: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ch. 1The Human Body: An Orientation
• Overview of Anatomy & Physiology• Levels of Structural Organization• Maintaining Life• Homeostasis• Anatomical Language
![Page 3: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What are Anatomy & Physiology?
• Anatomy– ana = apart– tomy = to cut
– study of structure & form of body parts and how these parts relate to one another
• Physiology– physio = nature– ology = the study of
– study of how the body & its parts work or function to sustain life
![Page 4: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3 essential concepts of A & P—form the bedrock of the study of the
human body
1. Complementarities of structure & function2. Hierarchy of structural organization3. Homeostasis
![Page 5: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Review of Systems
• Be prepared for a QUIZ at any time after today over the systems.– You should be able to name all 12.– You should be able to describe the function of
each.– You should be able to name specific organs or
structures of each.
![Page 6: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
In your notes, list all 12 systems of the body and a summary of each
(p. 5-6 in textbook and also in your Language of Anatomy packet)
• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Endocrine• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic• Immune (sometimes w/ lymphatic)
• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive (M & F)
![Page 7: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
![Page 8: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
![Page 9: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
![Page 10: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d
![Page 11: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
![Page 12: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• WastesFigure 1.2f
![Page 13: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
![Page 14: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Immune
• More of a functional system instead of an organ system
• Tied with lymphatic system
• Most important immune cells are lymphocytes and macrophages
![Page 15: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
![Page 16: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
![Page 17: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulation of materials
•Water
• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j
![Page 18: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Slide 1.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproductive
• Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
![Page 19: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
Slide 1.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
![Page 20: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical position—anatomical reference point in which the body is erect & the arms are hanging at the sides of the body with palms forward and thumbs pointed away from body.
(note: most directional terminology refers to the body as if it were in this position)
![Page 21: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Directional terms—used to explain precisely where one body structure is in relation to another.
• Ex. – “Ears are located on each side of the head to the
right and left of the nose and slightly higher than the nose.”
– Using anatomical terms, this changes to:“Ears are lateral and superior to the nose.”
![Page 22: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1
![Page 23: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1 (cont)
![Page 24: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Assignment due tomorrow
• Using the terms on page 12 Table 1.1 in your textbook (or handout provided)—1. List the directional terms & definitions in your notes (optional, but recommended).2. Give 2 examples of each term in your notebook (separate sheet of paper).– Note: These CANNOT include the examples
already given.
![Page 25: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Regional Terms
• See back of directional term handout and learn these regions.– Anterior body landmarks– Posterior body landmarks
![Page 26: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
![Page 27: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Anterior Body Landmarks• Anterior body trunk
inferior to the ribs abdominal
• Point of the shoulderacromial
• Anterior surface of elbowantecubital
• Armpitaxillary
• Armbrachial
• Cheek areabuccal
• Wristcarpal
• Neck regioncervical
• Hipcoxal
• Leg crural
• Fingers, toes digital
• Thigh femoral
![Page 28: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Anterior Body Landmarks• Lateral part of leg
fibular• Area where thigh meets
body trunk; groininguinal
• Nose areanasal
• Mouth oral
• Eye areaOrbital
• Anterior kneepatellar
• Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
pelvic• Genital region
pubic• Breastbone region
sternal• Ankle region
tarsal• Chest
thoracic• Umbilical
naval
![Page 29: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
![Page 30: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Posterior Body Landmarks• head
cephalic• Curve of shoulder formed
by large deltoid muscledeltoid
• buttockgluteal
• Area of back between ribs and hips
lumbar• Posterior surface of head
occipital
• Posterior knee areapopliteal
• Area between hipssacral
• Shoulder blade regionscapular
• The posterior surface of the lower leg; the calf
sural• Area of spine
vertebral
![Page 31: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
![Page 32: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Body Planes
• Imaginary lines in which the body or its organs are cut along.
• Most common planes are:1. Sagittal 2. Frontal3. Transverse
There is also the oblique plane
Lie at right angles to one another
![Page 33: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Sagittal Plane
• Runs longitudinally and divides the body or organ into right and left portions
• 2 types:1. Midsagittal—occurs when sagittal plane is exactly
midline and the parts are symmetrical or equal (often called the median sagittal plane)
2. Parasagittal—all other sagittal planes are called this
![Page 34: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Frontal (coronal) Plane
• Runs longitudinally• The body/organ is divided into anterior and
posterior portions
![Page 35: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Transverse Plane
• Runs horizontally across long axis of the body or organ; divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• Tissue section cut along this plane for microscope slides are referred to as cross sections (c.s.)
