Cells
description
Transcript of Cells
![Page 1: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CellsDevelopment of the Cell Theory
Introduction to CellsOrganelles
CytoskeletonPlasma Membrane
Cytomembrane SystemNucleus
![Page 2: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Development of the Cell Theory
Cell = “sm chamber” Cell theory:
1. All organisms are made of 1cell
2. Smallest unit of life3. Reproduce thru
growth & div of cells
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2546338537/
Several live Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in vitro as viewed through a phase contrast microscope. Visible in the photo are nuclei, nucleoli, mitochondria, and the cell boundary defined by the plasma membrane as well as other yet to be identified cellular structures.
![Page 3: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Development of the Cell Theory
Microscope Types: Cmpd light
Limited thickness of sample
0.2μm
http://www.microscopesupply.com/images/productsnew/0018-f.jpg /
40 - 400X COMPOUND LIGHTMONOCULAR STUDENTBIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE
![Page 4: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hair Follicle - HumanPhoto Thru 10x EyepieceUnder 10x Objective100x Total Magnification
![Page 5: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Development of the Cell Theory
Microscope Types: Transmission e-
Uses magnetic field to guide e-
0.002μm
http://www.surf.nuqe.nagoya-u.ac.jp/nanotubes/apparatus/TEM.jpg
Transmission electron microscope
![Page 6: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
http://neurocog.psy.tufts.edu/courses/Jan25/mitochondria.jpg
TEM image of a
mitochondria
![Page 7: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Development of the Cell Theory
Microscope Types: Scanning e-
Coat organism/cell in metal
Beam of e- scanned across an organism
0.002μm
http://www.nrel.gov/pv/measurements/images/photo_14801.jpg
Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) JEOL 6320F. This FE-SEM equipped with a cold field-emission source and in-lens detectors is designed for ultra-high resolution at low accelerating voltage. Compositional mapping by energy-dispersive microscopy and Electron Backscattered Diffraction are available.
![Page 8: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Human Red Blood Cells, Platelets and T-lymphocyte (erythocytes = red; platelets = yellow; T-lymphocyte = light green) (SEM x 9,900)
www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2001/clot.htm
![Page 9: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How to use a scanning electron microscope: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrXMIghANbg
![Page 10: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Intro to Cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
![Page 11: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Intro to Cells
3 characteristics that ALL cells have: Plasma membrane
http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/j.gough/lectures/the_cell/plasma_membrane/PM2.jpg
![Page 12: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Intro to Cells
3 characteristics that ALL cells have: Plasma membrane DNA region
More Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. These in vitro cells have been fixed with formaldehyde and subsequently stained with Hoechst 33258 (bis-benzimide). Hoechst is a florescent dye that penetrates into the nucleus of a cell and binds to DNA. When viewed under a light at a wavelength near 350 nm the dye will emit blue fluorescent light which effectively makes the DNA in the nucleus visible.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2561140752/in/photostream/
![Page 13: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Intro to Cells
3 characteristics that ALL cells have: Plasma membrane DNA region Cytoplasm
Figure 2: showing large, polyhedral cells with clear eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to ovoid nucleus (H & E staining, 400X).
http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_head_and_neck_surgery/volume_3_number_1_60/article/clear_cell_myoepithelioma_of_the_hard_palate_1.html
![Page 14: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Intro to Cells
2 types of cells: Prokaryotic
Prokaryotes are evolutionarily far older and less sophisticated than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes don't have a true nucleus.
http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/prokaryote_1.png
![Page 15: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Intro to Cells
2 types of cells: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cell
waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams1/diagrams1.html
![Page 16: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Intro to Cells
Cell size & shape Large SA/V ratio aka very small Too big = lack of easy
transport
The smaller an object or organism the larger the surface area to volume ratio. The more folds in the surface, the larger the surface area to volume ratio. The above diagram shows this, the solid block has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than a pile of boxes making up a shape the same size.
http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch06/06_07SurfaceVolumeRatio_L.jpg
![Page 17: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
7
1
2
3
456
Word Bank:•Mitochondria•Golgi vesicle•Nucleus•Golgi Body•Cytoplasm•Endoplasmic
Reticulum•Ribosome
Animal Cel l ReviewNumber a blank sheet of paper 1-7. Then identify which cell part goes with which number.
Organelles
![Page 18: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Organelles
7
1
2
3
456
Gol gi Body
Endopl asmi c Reti cul umCytopl asm
Mi tochondri aGol gi Vesi cl eNucl eus
Ri bosome
![Page 19: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Organelles
Def: membrane bound compartments that allow specific rxns to take place in certain areas independently and at varying times.
Dyes called quantum dots can simultaneously reveal the fine details of many cell structures. Here, the nucleus is blue, a specific protein within the nucleus is pink, mitochondria look yellow, microtubules are green, and actin filaments are red. Someday, the technique may be used for speedy disease diagnosis, DNA testing, or analysis of biological samples.
