Cell structure lecture
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1 Basic Structure of a Cell
Transcript of Cell structure lecture
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Review Facts Review Facts About Living About Living
ThingsThings
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What Are the Main What Are the Main Characteristics of Characteristics of
organisms?organisms?1. Made of CELLS2. Require ENERGY (food)3. REPRODUCE (species)4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS5. ORGANIZED6. RESPOND to environment7. GROW and DEVELOP8. EXCHANGE materials with
surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Nonliving Levels:
1.ATOM (element)
2.MOLECULE (compounds like
carbohydrates & proteins)
3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi
…)
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Living Levels:
1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
2.TISSUE (cells working together
3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory
…)
5.ORGANISM
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLiving Levels continued:1.POPULATION (one species in an area)2.COMMUNITY (several populations in
an area3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …)4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…)5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving
things on Earth)
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Which is NOT a characteristic of all living
things
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Respond to
env...
Maintai
n homeo...
Movement
Use
energy
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2. Maintain homeostasis
3. Movement4. Use energy
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Your heart is an example of
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A cell
A tissue
An organ
An organ sy
ste...
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1. A cell2. A tissue3. An organ4. An organ system
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Cells that work together are
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Tissues
Org
ans
Org
an syste
ms
organ
isms
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One species living in an area is:
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An organism
A population
An ecosy
stem
A biome
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1. An organism2. A population3. An ecosystem4. A biome
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Different species living in an area makes a(n):
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Org
anism
Population
Community
Ecosy
stem
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History of Cells & the History of Cells & the Cell TheoryCell Theory
Cell Specialization
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First to View CellsFirst to View Cells• In 1665, Robert
Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls)
• What he saw looked like small boxes
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First to View CellsFirst to View Cells•Hooke is
responsible for naming cells
•Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things)
• Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth
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Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory
• In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
•Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory
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Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory
• In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
•Schwann also cofounded the cell theory
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Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory
• In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing
• He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
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CELL THEORY
•All living things are made of cells
•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
•Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
Who was the first person to see a living cell?
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1. Robert Hooke2. Anton van
Leeuwenhoek3. Matthias Schleiden4. Theodore Schwann
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Who was the first person to see a cell?
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1. Robert Hooke2. Anton van
Leeuwenhoek3. Matthias Schleiden4. Theodore Schwann
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Who was the first person to state all animals are made
of cells?
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25% 25%25%25%1. Robert Hooke2. Anton van
Leeuwenhoek3. Matthias Schleiden4. Theodore Schwann
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Discoveries Discoveries SinceSince the the
Cell TheoryCell Theory
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ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORYENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY• In 1970, American biologist,
Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves
• Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA
• Chloroplast and Mitochondria
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Cell Size and TypesCell Size and Types• Cells, the basic units of organisms,
can only be observed under microscope
• Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
Cell
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Number of CellsNumber of CellsAlthough ALL living things are
made of cells, organisms may be:
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.
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CELL SIZECELL SIZE
Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
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Which Cell Type is Which Cell Type is Larger?Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria
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How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?
1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns
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Cell SizeQuestion:
Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?
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Factors Affecting Cell Size
• Surface area (plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W)
• Volume of a cell (inside the cell) is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H)
• Therefore, Volume increases FASTER than the surface area
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Cell Size•When the surface area is no
longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the cell must divide
•Therefore, the cells of an organism are close in size
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Cell SizeQuestion:
Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?
About the same size, but …
The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse!
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Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms• Cells in multicellular organisms
often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)
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Cell SpecializationCell Specialization
•Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off
•This is known as DIFFERENTIATION
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Specialized Animal CellsMuscle cells Red blood cells
Cheek cells
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Specialized Plant cells
Xylem cellsPollen
Guard Cells
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Organization Organization Levels of LifeLevels of Life
Atoms to OrganismsAtoms to Organisms
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ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
Nonliving LevelsNonliving Levels
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CELLS – life starts here
TISSUES – Similar cells working together
Living LevelsLiving Levels
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ORGANSORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM
Different tissuesworking together
Different organsworking together
More Living LevelsMore Living Levels
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Simple or Complex Simple or Complex CellsCells
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Prokaryotes – The first Prokaryotes – The first CellsCells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria• Simplest type of cell• Single, circular chromosome
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ProkaryotesProkaryotes• Nucleoid region
(center) contains the DNA
• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• More complex type of cells
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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OrganellesOrganelles
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OrganellesOrganelles
•Very small (Microscopic)•Perform various functions for
a cell•Found in the cytoplasm•May or may not be
membrane-bound
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell• Living layer
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PhospholipidsPhospholipids• Heads contain glycerol &
phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other
• Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O to enter)
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The Cell Membrane is The Cell Membrane is FluidFluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
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Cell Membrane ProteinsCell Membrane Proteins
• Proteins help move
large molecules or aid in cell recognition
• Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane
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Recognize “self”
GLYCOPROTEINSGLYCOPROTEINS
Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for cell recognition
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•Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
•Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape
Cell Membrane in PlantsCell Membrane in PlantsCell membrane
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•Nonliving layer•Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
•Made of cellulose in plants
•Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria
•Made of chitin in Fungi
Cell wallCell WallCell Wall
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Cell WallCell Wall• Supports and
protects cell• Found outside of
the cell membrane
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•Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
•Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
cytoplasm
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•Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
•Found in ALL cells
More on CytoplasmMore on Cytoplasmcytoplasm
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•Controls the normal activities of the cell
•Contains the DNA in chromosomes
•Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
•Usually the largest organelle
The Control Organelle - The Control Organelle - NucleusNucleus
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•Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
•Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
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Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope
• Double membrane surrounding nucleus
• Also called nuclear membrane
• Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus
• Connected to the rough ER Nuclear
pores
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Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is
found
DNA is spread out And appears as
CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
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What Does DNA do?What Does DNA do?DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins
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Nucleolus
• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1
to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• DisappearsDisappears
when cell when cell dividesdivides
• Makes Makes ribosomesribosomes that that make proteinsmake proteins
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Helps cell maintain
cell shape• Also help move
organelles around• Made of proteins• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN
• Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
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CentriolesCentrioles• Found only in animal
cells• Paired structures
near nucleus• Made of bundles of
microtubules• Appear during cell
division forming mitotic spindle
• Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell
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Centrioles & the Mitotic Centrioles & the Mitotic SpindleSpindle
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
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MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)
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MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions)
Has its own DNA
Interior called MATRIX
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Interesting Fact ---Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …• You inherit your
mitochondria from your mother!