![Page 36: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Oblique Plane
• Plane that is intermediate between a horizontal and longitudinal plane
![Page 37: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Slide 1.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.7
2 major body cavities (dorsal and ventral) are along the vertical axis
Ventral
body
cavity
![Page 38: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dorsal Body Cavity
• Nearer the dorsal or posterior surface of the body
• 2 parts:1. Cranial cavity—brain encased by skull2. Vertebral (spinal) cavity—forms a bony
enclosure around the delicate spinal cord
![Page 39: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Ventral Body Cavity
• Anterior side, larger of the closed body cavities
• Houses a group of internal organs collectively called the viscera
• 2 major divisions1. Thoracic cavity2. Abdominopelvic cavity
![Page 40: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ventral Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
• More superior of the two ventral cavities• Surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest• This cavity is divided into the following
areas:1. Pleural cavities (2)—each houses a lung2. Mediastinum—contains the pericardial cavity which
encloses the heart and also contains the remaining thoracic organs such as the esophagus, trachea
![Page 41: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ventral Cavity:Abdominopelvic Cavity
• More inferior cavity• Separated from thoracic cavity by the
diaphragm• Has two regions:
1. Abdominal cavity– Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs– Superior to the pelvic cavity
2. Pelvic cavity– Inferior part– Contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the
rectum
![Page 42: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Ventral Cavity: Serosa (serous membrane)
• Thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
• 2 types:1. Parietal serosa—part of the membrane lining the
cavity walls2. Visceral serosa—part that covers the organs
![Page 43: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Serosa cont.• Within the body the serous layers are separated by a thin,
lubricating fluid called serous fluid.• Serous fluid allows organs to slide easily across cavity walls
and one another without friction as they carry out their functions.– This is extremely important when looking at the heart as
it pumps blood, and the stomach as it churns during digestion
– Inflammation of serous membranes and the accompanying lack of lubricating fluid leads to excruciating pain as organs stick together and drag across one another. Ex. pleurisy or peritonitis
Pleurisy Video Clip
![Page 44: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Other Body Cavities(most open to body’s exterior)
• Oral (mouth)– Contains teeth/tongue– Continuous with the digestive organs
• Nasal– Located within the nose– Medially divided cavity is part of and continuous with
the passages of respiratory system• Orbital
– Houses the eyes and presents them in an anterior position
![Page 45: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Other body cavities cont.• Middle Ear
– Carved into the temporal bone of skull– Contain tiny bones associated with transmission of
sound to the organ of hearing in the inner ear.
• Synovial– Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely
movable joints of body– Synovial membranes also secrete a lubricating fluid
to reduce friction as bones move across one another
![Page 46: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
Slide 1.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8a
Medical personnel use a simple scheme and divide the abdominopelvic cavity into 4 quadrants:RUQ LUQRLQ LLQ
![Page 47: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Slide 1.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8b
![Page 48: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
9 regions of abdominopelvic region used by anatomists
• Uses 2 transverse and 2 parasagittal planes– Superior transverse plane is just inferior to ribs– Inferior transverse plane is just superior to hips– Parasagittal plane lies just medial to the nipples
![Page 49: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
9 regions of abdominopelvic region
1. Umbilical—centermost region deep to a surrounding navel
2. Epigastric—located superior to umbilical region
3. Hypogastric (pubic)—located inferior to umbilical
4. & 5. R and L Iliac (inguinal)—located laterally to hypogastric
6. & 7. R and L lumbar—lie laterally to umbilical
8. & 9. R and L hypochondriac—flank the epigastric region laterally
![Page 50: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Have you noticed Word Parts????
• Here are a few you may recognize:Epi—upon, aboveGastric—stomachHypo—belowIliac—superior part of hip boneLumbus—loinChondro—cartilage
![Page 51: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Thoracic/Abdominopelvic Major OrgansThoracic/Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Slide 1.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8c
![Page 52: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
8 Divisions of Anatomy1. Gross anatomy2. Regional anatomy3. Systemic anatomy4. Microscopic anatomy5. Developmental anatomy6. Pathological anatomy7. Molecular biology8. Radiographic anatomy
![Page 53: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
8 Divisions of Anatomy1. Gross anatomy
– study of large body structures (heart, lungs, etc.)2. Regional anatomy
– all structures in given region3. Systemic anatomy
– Anatomy of body, system by system4. Microscopic anatomy
– Study of structures too small to be seen (cytology & histology)5. Developmental anatomy
– Deals with changes in structure from conception thru old age; includes embryology
6. Pathological anatomy– Structural changes in body cells, tissue, & organs caused by disease
7. Molecular biology– Study of molecules necessary for body structure & function
8. Radiographic anatomy– Study of anatomy by means of x-ray images
![Page 54: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Slide 1.2aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small structures
• Can only be viewed with a microscope
![Page 55: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Most important tools for studying anatomy are observation, manipulation, and a master of anatomical terminology.
Anatomy provides a static image of the living body.
![Page 56: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Divisions of Physiology(only a few are listed)
• Renal Physiology– Urine production & kidney function
• Neurophysiology– Explains workings of nervous system
• Cardiac physiology– Examines operation of the heart
![Page 57: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Physiology reveals the dynamic nature of the workings of the living body.
• Physiology tends to focus on cellular or molecular level because what the body can do depends on the operation of individual cells, and what cells can do ultimately depends on the chemical rxns that occur within them.