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/images/ch1_qdots.jpg
![Page 20: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Organelles
Nucleus Contains DNA
Nucleus
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html
![Page 21: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Organelles
Nucleus Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) Makes lipids Guide and modify
proteins
Organised Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum inside a transfected human osteoclast.The image was taken on a Philips CM10 Transmission Electron Microscope, magnification x34,000
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ims/microscopy/images/competition/3rd.jpg
![Page 22: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Organelles
Nucleus Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body
Finishes modifying proteins
Sorting and shippingGolgi Body
http://waukesha.uwc.edu/lib/reserves/pdf/zillgitt/zoo170/diagrams1/Golgi%20Complex.jpg
![Page 23: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Organelles
Nucleus Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Vesicles
Trans/store/digests substances
These progesterone treated CHO cells have been stained with Acridine Orange and are viewed through a phase contrast microscope. Acridine Orange is a vital stain and as such must be used on a living cell since metobolic activity is critial to the function of the stain. Upon entering organelles with a low pH such as lysosomes, Acridine Orange becomes protonated and appears orange when viewed under specific light wavelenths. In the nucleus, Acridine Orange attaches to DNA and appears green.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exothermic/2611995050/in/photostream/
![Page 24: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Organelles
Nucleus Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Vesicles Mitochondria
Produce ATP
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/mitochondria-cross-section.jpeg
Mitochondria are tiny structures that occur in varying shapes cylindrical, spherical, oval, rod shaped etc. They are found distributed all over the cytoplasm.
![Page 25: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Organelles
Nucleus Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER) Golgi Body Vesicles Mitochondria Ribosome
Assemble proteins
http://www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/PIX/ribosome.jpg Translation of a protein
![Page 26: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
A variety of protein filaments/fibers
Give the cell shape & organization
Can move the cell & organelles
In these cells, actin filaments appear light purple, microtubules yellow, and nuclei greenish blue. This image, which has been digitally colored, won first place in the 2003 Nikon Small World Competition.TORSTEN WITTMANN
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html
![Page 27: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
3 classes (sm lg) Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
The three fibers of the cytoskeleton–microtubules in blue, intermediate filaments in red, and actin in green–play countless roles in the cell.
http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/chapter1.html
![Page 28: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
3 classes (sm lg) Microfilaments
Actin protein Chng shape & mvmt Ex) muscle contraction
Microfilaments
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/images/microfilamentsfigure2.jpg
![Page 29: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
3 classes (sm lg) Intermediate filaments
Several proteins Super strong
The rigidity bestowed on cells by intermediate filament networks is especially useful to soft-bodied animals that do not possess an exoskeleton. Because intermediate filaments are very abundant in cells that are often subjected to high mechanical stress in vivo, it appears that their primary role is to provide physical strength to cells and tissues. micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cellsintermediatefilaments/
intermedi...ents.html
![Page 30: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
3 classes (sm lg) Microtubules
Tubulin protein Structural and transport Centrioles
Microtubules are continuously being assembled and disassembled so that tubulin monomers can be transported elsewhere to build microtubules when needed.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg
![Page 31: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
3 classes
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/MGA2-16/4241_Devo_17.jpg
![Page 32: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
3 classes
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/cytoskeleton-structures.jpeg
![Page 33: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
Also compose flagellum & cilium.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures/cilia_flagella.jpg
![Page 34: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The cytoskeleton: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqbmLiSkpk
![Page 35: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Fluid mosaic model Fluid = mvmt of lipids
past each other http://video.search.yah
oo.com/video/play?p=fluid+mosaic+model&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-892&fr2=tab-img&vid=0001564453212
Fluid mosaic model http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB1-os10.jpg
![Page 36: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Fluid mosaic model Fluid = mvmt of lipids
past each other Mosaic = Many
proteins and lipids stud the lipid layer
Fluid mosaic model http://www.cbv.ns.ca/bec/science/cell/fluid_mosaic.jpg
![Page 37: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Proteins Enzymes Transport Proteins Receptor Proteins Recognition Proteins Adhesion Proteins
Fluid mosaic model http://teacherweb.com/CA/NogalesHighSchool/mespinoza/fig3fluidmosaicmodel.jpg
![Page 38: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cytomembrane System
A series of organelles where lipids are made and proteins are modified.
Cytomembrane system
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg
![Page 39: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cytomembrane System
Endoplasmic Retiulum Continuous with cell
mem. 2 types:
Rough Smooth
Transmission electron microscope image of a thin section cut through an area of mammalian lung tissue. This image of a Clara cell shows a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microtubules/images/microtubulesfigure2.jpg
![Page 40: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cytomembrane System
Golgi body Finish, sort, and pkg
proteins for shipping in vesicles
The Golgi apparatus is made from a stack of membranes created by proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. It is the "shipping and packing" center of the cell. Chemicals assembled and acquired from the Endoplasmic Reticulum are placed in a vesicle whose membrane contains target for the chemicals to attach. The Golgie apparatus sends these proteins to their final destination within the cell.
http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsstudent/64333/golgi.jpg
![Page 41: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Cytomembrane System
Vesicles Tiny mem sacs that
move thru the cytoplasm
Ex) lysosome Ex) peroxisomes
Lysosome
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/cell.03/golgi/lysosme%20structure.bmp
![Page 42: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Protein trafficking: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u38LjCOvDZU&feature=related Protein modification:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvfvRgk0MfA&NR=1
![Page 43: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Nucleus
Boundary containing and protecting DNA
Nucleus
http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpg
![Page 44: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nucleus
Boundary containing and protecting DNA
3 Parts: Nuclear envelope
Nuclear Envelope showing nuclear pores and underlying nuclear matrix
cellbiolo...sw.edu.au/unitsscience/lecture0804.htm
![Page 45: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nucleus
Boundary containing and protecting DNA
3 Parts: Nuclear envelope Nucleolus
Nucleolus
http://www.williamsclass.com/SeventhScienceWork/ImagesCells/Ribosomes.gif
![Page 46: Cells](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062520/56816337550346895dd3c70a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nucleus
Boundary containing and protecting DNA
3 Parts: Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromosomes
Y and X chromosomes
http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/rslpred/nucleus.jpghttp://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/uploads/pics/X_chromosome.jpg