Table of Contents

• Introduction

• Missile Target Seeking Techniques

• Defense Techniques

• IR Guided Missile

• Flares

• Radar Guided Missile

• Chaffs

• CFD

Introduction

• CFD means Chaff Flare Dispenser

• Chaff and flares are defensive mechanisms

• Avoid detection and/or attack by adversary air defense systems

Missile Target Seeking Techniques

• By Infrared Tracking

• By Radar Tracking

Defense Using CFD

• Infrared Countermeasure (IRCM)• Defense from IR guided missile

• Electronic/Electro-Magnetic Countermeasure (ECM/EMCM)• Defense from Radar guided missile

IR Guided Missile

• IR Guided Missiles use the heat produced by the aircraft• Have sensors that can track heat source (IR sensors)• Designed to follow the path of heat source• IR-guided missiles are very difficult to find as they approach aircraft• They do not emit detectable radar radiations• They are generally fired from a rear visual-aspect, directly toward the

engines• In most cases, pilots have to rely on their wingmen to spot the missile's

smoke trail and alert them• More advanced electro-optical systems can detect missile launches

automatically from the distinct thermal emissions of a missile's rocket motor

Flares

• A flare or decoy flare is an aerial infrared countermeasure used by a plane or helicopter to counter an infrared homing missile

• Flares are commonly composed of magnesium or another hot-burning metal

• Burning temperature of material is equal to or hotter than engine exhaust• Two type of substance are possible: pyrotechnic and pyrophoric

• Pyrotechnic flares use a slow-burning fuel-oxidizer mixture that generates intense heat

• A pyrophoric substance ignites spontaneously in air

• There is a wide variety of calibers and shapes available for aerial decoy flares

• Shape of flares is selected on basis of volume storage restrictions on board

Flares Dispense

• A flare goes through three main stages

• Ignition

• Deployment

• Decoying

Advanced IR Guided Missiles

• Advanced missile guidance systems are more sensitive to different infrared emissions

• Can reject signals whose source appears to be a flare rather than an aircraft

• Analyzing the size of the emission source

• Trajectory or speed

• The spectrum of emissions

• Usually advanced missile guidance systems lock them according to heat signature of an aircraft

• A bigger heat decoy is needed

Advanced IR Flares

• Have propulsion system

• Emits more heat

• A number of flares to be dispense at same time

• Aircraft maneuver is required after flare dispense

Radar Guided Missile

• Three types of Radar Guidance• Active Radar Homing

• Semi-Active Radar Homing

• Passive Radar Homing

• Missile uses the electro-magnetic waves reflected from aircraft

• Have its own Radar

• Follows the path where it receives EM waves, reflected from aircraft

• Active and Semi-Active Homing Missile can easily be detected

• Passive Homing Missile is difficult to detect, easier to break lock

Chaffs

• Chaff consists of small fibers that reflect radar signals

• The two major types of military chaff in use are aluminum foil and aluminum-coated glass fibers

• It consists of small, extremely tie fibers of aluminum or aluminum-coated glass

• Disperse widely in the air when ejected

• Since chaff can obstruct radar, its use is coordinated with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

• They are made as small and light as possible so they will remain in the air long enough to confuse enemy radar

• The lock of missile is broken

• Centroid of missile radar shifts on chaff cloud

Chaffs Dispense

• Chaff is ejected either mechanically or pyrotechnically

• Mechanical ejection uses small foil laminated cardboard boxes (2.8 by 4.8 by 0.8 inches) that are tom open during ejection

• Pyrotechnic ejection uses hot gases generated by an explosive impulse cartridge

• Chaff forms the electromagnetic equivalent of a visual smoke screen

• Form a cloud that temporarily hides the aircraft from radar detection

Advance Radar Guided Missiles

• Chaff is intended to act as decoy for radar and/or increase ground clutter at the same time

• Modern Pulse-Doppler radar can recognize such decoys

• Simple decoys, in contrast to true targets, do not exhibit a corresponding Doppler shift in the radar band

Advanced Chaffs

• Need a propulsion system

• Have to be lighter

OR

• Have thrust for lift

• Able to reflect all possible frequencies waves

CFD Panels

Thank You

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