Carbohyderates

BIOCHEMISTRYCarbohydrates

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CHEMISTRY OF

CARBOHYDRATES

DEFINITION Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy

aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones or compounds that can be hydrolyzed into these compounds. General formula is CnH2nOn..

FUNCTIONS1. Major source of energy in most

organisms2. Serve as metabolic intermediates3. Constituents of nucleotides that form

DNA & RNA4. Give structure to cell membranes & cell

walls5. Play a role in immunity, joint lubrication

& cell to cell communications

Common diseases associated with carbohydrates include diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases and lactose intolerance.

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATESA. Simple – Only Carbohydrate Moiety

1. Monosaccharides i. Aldoses [glucose (6C), glycerose

(3C), erythrose (4C), ribose (5C)]ii. Ketoses [fructose (6C),

dihydroxyacetone (3C), erythrulose (4C), ribulose (5C)]

2. Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

3. Oligosaccharides (3-9 residues; Eg. raffinose, stachyose)

4. Polysaccharides (>/= 10 residues; Homopolysaccharides - starch, inulin, cellulose and Heteropolysaccharides - heparin, chondroitin sulphate)

B. Complex – Sugar + Lipid Or Protein Moiety Proteoglycan, Glycoprotein, Glycolipid

CARBON NUMBERING SYSTEM

HAWORTH (OPEN CHAIN) STRUCTURE OF CARBOHYDRATES

PYRANOSE RING STRUCTURES

© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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FRUCTOSE STRUCTURE

ISOMERISM Same molecular formula but different

physical or chemical properties

Types1. Optical2. Functional3. Stereoisomerism

i. Anomerismii. Epimerismiii. Enantiomerismiv. Diastereoisomerism

Optical Isomerism Same molecular formula but differs in

their physical property of turning the plane polarized light.

‘d / + ’: dextrorotatory

‘l / - ’: laevorotatory.

Stereoisomerism Same molecular formula but differs in

spatial configuration of H & OH groups at penultimate carbon atoms.

OH on the right side- D form. Eg- D-glucose & OH on left side- L form. Eg- L-glucose.

Asymmetric carbon atom- C atom with 4 different groups attached to it.

No of isomers = 2n (n = no of

asymmetric carbon atoms).

Epimerism Differ in orientation of H & OH groups

around single C atom. Eg- Glu & Gal at C4, Glu & Mannose at C2.

Anomerism Differ in orientation of H & OH groups

around first C atom. E.g. α- OH to the right of 1st C., α-glucose; β - OH to the right of 1st C., β-glucose.

GLYCOSIDESSugar + Aglycone

Phlorhizin- glucose + phloretin; renal damage

Digitonin- glucose+ digitogenin; cardiac stimulant

Ouabain- Na+-K+ ATPase inhibitor

Amino sugars Glucosamine- in hyaluronic acid,

heparin & blood group substances



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Galactosamine- in chondroitin of cartilage, bone & tendons

Mannosamine, N-acetylated glucosamine & N-acetylated galactosamine- in glycoproteins

Erythromycin- Diethyl amino sugar; antibiotic

Deoxysugars L-fucose- 6-deoxy β L-galactose - in

blood group antigens Deoxyribose- in nucleic acid. Feulgen

staining is specific for DNA

PENTOSES D-Ribose- constituent of RNA, ATP &

NAD Deoxyribose- in DNA D-Ribulose- in HMP shunt D-Xylose- in proteoglycans D-Lyxose- in heart muscle

KEY POINTS ABOUT GLUCOSE

Aldo-sugar with 6 membered pyranose ring

β-D glucopyranose is the most common form

C1 carbon is the anomeric carbon Ring closure occurs between C1 & C5 D-glucose is dextrorotatory Forms 16 stereoisomers Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid,

glucuronic acid & glucosaccharic acid Reduced to sorbitol (mechanism in

diabetic cataract)

KEY POINTS ABOUT FRUCTOSE

Keto-sugar with predominant furanose ring structure

C2 carbon is the anomeric carbon. D-fructose is laevorotatory

Forms 4 isomers It is a major constituent of honey Component of inulin

KEY POINTS ABOUT GALACTOSE

Component of lactose Epimer of glucose at C4 Constituent of glycolipids &

glycoproteins Oxidized to galactonic acid,

galacturonic acid & mucic acid Reduced to dulcitol

KEY POINTS ABOUT MANNOSE

Occurs in glycoproteins Epimer of glucose at C2

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT DISACCHARIDESSucrose

α (1, 2) is not reducing since both anomeric carbons of glucose & fructose are involved in glycosidic linkage

It is called invert sugar as sucrose being dextrorotatory (+66.50) becomes laevorotatory (- 19.50 ) on hydrolysis

Honey contains invert sugar

Maltose α (1, 4) contains 2 glucose units Forms sunflower shaped crystals of

maltosazone

Isomaltose α (1, 6) contains 2 glucose units

produced by partial digestion of glycogen and starch

Lactose β (1, 4) is sugar present in milk.

Contains glucose & galactose Hedgehog or powder puff

appearance of lactosazone crystals Digested by separate enzyme,

lactase

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDESStructural Homopolysaccharides

Cellulose made up of glucose residues linked by β (1,4) linkages., so it’s not digestible in humans

Inulin is a fructosan Chitin- the constituent of exoskeleton of

crustaceans is made up of amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine

Storage Homopolysaccharides Starch- 2 components- amylose,

unbranched form with α (1, 4) linkages [300-400 glucose units] and amylopectin, highly branched with α (1, 4) along straight lines and α (1, 6) along branch points [each branch at interval of 24-30 glucose units]

Glycogen – highly branched, formed on a protein core- glycogenin to which glucose molecules are attached with α (1, 4) linkages along straight line & α



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(1, 6) along branch points [each branch at interval of 12-18 glucose units]. Each branch has 11 residues & the whole molecule is arranged in 12 concentric circles.

HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDESMucopolysaccharidesFeatures of glycosaminoglycans (GAG)-

GAG / Proteoglycans are composed of an uronic acid & amino sugar. Exception – keratan sulphate doesn’t have uronic acid, instead it has galactose.

Normally, they prefer to have glucuronic acid & N-acetyl glucosamine. Exception- Iduronic acid in Heparin & Dermatan sulphates. Galactosamine in chondroitin & dermatan sulphate.

COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDESProteoglycans

It has a core protein, to which the GAGs (unbranched, repetitive units) are linked by ‘O’ linkage.

Exception is keratan sulfate type 1, which is N-linked and, hyaluronic acid is not linked to the core protein directly at all.

All GAGs are sulfated so that they get a negative charge, but hyaluronic acid is not sulfated.

Functions Constituents of extracellular matrix

providing negative charge which is important for basement membrane’s charge selectivity for proteins.

Helps in morphogenesis and metastasis in cancer.

Keratan sulfate is responsible for corneal transparency.

Dermatan sulfate is responsible for shape of the cornea.

Glycoproteins Glycosylated protein but the side chains

are branched, non repetitive carbohydrate moieties- carbohydrates less than proteoglycans

Eg- plasma proteins, Igs, hormones, enzymes, transport proteins etc

It helps in maintaining receptor function, protein folding, determining protein solubility.\

Types- N-linked, O-linked & GPI anchored.

GPI anchored glycoprotein- carboxy terminal of amino acid is linked to the carbohydrate chain, ethanolamine & inositol. Eg- Decay acceleration factor is a GPI anchored protein which prevents RBC lysis by complement pathway product, mutation of which causes PNH.

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS1. Molisch test- for carbohydrates2. Benedict’s test- for reducing sugars3. Barfoed’s test- for distinguishing

between monosaccharides & disaccharides

4. Bial’s test- for pentoses5. Seliwanoff’s test- for distinguishing

between aldoses & ketoses.

METABOLISM OF

CARBOHYDRATES

DEFINITIONSMetabolism- process by which we assimilate energy from the food we intake (Catabolism) & utilize the same for building up macromolecules (Anabolism).

Oxidative Phosphorylation- The energy obtained by oxidation of substrates is trapped in the form of reducing equivalents NADH or FADH2 which passes thro’ mitochondria to generate ATP

Substrate Level Phosphorylation ATP is generated directly from the

substrate. Eg- Phosphoglycerate kinase

Pyruvate kinase Succinyl thiokinase Creatine kinase



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EXAMPLES OFCatabolic Pathways- Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid oxidationAnabolic Pathways- Glycogen synthesis, FFA synthesis, protein synthesisAmphibolic Pathways- TCA cycle

KEY POINTS IN GLYCOLYSIS

Irreversible Steps Hexokinase or glucokinase Phosphofructokinase Pyruvate kinase

Rate Limiting Step Phosphofructokinase

Substrate Level Phosphorylation Steps Phosphoglycerate kinase Pyruvate kinase

Products Pyruvate Lactate- For the regeneration of NAD-

NAD is required for the G3PDH step when it’ll be converted to NADH. In aerobic glycolysis, NADH will enter into respiratory chain & we get back the NAD, but if its happening anerobically, LDH step converts it back to NAD to convert pyruvate to lactate.

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS- occurs in RBC, white muscle fibres, lens, retina, brain, renal medulla. Only 2 ATP is produced.

RBC- glycolysis is the only energy generating pathway as it lacks mitochondria & hence dependent on anaerobic pathway.

RAPPAPORT LUEBERIN CYCLE- a deviation of the normal glycolysis whereby phosphoglycerate kinase step is bypassed & phosphoglycerate mutase generates 2, 3-DPG which is essential for decreasing the affinity of RBC for oxygen, thereby facilitating unloading in tissues.

PASTEUR EFFECT- Body attempts to prevent anaerobic glycolysis whenever there is high ATP level, which is obtained by lipolysis & fatty acid oxidation.