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Rod shape
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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What do mitochondria What do mitochondria do?do?
Burns glucose to release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
“Power plant” of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - EREndoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane• Functions in Synthesis of cell products
& Transport
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)(Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its surface
• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
• They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported
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Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
• Is attached to the ends of rough ER
• Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell
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Functions of the Smooth Functions of the Smooth ERER• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)• Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)• Destroys toxic
substances (Liver)
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Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)
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RibosomesRibosomes• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Join amino acids to make proteins• Process called protein synthesis
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RibosomesRibosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER
OR
Be free (unattached
) in the cytoplasm
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Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side
((trans facetrans face) and ) and receiving side (receiving side (cis cis faceface))
• Receive Receive proteinsproteins made by ERmade by ER
• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off the proteins pinch off the endsends
Transport
vesicle
CIS
TRANS
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Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesLook like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
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GolgiGolgi
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Golgi AnimationGolgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by
VESICLES
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LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down Break down food, food,
bacteria,bacteria, and and worn out worn out cell partscell parts for cells for cells
• Programmed forProgrammed for cell cell death (AUTOLYSIS)death (AUTOLYSIS)
• Lyse (break open) & Lyse (break open) & release enzymesrelease enzymes to to break down & recycle break down & recycle cell parts)cell parts)
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Lysosome DigestionLysosome Digestion
• Cells take in food by phagocytosis
• Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
• Made of protein tubes called microtubules
• Microtubules arranged (9 + 2 arrangement)
• Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface
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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella
• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
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Cell Movement with Cilia Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella& Flagella
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Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungsfrom the Lungs
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage• Small or absent in animal cells• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole• No vacuoles in bacterial cells
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VacuolesVacuoles
• In plants, they store Cell Sap
• Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
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Contractile Contractile VacuoleVacuole
• Found in unicellular protists like paramecia
• Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis)
• Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting)
Contractile vacuole animation
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in producers (organisms
containing chlorophyll)• Use energy from sunlight to make
own food (glucose)• Energy from sun stored in the
Chemical Bonds of Sugars
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane• Outer membrane smooth• Inner membrane
modified into sacs called Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts
• Contains its own DNA
• Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis
• Never in animal or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis – food making process
Please select a Team.
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Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Team 5
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Which types of cells do not have a nucleus?
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1. Animal2. Plant3. Prokaryotic4. Eukaryotic
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Which types of cells have no membrane bound
organelles?
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Animal
Plant
Prokaryo
tic
Eukaryotic
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Which types of cells contain chloroplasts?
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1. Animal2. Plant3. Both 1 & 24. Neither 1 nor 2
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In prokaryotes, what makes proteins?
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Nucle
us
Ribosomes
ER
Mito
chondria
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1. Nucleus2. Ribosomes3. ER4. Mitochondria
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What part of a cell controls what can get in and out of
the cell?
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25% 25%25%25%1. Nucleus2. Nuclear
envelope3. Cell wall 4. Plasma
membrane
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Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
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25% 25%25%25%
1. Cell wall2. Plasma
membrane3. Nucleus4. mitochondria
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Which organisms do NOT have cell walls?
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1. Plants2. Animals3. Fungi4. Bacteria
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What organelle helps keep cell shape and mover
organelles?
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25% 25%25%25%1. ER2. Nucleus3. Ribosomes4. Cytoskeleton
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Which organelle makes cell products and transports
them?
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1. ER2. Nucleus3. Ribosomes4. Mitochondria
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Which organelle produces energy for the cell?
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1. ER2. Nucleus3. Ribosomes4. Mitochondria
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What does the mitochondria store energy as?
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1. Ribosomes2. Microfilaments3. ATP4. Capsids
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Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages
material from the ER?
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Smooth
ER
Ribosomes
Golgi A
pparatu
...
Nucle
olus
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1. Smooth ER2. Ribosomes3. Golgi Apparatus4. Nucleolus
What makes proteins in your cells?
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Smooth
ER
Ribosomes
Golgi a
pparatu
...
Mito
chondria
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1. Smooth ER2. Ribosomes3. Golgi apparatus4. Mitochondria
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Which organelle digests worn out cell parts?
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25% 25%25%25%
1. Ribosomes2. Cilia3. Vacuoles4. Lysosomes
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Short hair like structures on cells
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Cilia
Flage
lla
Micr
otubules
Vacuoles
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1. Cilia2. Flagella3. Microtubules4. Vacuoles
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The part of a cell where photosynthesis occurs.
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25% 25%25%25%1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. ER4. Ribosomes
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A storage organelle that is much larger in plant cells
than animal cells.
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1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. Vacuoles4. Centrioles
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