LABORATORY RESULTS

Include those pertinent to nursing and medical diagnoses. Include normal values and patient results. Include reason(s) for abnormal findings and nursing interventions for lab preparation and lab result follow-up.

NAME OF STUDYNORMAL PARAMETERSPATIENTS RESULTSRATIONALE FOR RESULTSNURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR TEST PREPARATION AND TEST FOLLOW-UP

BUN/Creatinine ratio10:1 to 20:125:24Healthcare providers use the BUN and creatinine clearance tests to assess renal function. A patient experiences health problems if renal function falls to 25% or below. Waste that normally is excreted builds up in the blood causing a toxic result.

Explain : Why blood sample is taken; That the health care provider may ask the patient to refrain from taking Tagamet or tetracycline. To avoid strenuous exercise for 2 days prior to the test, Ingesting protein for 1 day prior to the test, Drinking coffee and tea for the creatinine clearance test, since these increase urine production

WBC4.8-10.9 K/uL 18.8 K/uLLeukocytes normally increase when infection is present. High WBC count may also indicate inflammation, tissue damage, stress, malnutrition, burns lupus, thyroid gland problems. Observe and report signs of infection such as redness, warmth, discharge, and increased body temperature.

Uric Acid 3.4 to 7.0 mg/dL

19.2 mg/dLA high level of uric acid may indicate kidney disease or gout. Uric acid is produced when purine is metabolized. Uric acid enters the blood and is then excreted by the kidneys through the urine and a small amount in stool. The uric acid test measures the level of uric acid in the blood.

Assess the patient for starvation, strenuous exercise, and a high-protein diet, since these can raise the level of uric acid; If the patient is taking aspirin, theophylline, diuretics, niacin, caffeine, vitamin C, ascorbic acid, epinephrine, levodopa, warfarin, diazoxide, cisplatin, cyclosporine nicotinic acid, phenothiazines, tacrolimus, methyldopa, or ethambutol, which can affect the test results; If the patient is pregnant, since uric acid level can increase during pregnancy that assists the healthcare provider in diagnosing preeclampsia; If the patient has eaten liver, red meats, game meat, herring, sardines, scallops, or beer; Uric acid levels are higher in the morning and lower in the evening, therefore note the time when the test is administered.

K+ 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L 41 3 mEq/L

Potassium (K) is a mineral stored inside the cell that has multiple functions, including muscle contractions, neural transmission, and fluid balance. Potassium is excreted by the kidneys, regulated by aldosterone hormone, and released by the adrenal glands. Potassium and sodium have an inverse relationship. The potassium test measures the level of potassium in blood. A high level of K+ may indicate myocardial infarction, Ingesting of too many potassium supplements, Intake of ACE inhibitors, Diabetic ketoacidosis, or Kidney damage

Assess if the patient has Taken potassium supplements, Taken heparin, glucose, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and antibiotics that contain potassium, natural licorice, corticosteroids, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, or insulin, xperienced severe vomiting, Improperly used laxatives

Na+ 136 to 145 mEq/L 31 mEq/L Sodium (Na) is a mineral stored outside the cell in blood and lymph fluid that has multiple functions, including muscle contractions, neural transmission, and fluid balance. Sodium is excreted by the kidneys, regulated by aldosterone hormone, and released by the adrenal glands. Sodium and potassium have an inverse relationship. The sodium test measures the level of sodium in blood. A low Na value may Assess if the patient has elevated protein levels, received IV fluid containing sodium, high triglyceride levels, heparin, birth control pills, NSAIDs, antibiotics, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), corticosteroids, lithium, or estrogen

MedicationTrade/Generic NamesDosage &FrequencyMethod of administrationIndication Why is the patient taking the medicationSide effectsMost Common for each drugContraindications &Nursing responsibilities

Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) 1mg IV q3h PRN

IV Indication: Moderate to severe pain (alone and in combination with nonopioid analgesics); extended release product for opioid-tolerant patients requiring around- the-clock management of persistent pain. Antitussive (lower doses).

Patients Indication: Management of Pain

CNS: confusion, sedation depression. CV: hypotension GI: constipation

Contraindicated in: Hypersensitivity; Some prod- ucts contain bisulfites and should be avoided in pa- tients with known hypersensitivity; Severe respira- tory depression (in absence of resuscitative equipment); Paralytic ileus (extended-release only); Prior GI surgery or narrowing of GI tract (extended- release only); Opioid non-tolerant patients (ex- tended-release only);

Nursing Implications: Assess BP, pulse, and respirations before and periodically during administration. If respiratory rate is