FATES OF PYRUVATE Aerobic Condition- forms acetyl Co A Anaerobic Condition- forms lactate Well Fed State- forms alanine by

transaminase Starvation- forms oxaloacetate for

gluconeogenesis

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX (PDH) Multi enzyme complex, mitochondrial

enzyme with PDH, dihydrolipoyl tranacetylase, dihydrolipoyl DH & coenzymes: TPP, CoA, Lipoic acid, NAD, FAD

Generates 3 ATP.

REGULATION Allosteric inhibition by acetyl Co A(glucose

sparing effect), NADH, ATP COVALENT MODIFICATION-activated by

phosphorylation & vice versa. Activated by insulin.

KEY POINTS IN GLUCONEOGENESIS Formation of glucose from non

carbohydrate sources ORGANS INVOLVED- liver & kidney Conversion of pyruvate to

phosphoenolpyruvate consumes CO2 & ATP generating inorganic phosphate.

Enzymes Involved



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Pyruvate carboxylase PEPCK Fructose 1,6 bis phosphatase (rate limiting

step) Glucose-6-phosphataseSubstrates Glucogenic amino acids, lactates, glycerol &

propionateRegulation Regulated by PFK-2 PFK-2 on phosphorylation acts like fructose

2, 6 bisphosphatase (glucagon) & when it gets dephosphorylated, it behaves like PFK-2 synthesizing fructose 2,6 bisphosphate.

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is an allosteric activator of PFK-1 (glycolysis)

TCA CYCLE

Occurs in mitochondria Only aerobic pathway Amphibolic Catabolic- generates 12 ATP from acetyl Co

A Anabolic- forms various intermediates like

glutamate from alpha-KG, aspartate from oxaloacetate, fatty acids from acetyl Co A.

Regulation of TCA Cycle

Depends on the type of the cell In skeletal muscle- main purpose is

energy production, the cycle generates ATP. The dehydrogenases are all activated by calcium ions & the ATP/ADP ratio will be very low: inhibition on PDH is overcome.

In Liver- cycle is anabolic. Citrate synthase is inhibited by high energy level, so oxaloacetate accumulates, which can be utilized for aspartate synthesis. Similarly ATP allosterically inhibits DH to help in glutamate & other synthesis. Succinyl CoA is used in heme synthesis.

In adipose tissue- aconitase inhibited-citrate accumulates & helps in FA synthesis.

Inhibitors of TCA cycle Fluoroacetate- inhibits aconitase Malonate- inhibits succinate

dehydrogenaseENERGY YIELD (NO OF ATP GENERATED) PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE THROUGH GLYCOLYSIS PLUS CITRIC ACID CYCLE, UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS

Pathway Source No of ATPs

gainedGlycolysis

Hexokinase - Minus 1Phosphofructokinase - Minus 1

Glyceraldehyde-3-P-DHNADH 3 X 2 = 61, 3-BPG Kinase ATP 1 X 2 = 2Pyruvate kinase ATP 1 X 2 = 2

Pyruvate to Acetyl Co APyruvate dehydrogenase NADH 3 X 2 = 6

TCA CycleIsocitrate dehydrogenase NADH 3 X 2 = 6Alpha-KG DH NADH 3 X 2 = 6Succinate thiokinase GTP 1 X 2 = 2Succinate DH FADH2 2 X 2 = 4



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Malate DH NADH 3 X 2 = 6

Net generation in Glycolysis 10 - 2 = 8Generation in PDH reaction = 6Generation in TCA cycle

= 24Net generation of ATP from 1 molecule of glucose = 38

KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGEN METABOLISM Occurs in 2 tissues- liver & muscle Total glycogen is higher in muscle than liver Liver glycogen gives rise to plasma glucose

whereas muscle glycogen does not since glucose-6-phosphatase is absent in muscle

Key enzyme for glycogen synthesis- glycogen synthetase

Key enzyme for glycogenolysis- glycogen phosphorylase

Regulation of glycogen metabolism- by cyclic AMP

Total ATP utilized in glycogen synthesis- 2

KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGEN SYNTHESISEnzymes- Hexokinase in skeletal muscle &

glucokinase in liver Glucokinase has got high Km & low affinity

for glucose UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase Glycogen synthase adds glucose subunits in

straight chains until 11 residues are attached

Branching enzyme (1->4)->(1->6) transferase

KEY POINTS IN GLYCOGENOLYSIS Enzymes involved are phosphorylase &

debranching enzyme (amylo 1, 6 glucosidase)

Rate limiting step is phosphorylase- pyridoxine dependent enzyme

Gives rise to glucose-1-phosphate Energy from glucose obtained by

glycogenolysis- 9 ATP Liver glycogen phosphorylase is activated

by glucagon & epinephrine, whereas muscle GP is only by epinephrine & not glucagon

HEXOSE MONO-PHOSPHATE SHUNT



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KEY POINTS IN HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT Occurs in cytosol of liver, mammary glands,

adipose tissue & fetal heart 2 PHASES- Oxidative- production of NADPH (used for

reductive synthesis of lipid derivatives) Non oxidative- production of ribose-5-

phosphate (used for purine biosynthesis, nucleoside synthesis)

No ATP is generated Prevents RBC hemolysis by assisting

glutathione peroxidase



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G6PD deficiency causes drug (antimalarial) induced hemolytic anemia

GALACTOSE METABOLISM

GALACTOSEMIA Defect in the following enzymes-

Galactose-1-P- uridyl transferase : classical type

Galactokinase : minor type Epimerase : rare

Clinically manifest with failure to thrive, lethargy, hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, cataract, mental retardation.

Biochemically- increased blood galactose, decreased blood glucose, galactosuria, albuminuria, aminoaciduria

FRUCTOSE METABOLISM

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INTRODUCTION

MONOSACCHARIDES



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1. Which of the following are aldoses sugars?A. Glucose and mannose B. Glucose and fructose C. Fructose and Xylulose D. Xylulose and ribulose

Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

5. A carbohydrate which cannot be hydrolyzed into simple form is called ________A. Monosaccharide B. Disaccharide C. Oligosaccharide D. Polysaccharide Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 10

6. 1 molecule of glucose forms – molecules of pyruvateA. 1B. 2C. 3D. 5

7. The monosaccharides glucose is best described by which one of the following statements.A. It usually exists in the furanose formB. It is a ketose.C. It possesses an anomeric C-2 carbon

atom.D. It forms part of the disaccharides

sucrose.Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

8. Which of the following is not polymer of glucose?A. Glycogen B. AmyloseC. InulinD. Cellulose

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20 – 219. Starch and glycogen are polymens of

A. Alpha glucoseB. Beta glucoseC. FructoseD. Sucrose

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 20, 21

10. The only sugar absorbed against concentration gradient is A. GlucoseB. GalactoseC. Mennose

D. XyloseRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 168

11. True blood sugar level measures the levels of A. GlucoseB. FructoseC. Glucose + fiboseD. Glucose + fructose

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 675

12. Number of asymmetric carbon atoms in glucose isA. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

Ref: Harper 1/e p 150

13. A carbohydrate, commonly known as dextrose, isA. Dextrin B. D – Fructose C. D – Glucose D. Glycogen


14. The predominant form of glucose in solution is A. Acyclic form B. Hydrated acyclic form C. Glucofuranose D. Glucopyranose

Ref: Harper 1 /e 151

15. Glucose is the only source of energy forA. MycocardiumB. KidneysC. ErythrocytesD. Thrombocytes

Ref: 1/e, p. 190

16. In anaerobic conditions, muscles can derive energy fromA. Fatty acidsB. Amino acidsC. GlucoseD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 208



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17. Maximum capacity for tubular reabsorption of glucose is aboutA. 180 mg/dlB. 180 mg/minC. 350 mg/dlD. 350 mg/min

Ref: 1/e, p. 217

18. Sorbitol can be formed fromA. GlucoseB. GalactoseC. MannoseD. Ribose

Ref: 1/e, p. 228

19. Close ring structure of glucose is known asA. Glucan B. Furan C. Pyran D. Glycan

20. Renal threshold value of glucose isA. 90 mg/dlB. 120 mg/dlC. 150 mg/dlD. 180 mg/dl

21. Cellulose is made up of the molecules ofA. α- GlucoseB. β- Glucose C. Both of aboveD. None of the above


2. Most lipogenic carbohydrate A. Fructose B. Glucose

C. Ribose D. Sucrose


3. Regarding pentose phosphate pathway all of the following are true EXCEPTA. Occurs in the cytosolB. No ATP is produced in the cycle C. It is active in adipose tissue, liver, and

gonadsD. The oxidative phase generates

NADPH and the nonoxidative phase generates pyruvate

Ref: Harper 27/E p. 177, 180

22. The cotton ball osazone crystal structure is seen when phenyl hydrazine reacts withA. GlucoseB. Fructose C. MaltoseD. Lactose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 17

23. Oligosaccharides are defined as glycosides withA. Less than 2 monosaccharidesB. 2 monosaccharidesC. 2 – 10 monosaccharides D. >10 monosaccharides Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 10

24. Maltose is a disaccharide ofA. Glucose and galactoseB. Glucose and fructose C. Glucose and glucose D. Fructose and fructose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 11

25. The non – reducing sugar isA. GalactoseB. Sucrose C. MannoseD. Maltose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19

26. Inversion is a features ofA. GlucoseB. MaltoseC. Sucrose D. Mannose




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27. Starch on hydrolysis formsA. Amylose onlyB. Amylopectin only C. Amylose + amylopectinD. Fructose + glucose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 20

28. CelluloseA. Is water insoluble B. Is non – reducingC. Gives no color with I2

D. All of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p22

29. Which of the following is true?A. Starch and glycogen are

polysaccharides of animal originB. Starch is of plant origin and is much

more branched than glycogenC. Starch gives blue color with I2

whereas glycogen gives red colorD. Starch is galactose polysaccharide and

glycogen is glucose polysaccharide Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p21