![Page 58: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Anatomy & physiology are complimentary sciences.
• Explain this statement.
![Page 59: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
3 essential concepts of A & P—form the bedrock of the study of the
human body
1. Complimentarities of structure & function2. Hierarchy of structural organization3. Homeostasis
![Page 60: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Principle of complimentarity of structure & function
• States that what a structure is capable of doing depends critically on its specific design.– Ex. Bones provide support and protection to body
organs b/c they contain hard mineral deposits
![Page 61: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Levels of organization:Atomcellstissuesorgansorgan systemsorganisms
• The organismal level represents the sum total of all levels of complexity working continuously & in unison to promote life.
• Multicellular state and the parceling out of vital body functions to several different organ systems result in an interdependence among all body cells.
![Page 62: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Slide 1.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1
![Page 63: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
8 Necessary Life Functions
*Important Note: Organ systems DO NOT work in isolation. They work together to promote the well being of the entire body.
*Think about, identify, & discuss in your notes the most important organ systems or aspects of the body that will contribute to each of the necessary life functions.
![Page 64: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
1. Maintenance of boundaries
• Ensures that the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
What systems or aspects?
![Page 65: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
2. Movement
• Involves all activities promoted by the muscular system
What activities?
![Page 66: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
3. Responsiveness (Irritability)
• Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then reacting or responding to these changes.
Systems?Examples?
![Page 67: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
4. Digestion
• Process of breaking down ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood for distribution to all body cells by CV (cardiovascular) system.
System?
![Page 68: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
5. Metabolism• Encompasses all chemical rxns that occur w/n
body cells
Systems?
Anabolism—synthesizing more complex substances from simpler ones using nutrients & O2 to produce ATP
Catabolism—breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones
![Page 69: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
6. Excretion
• Process of removing excreta, or wastes from the body
• 3 types of wastes1. Undigestible food2. Nitrogenous metabolic wastes3. CO2
Systems?
![Page 70: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
7. Reproduction
• Formation of offspring, can occur at the cellular or organismal level– Cellular reproduction—involves cell division
(mitosis)– Organismal level—involves formation and union
of reproductive cells/gametes/eggs & sperm to form a fertilized egg
• Function of the reproductive system is regulated by hormones of endocrine system.
![Page 71: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
8. Growth
• An increase in size and is usually accomplished through an increase in the number of cells in cell division.
• True growth occurs when constructive activities happen at a faster rate than cell-destroying activities
![Page 72: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Survival Needs
• Ultimate goal of nearly all body systems is to maintain life.
• The following are factors needed by the living organisms:1. Nutrients2. Oxygen3. Water4. Body temperature5. Atmospheric pressure
![Page 73: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
1. Nutrients
• Contain the chemical substances used for energy (E) and cell building
• CHO major E fuel for body cells• Proteins and fats are essential for building cell
structures
![Page 74: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
2. oxygen
• Needed b/c chemical rxns that release E from foods are oxidative rxns which means they require O2
![Page 75: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
3. Water
• 60-80% of body weight• Single most abundant chemical substance in
the body• Provides liquid environment necessary for
chemical rxns and the fluid base for body substances and excretions
![Page 76: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
4. Body Temperature
• Must be maintained at 98⁰F (37⁰C) if chemical rxns are to occur at life sustaining rates
5.Atmospheric Pressure• Breathing and subsequent exchange of O2 and
CO2 depends on the appropriate atmospheric pressure
![Page 77: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Homeostasis• Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
even as changes occur in the outside environment• This is not a “static” state, but rather a “dynamic”
state of equilibrium. This means that the internal conditions change and vary, but always within relatively narrow ranges.
• Communication is key!– Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems– These sys. use electrical impulses carried along nerves or
blood-borne hormones as info carriers
![Page 78: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
3 Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
1. Control center– Determines the set point at which a variable is to
be maintained, analyzes the input it receives and then determines the correct response
2. Receptor– Some type of sensor that monitors the
environment and responds to changes, called stimuli
– Flow of info from the receptor to control center occurs along the afferent pathway
![Page 79: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
3. Effector– Provides means by which the control center can
cause a response (output) to the stimulus– Info flows from control center to the effector
along the efferent pathway– if results of response depresses stimulus, this is
known as negative feedback mechanism– If results enhances stimulus, this is known as
positive feedback mechanism
![Page 80: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Neg. vs. Pos. Feedback
Negative feedback• Cause the variable to
change in a direction “opposite” to that of the initial change
Positive feedback• Variable change that occurs
and proceeds in the same direction as the initial disturbance
• Often referred to as “cascades”
![Page 81: Ch. 1: The Human Body: An Orientation From Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7 th ed.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012922/56649e185503460f94b03ead/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Homeostasis cont.• All homeostatic mechanisms have the same goal:
prevention of sudden severe changes within the body
• Most disease is regarded as a result of the disturbance to homeostasis; thus the term homeostatic imbalance– Ex. As a person ages, organs work less efficient,
causing internal environment to become less stable.