30. Glycolysis occurs inA. Cytoplasm B. Mitochondrion C. Both in cytoplasm and mitochondria D. Only in presence of O2


31. The rate limiting step in glycolysis is catalysed byA. Hexokinase B. PhosphofructokinaseC. EnolaseD. Pyruvatekinase


32. The amount of ATPs generated by glycolytic pathway isA. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 249

33. The major pathway for utilization of glucose in erythrocytes isA. Krebs’ cycleB. Glycolysis C. Hexose monophophate shuntD. Anaerobic pathwayRef Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248

34. NaF is added to blood collected for blood glucose estimation becauseA. It inhibits the enzyme enolaseB. It prevent the glucose oxidation by

atomospheric O2

C. It prevents conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A

D. It oxidizes all double bonds and saturates the sugars


35. Krebs cycle operates inA. Aerobic conditions onlyB. Anaerobic conditions onlyC. Aerobic and anaerobic conditions D. Microaerophilic conditions Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

36. The HMP shunt pathway occurs inA. Mitochondria B. CytoplasmC. Extracellularly D. Both mitochondira and cytoplasmsRef Satyanarayan 3/E, p 271

37. Metabolic disease (glycogen storage) associated with glucose – 6- phophatase enzyme deficiencyA. Cori’s disease B. Pompe’s disease C. Von Gierke’s diseaseD. Gaucher’s disease Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269

38. Glycogen breakdown leads to formation ofA. GlucoseB. Lactic acidC. Glucose and lactic acidD. Glycoprotein Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245

39. The major sites of gluconoegenesis areA. Liver and kidney B. BrainC. Skeletal muscle D. Heart muscle Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258

40. A patient who reports loss of weight, mental retardation and development of cataract; emission of certain substance corrects it; which isA. Galactose



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B. Glycogen C. Cellulose D. Glycine Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 277

41. Glucagon causes increased blood sugar level due toA. Increased glycogen breakdown in

muscle onlyB. Increased glycogen breakdown in

liver onlyC. Increased glycogenolysis in live and

muscle D. Glycogenesis from glucose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266

42. Epinephrine causes increased blood glucose level due toA. Increased glycogenolysis in liver and

muscle B. Activation of phophorylaseC. Inhibition of glycogen synthesis in liverD. All of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 678

43. Sucrose is a non – reducing sugar because:A. It is a disaccharideB. It is made up of non – reducing

monosaccharidesC. Carbonyl group of constituent

monosaccharides is not free, but is in glycosidic linkage

D. It does not exist in ring structure Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19

44. Why glucose and fructose form the same osazone?A. Because they are isomersB. Because they are anomersC. Because they have same molecular

weightD. Because they have exactly same

structure of the molecule from carbon number 3 to 6 while the dissimilarity in structure at C1 and C2 disappears during the reaction with phenyl hydrazine

Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 17

45. Which of the following is the most appropriate statement about mucopolysaccharides

A. Mucopolysaccharides are polymers of more than one sugar unit

B. They contain glucoseC. They are complex molecules D. They are not soluble in water


46. The reserve carbohydrate in animals is __________A. Starch B. GlycogenC. GlucoseD. LactoseSatyanarayan 3/E, p. 21

47. Cellulose is not digested by humans becauseA. It is insoluble in waterB. It is present in bulk in the dietC. Large number of intra – and inter- chain

hydrogen bonds are present D. Human intestine lacks the enzyme

which will split β-1, 4 – glucosidic bounds


48. Which of the following statement, that is NOT true for all sugars?A. All sugars are soluble in waterB. All sugar are reducing C. All sugar are sweet in tasteD. All sugar do not give colour with iodine Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19

49. The reducing action of sugar is due toA. Large number of hydroxylic groups B. Presence of free carbonyl group C. Presence of ring structure D. Their complex structure


50. Which of the following is not a disaccharide?A. Lactose B. MaltoseC. Galactose D. Sucrose Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 11

51. The isomers whose orientation is different only at one carbon atom are known as ______A. AnomersB. Epimers



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C. Both D. None Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 12

52. D – glucose and D – galactose differs at ______A. One carbon atomB. Two carbon atomsC. Three carbon atoms D. None


53. The ring structure of D – glucose involves ________A. C1 and C4B. C1 and C5C. C1 and C6D. C2 ad C5Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 14

54. Optical rotation of a compound can be measured by aA. Polaragraph B. PolarimeterC. SpectrophotometerD. Flourimeter

55. Why excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen and not glucose?A. Because glycogen is not soluble in

waterB. Because glucose is most abundant

carbohydrate C. Because glycogen has more energy than

glucose D. Because glycogen considerably

decreases osmotic pressure in the cell thus preventing cell lysis


56. How epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis simultaneously stopping glycogenesisA. By stimulating enzyme phosphorylation B. By converting inactive phosphorylase

into active phosphorylase by phosphorylation

C. By releasing cAMP for glycogenolysis but not for glycogenesis

D. By converting the two enzymes phosphorylase and glycogen synthase into their active forms sinactive forms by phosphorylation respectively

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267

57. Which mammalian cell does not have aerobic pathway of glucose catabolism?A. Nerve cellB. Sperm cellC. Ovum D. Red cell Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245

58. In aerobic glycolysis, glucose is first broken down to pyruvate and then to CO2 and H2O in the Kreb’s cycle; but in anaerobic glycolysis it does not stop at pyruvate but forms lactate. Why?A. Because pyruvate is toxic in larger

concentration B. Because pyruvate can form amino acid

by amination C. Because pyruvate can form glucose

backD. Because this allows the

regeneration of NAD from NADH2

which is formed in earlier step of glycolysis thus assuring continuation of glycolysis


59. Which of the following step is not involved in substrate level phosphorylation?A. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glyceraldehyde – 3 – phosphate B. 1, 3 – diphosphoglycerate 3 –

phosphoglycerate C. Succinyl CoA Succinate D. Phosphoenol pyruvate pyruvate


60. How may ATP molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle itself?A. OneB. TwoC. TwelveD. Fifteen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256

61. The TCA cycle is suppressed by higher concentrations of _____________A. ATPB. NADC. Citrate D. Oxaloacetate




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62. CO2 is not produced in the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase B. Succinate dehydrogenase C. Isocitrate dehydrogenase D. α- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256

63. The three steps of _________ resembles the steps of β- Oxidation of fatty acidsA. Fatty acid synthesis B. Anaerobic glycolysis C. Citric acid cycle D. HMP shunt Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 255, 288

64. What is the main aim of citric acid cycle?A. To produce energy from carbohydrates B. To provide keto acids for synthesis of

amino acidsC. To completely oxidize acetyl CoA to

CO2 and H2O with complete release of energy

D. To synthesize acids to maintain pHRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

65. Which of the following statement is not true for HMP shunt pathway?A. CO2 is not produced in itB. NADPH is produced C. Pentoses are produced D. Does not produce ATP


66. The __________ utilize fructose but not glucose A. Ovum B. Spermatozoa C. Adipose tissue D. Mammary gland


67. Neoglucogenesis occur predominantly from the following compounds EXCEPTA. Lactate B. Fatty acidsC. Glycerol D. Amino acids Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258

68. The uronic acid pathway is unique as it provides _____to manA. Ascorbic acid

B. Xylulose C. Glucuronic acid D. All of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 275

69. The _________ hormone does not stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis A. Thyroxine B. Adrenaline C. Glucagon D. Cortisol Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266, 267, 439

70. Suggest a test to distinguish a case of renal glycosuria from diabetic glycosuria A. Benedict’s testB. Blood sugarC. Urine sugarD. GTTRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 674

71. A male patient’s urine shows positive Benedicts test, which sugar is unlikely to occur in it?A. Glucose B. Galactose C. Lactose D. Pentose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19

72. In monkeys, L – ascorbic acid is synthesized in ____ pathwayA. Fatty acid synthesis B. Uronic acidC. HMP shunt D. Glycolysis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 132

73. NADPH serves to regenerate _______ in red cells to prevent their lysisA. Cholesterol B. Glutathione C. NADPD. Cysteine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 274

74. The G-6- PD deficiency causes hemolytic anemia due to lack of_________A. NADPHB. NADPC. Pentoses D. Cholesterol




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75. How many ATP molecules are produced on complete oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle?A. SixB. NineC. Twelve D. Fifteen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256

76. Which acid acts as a carrier molecule in citric acid cycle?A. Citric acidB. Oxaloacetic acidC. Succinic acidD. Isocitric acid Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

77. The deficiency of disaccharidase ________ is very common in humans A. SucroseB. MaltaseC. Lactase D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 169

78. The reserve carbohydrate in plants is _______________A. GlycogenB. StarchC. Cellulose D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 20

79. The __________ has highest rate of absorption from gut in humans A. Glucose B. Fructose C. Galactose D. Mannose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168

80. The idiopathic pantosuria is characterized by _______A. Excretion of L-Xylulose B. Excretion of glucose C. Excretion of arabinose D. Cataract formation Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 276

81. Which of the following enzyme is not involved in gluconeogenesis?A. Pyruvate carboxylase B. Phosphoenol pyruvate C. Carboxykinase D. Hexokinase


82. Which of the following compound is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis pathway?A. Glycerol B. Lactate C. Oxaloacetate D. Glycogen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258

83. When a patient of galactosemia is placed on a galactose free diet, the galactose required for galactolipids biosynthesis is derived from.A. Fructose B. Glucose C. FucoseD. Sucrose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 277

84. The most important initial source of blood glucose during fasting is __________A. Muscle glycogen B. Muscle protein C. Liver triglyceride D. Liver glycogen Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 383

85. Glycolysis is inhibited by ___________A. Chloride B. FluorideC. Magnesium D. Cobalt Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248

86. The major fate of glucose – 6 phosphate in tissues in a well – fed state is ___________

A. Hydrolysis of glucose B. Conversion to glycogen C. Isomerisation to fructose – 6 -

phosphate D. Conversion to ribulose – 5 – phosphate


87. The major fuel for the brain after prolonged starvation is ________

A. Glucose B. Fatty acidsC. Ketone bodies D. Glycerol Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 385



17

88. The only sugar absorbed by intestine against a concentration gradient is

A. GlucoseB. Galactose C. Both D. None Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168

89. The monosaccharide most rapidly absorbed from the intestine is _________A. GlucoseB. Fructose C. Mannose D. Galactose Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168

90. Which of the following is not a polymer of glucose?A. Glycogen B. Cellulose C. Amylase D. Inulin Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 21

91. Fructose utilization in a diabetic patient is not interfered because A. Fructokinase activity is not affected

by insulin B. Glucokinase also affects fructose

utilization C. There is deficiency of fruckinase in

diabetic patientD. Fructose is more rapidly utilized by liverRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 278

92. Lactose intolerance is due to –A. ADH deficiency B. Deficiency of bile C. Lactase deficiency D. Malabsorption syndrome Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168

93. In comparison to resting state, vigorously contracting muscles show ________A. Decreased oxidation of pyruvate to CO2

and H2OB. An increased conversion of pyruvate

to lactate C. Decreased concentration of AMPD. A decreased NADH/NAD ratio Ref: Harper 28/E, p 150

94. In contrast to liver, muscle glycogen does not contribute directly to blood glucose level becauseA. Muscles lack glucose – 6 –

phosphatase B. Muscles contain no glucokinase C. Muscles lack glycogen D. Muscles contain no glycogen

phosphorylase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 261

95. Essential pentosuria is characterized by appearance of __________ in urine A. GlucuronateB. Xylitol C. L – Xylulose D. L – gulonate Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 276

96. The tubular maximum for reabsorption of glucose is about ______________ mg/ 100 mlA. 350B. 100C. 180D. 250Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 681

97. The largest amount of glycogen is stored in the body inA. Muscle B. LiverC. KidneyD. Intestine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 263

98. The enzyme adenyl cyclase is activated by all EXCEPTA. Epinephrine B. Nor – epinephrine C. Glucagon D. Insulin Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267

99. Number of CO2 molecules released during citric acid cycle are ______________A. 4B. 2C. 3D. 0Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

100. The glycolytic enzyme inhibited by fluoride is ______A. Pyruvate kinase



18

B. Hexokinase C. EnolaseD. Lactate dehydrogenase Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248

101. Which of the following statement is true regarding the α- amylase?A. Breaks glucose from one end to the

carbohydrate B. Cleaves only α- 1, 4 linkagesC. Cleaves only α- 1, 6 linkages D. All of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p21

102. Fructose, the major source of energy for spermatozoa in seminal fluid is formed byA. Dephosphorylation of fructose – 1, 6

bisphophate B. Reduction of glucose to sorbital and

oxidation of sorbital to fructose C. Isomerisation of glucose – 6

phosphate and then its dephosphorylation

D. None of the above

Ref: Harper 28/E, p 178, 179

103. Oligosaccharides isA. Glucose B. FructoseC. MaltoseD. Dextrin


104. Which one of the following human tissues contains the greatest amount of body glucogen?A. LiverB. KidneyC. Skeletal muscleD. Cardiac muscle


105. The rate of absorption of sugars by the small highest for

A. PentosesB. HexosesC. PolysaccharidesD. Oligosaccharides


106. Which one of the following enzymes use NADP as coenzyme

A. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

B. Lactate dehydrogenaseC. Glucose 6 – phosphate dehydrogenase D. Beta hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase

107. Which of the following is not polymer of glucose?

E. Glycogen F. AmyloseG. InulinH. Celluose


108. An essential for the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver is

A. UTPB. GTPC. Pyruvate kinaseD. Guanosine


109. Glycogen synthesis is increased byA. CortisoneB. InsulinC. GHD. Epinephrine


110. Major contribution towards gluconeogenesis is by

A. LactateB. GlycerolC. KetonesD. Alanine


111. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and _______

A. KidneyB. GlycerolC. Ketones D. Alanine Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258

112. The tissue with the highest glycogen content (mg/100g)

A. LiverB. MuscleC. KidneysD. Testes




19

113. Adrenaline acts on which enzyme in glycogenolysis?

A. GlucokinaseB. HemokinaseC. PhosphorylaseD. Glucose diphosphatase


114. Glucose can be synthesized from all except

A. Amino acidsB. GlycerolC. AcetoacetateD. Lactic acidRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 258


A. GlucokinaseB. HemokinaseC. PhosphorylaseD. Glucose diphosphataseRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 267

116. The first product of glycogenolysis is

A. Glucose-6-phosphateB. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphateC. Glucose-1-phosphateD. Fructose 1 phosphate

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p265

117. The compound that can give rise to glucose by gluconeogenesis is

A. Acetyl CoAB. LactateC. Palmitic acidD. Fructose


118. During conversion of glycerol to pyruvic acid, the first glycolytic intermediate to form is

A. 2-phosphoglyceric acidB. 3-phosphoglyceric acidC. 3-phosphoglyceraldehydesD. Dihydroxyacetone


119. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose

B. The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and fructose.

C. The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose

D. All of the above statement are true.Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19

120. All of the following are substrates for gluconeogenesis EXCEPT

A. AlanineB. Oleic acidC. GlycerolD. Tryptophan.


121. Which of them is multienzyme complex.

A. Pyruvate dehydrogenaseB. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseC. Succinate dehydrogenaseD. Enolase.


122. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle are found in the

A. NucleusB. RibosomesC. MitochondriaD. Non particular cytoplasm.


123. Kreb’s cycle occurs in _______ condition

A. Aerobic B. AnaerobicC. MicroaerophilicD. Aerobic and anaerobic.


124. In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation takes place in

A. Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoAB. Succinyl CoA to succinateC. Succinate to fumarate.D. Oxaloacetate to citrate.


125. Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle?

A. Oxaloacetic acidB. Glutamic acidC. Nitric acidD. None of the above


126. Cane sugar isA. Glucose



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B. SucroseC. FructoseD. Maltose


127. The main enzymes responsible for the activation of xenobiotics in (detoxification)

A. Cytochrome P-450B. Glutathione-3-transferaseC. NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductaseD. Glucuronyl transferase.


128. The conversion of glucose-6-P to glucose -1-P is an example ofwhich of the following reactions.

A. Phosphate transferB. IsomerisationC. DehydrationD. Aldol cleavage


129. What high energy phosphate compound is formed in the citric acid cycle through substrate level phosphorylation.

A. ATPB. TTPC. ITPD. GTP


130. Which of the following are abnormal constituents of urine?

A. GlucoseB. CreatineC. UreaD. None of the above


131. Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar:

A. GlucoseB. MaltoseC. LactoseD. SucroseRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 19

132. Which one of the following is a monosaccharide?

A. MaltoseB. SucroseC. FructoseD. Galactose


133. The end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is

A. Lactic acidB. Pyruvic acidC. Accetoacetic acidD. Oxaloacetic acid


134. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis is

A. Pyruvate carboxylaseB. Fructose 1,6 diphosphatase.C. Glucose 6 phosphataseD. Phosphonol pyruvate carboxykinase


135. The enzyme involved in the first committed step of glycolysis is

A. PhosphofructokinaseB. Glucose – 6 – phosphataseC. HexokinaseD. Enolase


136. Renal threshold for glucose isA. 80 mg%B. 100 mg%C. 180 mg/dLD. 200 mg%


137. Which one of the following is correctly matched?

A. Isocitrate to oxalosuccinate – 1ATP is formed

B. Succinyl CoA to succinate – 1 ATP is formed.

C. Succinate to furmarate – 1 ATP is formed.

D. Malate to oxaloacetate – 1ATP is formed.


138. In TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is first formed?

A. IsocitrateB. CitrateC. SuccinateD. Fumarate


139. In TCA cycle substrate level phophorylation occurs at:



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A. Succinate dehydrogenaseB. Malonate reduction C. Thiokinase D. None of the above Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 256

140. Kreb’s cycle does not occur inA. MuscleB. RBCC. HeartD. All of the above


141. In TCA cycle, citrate is converted into after losing a molecule of H2O

A. IsocitrateB. CisaconitateC. OxaloacetateD. Glutarate.


142. Which of the following is the correct sequential order in which the given enzymes of kreb’s cycle are formed by after a molecule of acetyl CoA?

A. Citrate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarateB. Ketoglurate, oxaloacetate, citrateC. Citrate, ketoglutarate, oxaloacetateD. Oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, citrate


143. Which metabolite of TCA cycle is used in detoxification of ammonia in brain?

A. α-ketoglutarateB. OrnithineC. OxaloacetateD. Glycine


144. Inhibition of glycolysis by Oknown as

A. Muni effectB. Pasteur effectC. Hill reaction D. Gluconeogenesis Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 251

145. Phosphofructokinase is the key (rate limiting ) enzymes of

A. GlycolysisB. GluconeogenesisC. Beta oxidation D. D.TCA cycle


146. In glycolysis ATP is produced by the following enzyme

A. HexokinaseB. Pyruvate kinaseC. EnolaseD. Phophohexose isomerase


147. An enzyme not involved in glycolysis is

A. EnolaseB. Phosphoglycero mutaseC. AldolaseD. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase


148. The main pathways of metabolism in brain are

A. Glycolysis and citric acid cycleB. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesisC. Embden – Meyerhof pathway and HMP

shunt pathwayD. Glycogenolysis and citric and cycle

149. McArdles disease is due to the deficiency of

A. Glucose-1-phosphataseB. Glucose-1,6 diphosphataseC. Glucose-6-phosphataseD. Myophosphorylase


150. In which type of glycogen storage disease is hyperuricemia ia feature

A. IB. IIC. IIID. IV


151. Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP

A. G6 PDB. 6 phosphogluconat dehydrogenaseC. TransketolaseD. Transaldotase


152. Galactosemia commonly is due to deficiency of

A. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

B. Galactose-1-phosphate© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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C. Glucose-1- phosphataseD. Glucose-6-phosphatase


153. sites where HMP shunts can occur include

A. WBCB. Lactating mammary glandsC. TestesD. All


154. Blood glucose levels cannto be augmented by mobilization of muscle glycogen due to lack of

A. G-6 dehydrogenaseB. G-6-phosphataseC. AldolaseD. GlucokinaseRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266

155. Glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency is seen in

A. Pomper’s diseaseB. Von Gierke’s diseaseC. McArdles syndrome D. Downs syndrome Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269

156. All are true regarding glucose-6-phosphate deficency except

A. HyperuricaemiaB. HyperglycaemiaC. Defective coricycleD. Increased mobilization of glycogen

from liver.Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269

157. HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular metabolism because it produces.

A. ATPB. ADPC. Acetyl CoAD. NADPH.


158. Which of the following is not a product ofHMP shunt;

A. NADPHB. D-fructose 6- phosphateC. D-sedoheptulose 7 phosphateD. D-glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate.Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 272

159. NADPH is generated by the action of

A. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

B. Glucose 1 phosphate dehydrogenaseC. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphate

dehydrogenase.D. All of the above


160. All these reactions take place inside the mitochondria except

A. EMF pathwayB. Kreby cycleC. Urea cycleD. Electron transfer

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 245161. Number of ATP molecules

generated in the conversion of glycogen to lactate in

A. 2B. 36C. 38D. 14

162. One molecule of acetyl CoA gives rise to ___________ ATP molecules.

A. 2B. 8C. 12D. 32


163. Which is not a oligosaccharide sugar?

A. GalactoseB. LactoseC. MaltoseD. Sucrose


164. Fructose intolerance is toA. Fructose onlyB. Fructose and glucoseC. Sucrose onlyD. Fructose and sucrose.


165. Glycogen breakdown leads to formation of

A. GlucoseB. Lactic acidC. Glucose and lactic acidD. Glycoprotein.

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 266© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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166. Dietary fibre is rich inA. Starch B. CelluloseC. CollagenD. Inulin


167. Increase in pyruvate and lactate is seen in which of the following deficiency?

A. ThiamineB. PyridoxineC. NiacinD. Vitamin C.


168. Type II glycogen storage disorder is due to deficiency of:

A. Alpha – GlucosidaseB. Alpha – GalactosidaseC. Muscle phophorylaseD. Acid lipaseRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269

169. Which one of the folloiwng enzymes provides a link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

A. Lactate dehydrogenaseB. Pyruvate Kinase C. Citrate synthaseD. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

170. Most lipogenicA. FructoseB. GlucoseC. GalactoseD. Ribose

171. The uptake of gulcose by the liver increases following a carbohydrate meal because

A. There is increase in phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase

B. GLUT – 2 is stimulated by insulin C. Glucokinase has a low Km for glucoseD. Hexokinase in liver has a high affinity

for glucose

172. Insulin increases the following pathways in liver EXCEPT

A. Fatty acid synthesis B. Glycogen synthesis C. Protein synthesis

D. Glucose synthesis

173. Which one of the following is a monosaccharide?

E. MaltoseF. SucroseG. FructoseH. Galactose


174. A sugar is characterised by its non-reducing property. It is also called cane sugar and table sugar. The sugar is

A. GlycogenB. GlucoseC. MaltoseD. Sucrose


175. Which of the following is a milk sugar?

A. GlucoseB. FructoseC. SucroseD. Lactose


176. Which of the following statements is true?

E. The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and galactose

F. The hydrolysis of maltose yields glucose and fructose.

G. The hydrolysis of sucrose yields only glucose

H. All of the above statement are true.Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 19

177. Which of the following cannot be metabolised in the body?

A. GalactoseB. SucroseC. FructoseD. Dextrose


178. Which of the following surgars exhibit invesion?

A. GlucoseB. MaltoeC. LactoseD. None of the above




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179. Inulin is a polysaccharide composed of units of –

A. Glucose B. FructoseC. SucroseD. Maltose


180. Glucose monomers in glucogen are held by

A. Alpha 1 – 4 bonds onlyB. Alpha 1 – 4 bonds, alpha 1 – 6 bondsC. Alpha 1 – 5 bonds, alpha 1 – 5 bondsD. Alpha 1 – 4 bonds, beta 1 - 4 bonds


181. A diasaccharide ( cellulose) linked by bet (1,4) glycosidic linkage is

A. Glycogen B. Cellobiose C. StarchD. None of the above


182. The rate of absorption of sugars is highest for

E. PentosesF. HexosesG. PolysaccharidesH. Oligosaccharides


183. Which of the following is a carbohydrates reserve of the body?

A. GlucoseB. StarchC. GlucogenD. Cellulose


184. The tissue with the highest glycogen content (mg/100g)

E. LiverF. MuscleG. KidneysH. Testes


185. Muscle glycogen is mainly utilised for supplying energy to

A. Liver B. HeartC. BrainD. Muscle


186. The proteins and carbohydrates of glycoproteins are held together by

A. Ether bondsB. Peptide bondsC. Hydrogen bondsD. Glycosidic bondsRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 17

187. Siallic acids are acetylated derivatives of

A. Ethanolamine B. MannoseC. Neuraminic acidD. Serine


188. Which of the following are abnormal constituents of urine?

A. Creatinine and ureaB. Glucose and ureaC. Cratinine and glucoseD. Ketone and glucose


189. Renal threshold for glucose isE. 80 mg%F. 100 mg%G. 180 mg/dLH. 200 mg%


190. The oxidation of glucose or glycogen to pyruvate and lactate by EMF pathway is called as

A. GlycolysisB. GlycogeneisC. GlycogenlysisD. The hexose monophosphate shunt


191. All these reactions take place inside the mitochondria except

E. EMF pathwayF. Kreby cycleG. Urea cycleH. Electron transfer


192. Phosphofructokinase is the key (rate limiting ) enzymes of

E. GlycolysisF. GluconeogenesisG. Beta oxidation H. D.TCA cycle



25


193. Allosteric inhibition with ATP affects

A. Phosphofructo kinaseB. Phosphoenol – pyruvaseC. G6PDD. pyruvate kinase


194. The enzyme involved in the first committed step of glycolysis is

E. PhosphofructokinaseF. Glucose – 6 – phosphataseG. HexokinaseH. Enolase


195. In glycolysis ATP is produced by the following enzyme

E. HexokinaseF. Pyruvate kinaseG. EnolaseH. Phophohexose isomerase


196. Glycolsis enzyme inhibited by flouride is

A. Phosphoglycerate mutaseB. EnolaseC. Pyruvate kinaseD. LDH


197. An enzyme not involved in glycolysis is

E. EnolaseF. Phosphoglycero mutaseG. AldolaseH. Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase


198. Insuin acts on which enzyme in glycolysis?

A. GlucokinaseB. HexokinaseC. Glucose – 6 – phosphataseD. Adenylate kinase


199. Inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of oxygen in called as [B]

A. Bohr effectB. Pasteur effectC. Kerb’s effect

D. Thomoson effectRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 251

200. The main pathways of metabolism in brain are

E. Glycolysis and citric acid cycleF. Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesisG. Embden – Meyerhof pathway and HMP

shunt pathwayH. Glycogenolysis and citric and cycle

201. The end product of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is

E. Lactic acidF. Pyruvic acidG. Accetoacetic acidH. Oxaloacetic acid


202. The ion which is important in glycolysisin

A. CaB. MgC. CuD. Zn

203. During conversion of glycerol to pyruvic acid, the first glycolytic intermediate to form is

E. 2-phosphoglyceric acidF. 3-phosphoglyceric acidG. 3-phosphoglyceraldehydesH. Dihydroxyacetone

204. Enzymes concerned with the citric acid cycle are found in the

E. NucleusF. RibosomesG. MitochondriaH. Non particular cytoplasm


205. Kreb’s cycle occurs in _______ condition

E. Aerobic F. AnaerobicG. MicroaerophilicH. Aerobic and anaerobic.


206. Kreb’s cycle does not occur inE. MuscleF. RBCG. HeartH. All of the above



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207. Which of them is multienzyme complex.

E. Pyruvate dehydrogenaseF. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseG. Succinate dehydrogenaseH. Enolase


208. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains all except

A. BiotinB. NADC. FADD. Co-A


209. In TCA cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, which in first formed?

E. IsocitrateF. CitrateG. SuccinateH. Fumarate

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p.254

210. In TCA cycle, citrate is converted into after losing a molecule of H2O

E. IsocitrateF. CisaconitateG. OxaloacetateH. Glutarate


211. Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle?

E. Oxaloacetic acidF. Glutamic acidG. Nitric acidH. None of the above


212. Which of the following is the correct sequential order in which the given enzymes of kreb’s cycle are formed by after a molecule of acetyl CoA?

E. Citrate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarateF. Ketoglurate, oxaloacetate, citrateG. Citrate, ketoglutarate, oxaloacetateH. Oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, citrate


213. In TCA, substrate level phosphorylation takes place in

E. Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoAF. Succinyl CoA to succinateG. Succinate to fumarateH. Oxaloacetate to citrate

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p.256

214. What high energy phosphate compound is formed in the citric acid cycle through substrate level phosphorylation

E. ATPF. TTPG. ITPH. GTP


215. Which one of the following is correctly matched?

E. Isocitrate to oxalosuccinate – 1ATP is formed

F. Succinyl CoA to succinate – 1 ATP is formed

G. Succinate to furmarate – 1 ATP is formed

H. Malate to oxaloacetate – 1ATP is formed


216. 1 molecule of glucose forms – molecules of pyruvate

E. 1F. 2G. 3H. 5

217. Numberof ATP molecules generated in the conversion of glycogen to lactate in

E. 2F. 36G. 38H. 14

218. One molecule of acetyl CoA gives rise to ___________ ATP molecules

E. 2F. 8G. 12H. 32


219. Which metabolite of TCA cycle is used in detoxification of ammonia in brain?

E. α-ketoglutarate© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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F. OrnithineG. OxaloacetateH. Glycine

Ref: Harper 8/E, p. 241

220. An essential for the conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver is

E. UTPF. GTPG. Pyruvate kinaseH. Guanosine


221. Glycogen synthesis is increased byE. CortisoneF. InsulinG. GHH. Epinephrine


222. Rate –limiting step of glycogenolysis is mediated by

A. PhosphorylaseB. Glucan transferaseC. Debranching enzymeD. Glucose-6-phosphatase


223. First product of glycogenolysis isE. Glucose-6-phosphateF. Glucose 1, 6 diphosphateG. Glucose-1-phosphateH. Fructose 1 phosphate


224. The conversion of glucose-6-P to glucose -1-P is an example ofwhich of the following reactions.

E. Phosphate transferF. IsomerisationG. DehydrationH. Aldol cleavage



E. GlucokinaseF. HemokinaseG. PhosphorylaseH. Glucose diphosphatase

Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 267226. Glycogenolysis in muscle does not

raise blood sugar due to lack of A. Lactate dehydrogenaseB. Pyruvate kinase

C. G-6-phosphataseD. Arginino succinase


227. Glucose can be synthesized from all except

A. Tryptophan and phenylalanineB. GlycerolC. Acetoacetate and oleic acidD. Lactic acid and propionic acid


228. Gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in which of the following organs.

A. Liver and kidneyB. Kidney and heartC. Muscle and liverD. None of the above


229. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis is

E. Pyruvate carboxylaseF. Fructose 1,6 diphosphataseG. Glucose 6 phosphataseH. Phosphonol pyruvate carboxykinase


230. Major contributors towards gluconeogenesis by

A. LactateB. GlycerolC. KetonesD. Alanine


231. The compound that can give rise to glucose by gluconeogenesis is

E. Acetyl CoAF. LactateG. Palmitic acidH. Fructose.


232. Amino acid that enters TCA cycle for gluconeogenesis and also ketogenic in nature.

A. Atenyl alanineB. AlanineC. GlycineD. Serine.

233. Glycerol is converted to glucose isA. LiverB. Muscle



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C. HeartD. Brain


234. In which type of glycogen storage disease is hyperuricemia ia feature

E. IF. IIG. IIIH. IV


235. McArdles disease is due to the deficiency of

E. Glucose-1-phosphataseF. Glucose-1,6 diphosphataseG. Glucose-6-phosphataseH. Myophosphorylase


236. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is seen is;

A. Pomper’s diseaseB. Von gierke’s diseaseC. Mc ardles syndromeD. Down’s syndrome


237. All are true regarding glucose-6-phosphate deficency EXCEPT

E. HyperuricaemiaF. HyperglycaemiaG. Defective coricycleH. Increased mobilization of glycogen

from liverRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 269 – 70

238. Galactosaemia commonly is due to deficiency of

E. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

F. Galactose-1-phosphateG. Glucose-1- phosphataseH. Glucose-6-phosphatase.


239. Which of the following is true of cytochromes?

A. They are pyridine nucleotidesB. They are riboflavin containing

nucleotides.C. Metal containing flovao proteinsD. Iron containing porphyrine.


240. The main enzymes responsible for the activation of xenobiotics in (detoxification)

E. Cytochrome P-450F. Glutathione-3-transferaseG. NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductaseH. Glucuronyl transferase.


241. sites where HMP shunts can occur include

E. liverF. WBCG. Lactating mammary glandsH. TestesI. All


242. Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP

E. G6 PDF. 6 phosphogluconat dehydrogenaseG. TransketolaseH. TransaldotaseRef: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 272

243. HMP shunt is of great importance in cellular metabolism because it produces.

E. ATPF. ADPG. Acetyl CoAH. NADPH


244. Dehydrogenases of HMP shunt are specific for

A. FADB. NADC. NADPD. FMN.


245. Which of the following is not a product ofHMP shunt

E. NADPHF. D-fructose 6- phosphateG. D-sedoheptulose 7 phosphateH. D-glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate.

246. Which one of the following enzymes of NADP as coenzyme?

A. Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate dehydrogenase

B. Lactate dehydrogenase© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

D. Beta hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.Ref: Satyanarayan 3/E, p. 274

247. NADPH is required forA. GluconeogenesisB. GlycolysisC. Fatty acid synthesisD. HMP pathway


248. RQ of dental pulp isA. 0.7B. 0.8C. 0.9D. 1

249. β -1, 4 – Glycosidic bond is p resent in

A. MaltoseB. LactoseC. Sucrose D. None of the above


250. Number of stereoisomers of glucose is

A. 4B. 8C. 16 D. None of the above


251. A homopolysaccharide made up of fructose is

A. Glycogen B. Dextrin C. Cellulose D. Insulin


252. Aglycone portion in methyl glucoside is

A. Glucose B. Methanol C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above


253. Identical osazones are formed by

A. Glucose and fructose B. Glucose and mannose C. Mannose and fructoseD. All of the above


254. Maltose can be formed by hydrolysis of

A. Starch B. Dextrin C. Glycogen D. All of the above


255. α-1, 6 – Glycosidic bond is not present in

A. Glycogen B. Dextrin C. AmylaseD. Amylopectin

Ref: Harper3/e p 288

256. Sulphated iduronic acid is present in

A. Hyaluronic acid B. Chondroitin sulphate C. Heparin D. All of the above

Ref: Harper1/e p 155-156

257. Monosaccharides can be separated by

A. Electrophoresis B. Chromatography C. Salting out D. None of the above


258. Fructose is present in hydrolysate of

A. SucroseB. Insulin C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above

Ref: Harper1/e p 155-156



30

259. N – Acetylgalactosamine sulphate is present in

A. Hylauronic acid B. Heparin C. Chondrotin sulphateD. None of the above


260. Invertase catalyses the hydrolysis of

A. Maltose B. Lactose C. SucroseD. None of the above


261. Infructofuranose, anomeric carbon atom is

A. Carbon 1B. Carbon 2C. Carbon 3D. Carbon 4


262. A carbohydrate found in DNA is

A. Ribose B. Deoxyribose C. Ribulose D. All of the above


263. A monosaccharide not having D – and L – isomers is

A. Ribose B. Deoxyribose C. Erythrose D. Dihydroxyaceptone

Ref: Harper 3/e p 279-280

264. Ribulose is a A. Ketotetrose B. Aldotetrose C. Ketopentose D. Aldopentose


265. In D – glyceraldehyde, - OH group is present on the right hand side of carbon atom number

A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 1, 2 and 3


266. A disaccharide made up of two glucose units is

A. Sucrose B. Maltose C. Lactose D. Dextrin


267. Amino sugars are present in A. Hyaluronic acid B. Chondroitin sulphateC. Erythromycin D. All of the above


268. A carbohydrate found only in milk is

A. GlucoseB. Galactose C. Lactose D. Maltose


269. A carbohydare, known commonly as invert sugar is

A. Fructose B. Sucrose C. GlucoseD. Lactose

Ref: Harper 1/e p154

270. A homopolysaccharide among the following is

A. Heparin B. Hyaluronic acid C. Dermatan sulphate D. Cellulose

Ref: Harper 3/e p291, 296-297



31

271. A heteropolysaccharide among the following is

A. Insulin B. Cellulose C. Heparin D. Dextrin

Ref: Harper 4 /e 102

272. Optical isomerism is denoted by

A. D- and L-B. d- and l-C. (+) and (-)D. Any of the above

Harper 1/e 150

273. An L-isomer of monosaccharide formed in human body is

A. L- Frucose B. L – Erythrose C. L- XyloseD. L – Xylulose

Harper 1/e 153

274. A pentose found in nucleotides is

A. D – Ribose B. L – RiboseC. D – Ribulose D. All of the above

Harper 1/e 153

275. The following causes laevorotation

A. D – FructoseB. L – Glucose C. L – Ribose D. All of the above

Harper 1/e 150

276. In straight chain structure of D – glucose, - OH group is present on left hand side of carbon atom number

A. 2B. 3C. 4

D. 5

Harper 1/e 150

277. In straight chain structure of D – glucose, - OH group is present on right hand side of carbon atom number

A. 2B. 3C. 4D. All of the above

Harper 3/e 280

278. The carbon atom which becomes asymmetric when the straight chain form of monosaccharide changes into ring form is known as

A. Anomeric carbon atom B. Epimeric carbon atom C. Isomeric carbon atom D. None of the above

Harper 1/e 151

279. In α-D- glucopyranose, - OH groups projecting below the plane of the ring, are attached to carbon atoms

A. 1, 2 and 3B. 1, 2 and 4C. 2, 3 and 4D. 1, 2 and 5

Harper 1/e 151

280. In glucopyranose, the anomeric carbon is

A. Carbon 1B. Carbon 2C. Carbon 5D. Carbon 6

Harper 1/e 151

281. The smallest monosccharide having furanose ring structure is

A. Erythrose B. Ribose C. Glucose D. Fructose



32

Harper 2/e 466-468

282. The specific rotation of α – D glucopyranose is

A. +19⁰B. +52.5⁰C. +92⁰D. +112⁰

Harper 3/e 282

283. The specific rotation of β– D glucopyranose is

A. +19⁰B. +52.5⁰C. +92⁰D. +112⁰

Harper 3/e 282

284. The ratio of α – D-glucopyranose to β – D glucopyranose at equilibrium is nearly

A. 2:1B. 1:1C. 1:2D. 1:15

Harper 3/e 282

285. The following is an epimeric pair

A. Glucose and fructose B. Glucose and galactose C. Galactose and mannose D. Lactose and maltose

Harper 1/e 151

286. Similar osazones are formed by

A. Glucose and mannoseB. Mannose and galactose C. Glucose and galactoseD. None of the above

Harper 4/e 99

287. α – Glycosidic bond is present in

A. Lactose B. Maltose C. Sucrose D. All of the above

Harper 1/e 155

288. Branching occurs in glycogen approximately after every

A. Five glucose unitsB. Ten glucose units C. Fifteen glucose units D. Twenty glucose units

Harper 2/e 472

289. Mucopolysaccharides are also known as

A. MucoproteinsB. Glycoproteins C. Glycosaminoglycans D. Homopolysaccharides

Harper 1/e 156

290. N – Acetylglucosamine is present in

A. Hyaluronic acid B. Chondroitin sulphate C. Glycosaminoglycans D. Homopolysacchrides

Harper 3/e 282

291. α-Iduronic acid is present in A. hyaluronic acid B. Chondroitin sulphateC. Dermatan sulphateD. Keratin sulphate

Harper 3/e 703-704

292. Iodine gives a red colour with

A. Starch B. Dextrin C. Glycogen D. Insulin

Harper 4/e 102

293. Amylase is a constituent ofA. Starch B. Cellulose C. Glycogen D. None of the above

Harper 1/e 155



33

294. A homopolymer of glucose isA. Starch B. Dextrin C. Glycogen D. All of the above

Harper 1/e 155

295. Synovial fluid contains A. Heparin B. Hyaluronic acid C. Chondroitin sulphateD. Keratan sulphate

Harper 1/e 703-704

296. Glycolytic pathway is located in

A. Mitochondria B. CytosolC. MicrosomesD. Nucleus

Ref: 1/e, p.191

297. End product of aerobic glycolysis isA. Acetyl coaB. LactateC. PyruvateD. CO2 and H2O

Ref: 1/e, p. 194

298. During fasting glucose is phosphorylated mainly byA. HexokinaseB. GlucokinaseC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of above

Ref: 1/e, p. 191

299. The following is an inducible enzymeA. GlucokinaseB. HexokinseC. Phosphohexose isomeraseD. Aldose

Ref: 1/e, p. 191

300. Glucokinase is found inA. MusclesB. Brain

C. LiverD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 191

301. Fluoride ions inhibitsA. AldolaseB. EnolaseC. GlucokinaseD. Pyruvate kinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

302. During aerobic glycolysis energy yield from each molecule of glucose isA. 2 ATP equivalentsB. 8 ATP equivalentsC. 10 ATP equivalentsD. 30 ATP equivalents

Ref: 1/e, p. 198

303. In anerobic glycolysis, energy yield from each molecule of glucose isA. 2 ATP equivalentsB. 8 ATP equivalentsC. 30 ATP equivalentsD. 38 ATP equivalents

Ref: 1/e, p. 198

304. The reaction catalysed by the following enzyme is freely reversibleA. HexokinaseB. Phosphohexose isomeraseC. Pyruvate kinaseD. Phosphofructokinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

305. The following is an allosteric enzymeA. Phosphohexose isomeraseB. Phosphotriose ismomeraseC. Lactate dehdyrogenaseD. Phosphofructokinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

306. The following is into an allosteric enzyme A. GlucokinaseB. HexokinaseC. PhosphofructokinaseD. Pyruvate kinase



34

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

307. Glycolysis is always anaerobic inA. LiverB. BrainC. KidneysD. Erythrocytes

Ref: 1/e, p. 195

308. Phosphofructokinase is allosterically inhibited byA. Fructose – 1, 6 phosphateB. LactateC. PyruvateD. Citrate

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

309. Glucose – 6 phosphate is an allosteric inhibitor of A. GlucokinaseB. HexokinaseC. Phsophohexose isomeraseD. None of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

310. The following is an allosteric enzymes A. HexokinaseB. PhosphofructokinaseC. Pyruvate kinaseD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 212-213

311. ATP is a co-substrate as well as an allosteric inhibitor ofA. PhosphofructokinaseB. HexokinaseC. CitrateD. Alanine

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

312. Pyruvate kinase is inhibited byA. Enot pyruvateB. LactateC. CitrateD. Alanine

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

313. Complete oxidation of one molecules of glucose in to CO2 and H2O yieldsA. 8 ATP equivalentsB. 15 ATP equivalentsC. 30 ATP equivalentsD. 38 ATP equivalents

Ref: 1/e, p. 198

314. A substrate linked phosphorylation in glycolysis is catalysed byA. HexokinaseB. PhosphofructokinaseC. Phosphoglycerate kinaseD. Pyruvate kinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 194

315. A unique by product of glycolysis in erythrocytes isA. LactateB. 1,3 biphosphateC. 2,3 biphosphateD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 195

316. When glycolysis occurs in erythrocytes via 2,3-biphosphoglycerate, the net energy from one molecule of glucose isA. ZeroB. 2 ATP equivalentsC. 4 ATP equivalentsD. 8 ATP equivalents

Ref: 1/e, p. 195

317. Inorganic phosphate is incorporated in the substrate byA. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

dehydrogenaseB. Phosphoglycerate kinaseC. Pyruvate kinaseD. Enolase

Ref: 1/e, p. 193

318. Biphosphoglycerate mutase is present inA. LiverB. MusclesC. BrainD. Erythrocytes



35

Ref: 1/e, p. 195

319. Glycerol can enter glycolytic pathway viaA. Dihydroxyacetone phosphateB. 1,3 biphosphoglycerteC. 3-phosphoglycerateD. 2-phosphoglycerate

Ref: 1/e, p.210

320. Enzymes of hexose monophosphate shunt are present inA. MitochondriaB. CytosolC. LysosomesD. Microsomes

Ref: 1/e, p.219

321. HMP shunt is present inA. ErythrocytesB. CytosolC. TestesD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 221

322. In Hmp Shunt reducing equivalents are accepted byA. NADB. NADPC. FMND. FAD

Ref: 1/e, p. 219

323. HMP shunt producesA. ATPB. NADHC. NADHD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 221

324. Glucose – 6- phosphate dehydrogenase is induced byA. 6-phosphoglyconolactoseB. Glucose – 6 phosphateC. Ribose-5-phosphateD. Insulin

Ref: 1/e, p. 221

325. The decarboxylation reaction in HMP shunt is catalysed byA. Gluconolactone hydrolaseB. 6-phosphogluconate decarboxylaseC. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseD. Transaldolse

Ref: 1/e, p. 220

326. The first pentose formed in HMP shunt isA. Ribose – 5- phosphateB. Ribulose-5-phosphateC. Xylose – 5- phosphateD. Xylulose-5-phosphate

Ref: 1/e, p. 220

327. The coenzyme for transketolase isA. NADPB. NADC. Thiamin pyrophosphateD. No coenzyme is required

Ref: 1/e, p. 221

328. The number of NADP molecules reduced per molecule of glucose 6 phosphate converted into ribulose 5 phosphate isA. OneB. TwoC. SixD. Twelve

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

329. The regulatory enzyme in HMP shunt isA. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenaseB. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of the above

Ref: 1/e, p.221

330. The rate of HMP shunt reactions isA. Increase by insulinB. Increased in diabetes mellitusC. Increased by glucagonD. Increased in starvation

Ref: 1/e, p.212© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


36

331. The coenzymes required in HMP shunt are formed fromA. Thiamin and pyridoxineB. Niacin and pyridoxineC. Thiamin and niacinD. Niacin and folic acid

Ref: 1/e, p.220-221

332. Glycogenesis requiresA. GTPB. CTPC. UTPD. None of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 200

333. Substrate for glycogen synthase are glycogen the formation ofA. GlucoseB. UDP-glucoseC. Glucose-1-phosphateD. Glucose 6 phosphate

Ref: 1/e, p. 200

334. Glycogen synthetase catalyses the formation ofA. A-1, 4 glycosidic bondsB. A-1, 6- glycosidic bondsC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 200

335. The energy spent for addition of each glucose units to the glycogen primer isA. One ATP equivalentB. Two ATP equivalentsC. Three ATP equivalentsD. Four ATP equivalents

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

336. Glycogenesis is increased byA. GlucagonB. InsulinC. EpinephrineD. Camp

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

337. Glycogen synthetase is activated by

A. PhosphorylationB. AdenylationC. DephosphorylationD. Deadenylation

Ref: 1/e, p. 204

338. Hepatic glycogenolysis is increased byA. InsulinB. GlucagonC. EpinephrineD. Glucocorticoids

Ref: 1/e, p. 205

339. Glycogen phosphorylase hydrolysesA. A-1, 6 glycosidic bondsB. A-1, 4 glycosidic bondsC. B-1,4 glycosidic bondsD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

340. Glycogen phosphorylase liberates the following from glycogenA. GlucoseB. Glucose – 6 – phosphataseC. Glucose – 1-phosphateD. Maltose

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

341. After the action of phosphorylase glycogen is converted intoA. AmylopectinB. Limit dextrinC. AmylaseD. Maltose

Ref: 1/e, p. 206

342. A-1, 6-Glycosidic bonds of glycogen are hydrolysed byA. Amylo 1,4 - 1,6 transgluocosidaseB. Debranching enzymeC. IsomaltaseD. Amylase

Ref: 1/e, p. 202

343. Amylo-1 6 glucosidase liberates the following from glycogenA. Glucose 1 phosphate



37

B. Glucose 6 phosphateC. MaltoseD. Glucose

Ref: 1/e, p. 200-01

344. Glucose 1 phosphate liberated from glycogen cannot be converted into free glucose inA. LiverB. KidneysC. MusclesD. Brain

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

345. During glycogenesis glucose 1 phosphate and glucose are liberated in the ratio of approximatelyA. 30:1B. 24:1C. 10:1D. 1:1

Ref: 2/e, p. 588

346. A coenzyme present in muscle phosphorylase isA. NADB. Pyridoxal phosphateC. Thiamin pyrophosphateD. Coenzyme A

Ref: 1/e, p. 202

347. Generally glycogenesis in muscles is immediately followed byA. GlycolysisB. GluconeogenesisC. HMP shuntD. Lipogenesis

Ref: 1/e, p. 199

348. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycgenolysis in muscles is oxidized to CO2 and H2O the energy yield will beA. 38 ATP equivalentB. 8 ATP equivalentC. 39 ATP equivalentD. 2 ATP equivalent

Ref: 3/e, p. 415-416, 497

349. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycogenesis in muscles is catabolised to lactate, the energy yield will beA. 2 ATP equivalentB. 3 ATP equivalentC. 4 ATP equivalentD. 8 ATP equivalent

Ref: 1/e, p. 198

350. If glucose 1 phosphate formed by glycogenolysis in muscles is oxidized to pyruvate, the energy yield will be A. 2 ATP equivalentB. 3 ATP equivalentC. 8 ATP equivalentD. 9 ATP equivalent

Ref: 1/e, p. 198

351. A molecule of phosphorylation kinase is made up ofA. 4 subunitsB. 8 subunitsC. 12 subunitsD. 16 subunits

Ref: 1/e, p. 202

352. In the active form of phosphorylation kinasesA. A and β subunits are phosphorylatedB. A and subunits are not

phosphorylatedC. Γ and δ subunits are phosphorylatedD. Γ and δ subunits are not phosphorylated

Ref: 1/e, p. 204

353. The following subunits of phorylase kinase bind calcium ionsA. Α subunitsB. Β subunitsC. Γ subunitsD. Δ subunits

Ref: 1/e, p. 204

354. The catalytic activity of phosphorylase kinase is presentA. Α subunitsB. Β subunits



38

C. Γ subunitsD. Δ subunits

Ref: 1/e, p. 204

355. The calcium bound δ subunits of phosphorylase kinase are identical in structure toA. ActinB. MyosinC. CalmodulinD. Prothrombin

Ref: 1/e, p. 204

356. Camp dependent proteins kinase phosphorylation A. Glycogen synthetase aB. Phosphorylation kinase b]C. Inhibitor ID. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 204-205

357. Cyclic AMP binds toA. MyocardiumB. KidneysC. EyrthrocytesD. Thrombocytes

Ref: 1/e, p. 202

358. Glycerol 3 phosphate for the synthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue is derived fromA. Phosphotidic acidB. DiacylglycerolC. GlycerolD. Glucose

Ref: 1/e, p. 279

359. Gluconeogenesis occurs inA. Adipose tissueB. MusclesC. KidneysD. Brain

Ref: 1/e, p. 208

360. Glucose cannot be synthesized fromA. GlutamateB. AspirateC. AlanineD. Leucine

Ref: 1/e, p. 324

361. Reactions of gluconeogenesis occur isA. Cytosol onlyB. Mitochondria onlyC. Cytosol and mitochondriaD. Cytosol and microsomes

Ref: 1/e, p. 208-209

362. Coenyzmes for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase isA. ATPB. ADPC. GTPD. GDP

Ref: 1/e, p. 208

363. Pyruvate carboxylase is present inA. CytosolB. MitochondriaC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 208

364. Synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate is accompanied by oxidation ofA. One molecule of NADPHB. One molecule of NADHC. Two molecule of NADPHD. Two molecule of NADH

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

365. Energy spent during synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two molecule of lactate isA. 2 ATP equivalentB. 4 ATP equivalentC. 6 ATP equivalentD. 10 ATP equivalent

Ref: 1/e, p. 209



39

366. During synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two molecules of glycerol, two molecules ofA. NADPH are oxidizedB. NADH are oxidizedC. NADP are reducedD. NAD are reduced

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

367. A gluconeogenic enzyme among the following isA. PhosphofructokinaseB. Pyruvate kinaseC. Phosphoenol pyruvate

carboxykinaseD. Glucokinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

368. Glucose 6 phosphatase and PEP carboxykinase are regulated byA. Covalent modificationB. Allosteric regulationC. Induction and repressionD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

369. Regulation of gluconeogenesis is reciprocal to that ofA. GlycogenesisB. GlycogenolysisC. GlycolysisD. HMP shunt

Ref: 1/e, p. 211

370. Gluconeogenesis is decreased byA. GlucagonB. EpinephrineC. GlucocorticoidsD. Insulin

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

371. Lactate formed in muscles can be utilized throughtA. Rapoport luebering cycleB. Glucose alanine cycleC. Cort cycle

D. Citric acid cycle

Ref: 1/e, p. 214

372. Pyruvate formed in muscles can be used for gluconeogenesis in liver throughA. Rapoport luebering cycleB. Glucose alanine cycleC. Cort cycleD. Citric acid cycle

Ref: 1/e, p. 214

373. Glucose 6 phosphate is not present inA. Liver and kidneysB. Kidneys and musclesC. Kidneys and adipose tissueD. Muscles and adipose tissue

Ref: 1/e, p. 210

374. Cobamides are required as coenzyme for gluconeogenesis fromA. LactateB. PyruvateC. Succinyl coaD. Propionyl coa

Ref: 1/e, p. 210

375. Pyruvate carboxylase is regulated byA. InductionB. RepressionC. Allosteric regulationD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

376. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphate is an allosteric regulator of A. PhosphofructokinaseB. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphataseC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of above

Ref: 1/e, p. 212



40

377. Fructose 2, 6 - bisphosphate is formed by the action of A. Phosphofructokinase IB. Phosphofructokinase 2C. Fructose bisphosphate isomeraseD. Fructose – 1, 6 biphosphatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 213

378. Phosphofructokinase 2 is regulated byA. Allosteric mechanism and inductionB. Covalent modification and allosteric

mechanismC. Induction and repressionD. Repression and derepression

Ref: 1/e, p. 213

379. The coenzyme for UDP glucose dehydrogenase isA. NADB. NADPC. FADD. Lipoic acid

Ref: 1/e, p. 213

380. UDP glucuronide acid is needed to synthesisA. Hyaluronic acidB. Chondroth sulphateC. HeparinD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 224

381. In the polyol pathway glucose is converted intoA. GlycerolB. DulcitolC. SorbitolD. Mannitol

Ref: 1/e, p. 223

382. In the polyol pathway glucose is converted intoA. GlycerolB. Dulcitol

C. SorbitolD. Mannitol

Ref: 1/e, p. 228

383. The highest concentration of fructose are found inA. Aqueous humorB. Vitreous humorC. Synovial fluidD. Seminal fluid

Ref: 1/e, p. 226

384. Glucose uptake by liver cells isA. Energy dependentB. Mediated by GLUT4C. Sodium dependentD. Insulin independent

Ref: 1/e, p. 215-216

385. A decrease in tubular reabsorption of glucose results inA. HypoglycaemiaB. HyperlgycaemiaC. Renal glycosuriaD. Alimentary glycosuria

Ref: 1/e, p. 217

386. Active uptake of glucose by renal tubules is inhibited byA. OuabainB. PhlorrizinC. DigoxinD. Alloxan

Ref: 1/e, p. 217

387. Insulin receptors are down regulated inA. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitusB. Protein deficiencyC. StarvationD. Obesity

Ref: 1/e, p. 622



41

388. Glucose 6 phosphatase is absent or deficient inA. Von Gierbe ‘s diseaseB. Pompe’s diseaseC. Cori’s diseaseD. Mcardie’s disease

Ref: 1/e, p.208

389. Debranching enzyme is absent inA. Cort’s diseaseB. Andersen’s diseaseC. Von Gierbe’s diseaeD. Her’s disease

Ref: 1/e, p.206

390. Amylopectinosis occurs due to absence of deficiency ofA. PhosphorylaseB. Glycogen synthetaseC. Branching enzymeD. Debranching enzyme

Ref: 1/e, p. 206

391. In congenital absence of debranching enzymeA. Amylopectin is deposited in tissuesB. Limit dextrin is deposited in tissuesC. Glycogen accumulates in tissuesD. Glycogen stores are decreased

Ref: 1/e, p. 206

392. Congenital phosphofructokinase deficiency causesA. HypoglycaemiaB. KetosisC. Diminished exercise toleranceD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 206

393. Mcardle’s disease is due to deficiency ofA. Glucose 6 phosphateB. PhosphofructokinaseC. Liver phosphorylase

D. Muscle phosphorylase

Ref: 1/e, p. 206

394. Congential galactosaemia is due to absence or deficiency ofA. Lactose synthetaseB. Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridyl

transferaseC. HexokinaseD. Aldose reductase

Ref: 1/e, p. 229

395. Hereditary fructose intolerance occurs due to absence or deficiency ofA. Fructokinase B. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphataseC. AldolaseD. Aldolase B

Ref: 1/e, p. 225

396. Fructokinase is congenitally absent inA. Hereditary fructose intoleranceB. FructosaemiaC. Essential fructosuriaD. Her’s disease

Ref: 1/e, p. 225

397. In essential pentosuria, urine containsA. D-RiboseB. D-xyluloseC. L-xyluloseD. D-xylose

Ref: 1/e, p. 224

398. Hurier’s syndrome is due to deficiency ofA. A-L-IduronidaseB. Iduronate sulphataseC. B-galactosidaseD. Arylsulphatase A

Ref: 1/e, p. 705© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


42

399. Action of salivary amylase on starch leads to the formation ofA. MaltoseB. MaltotrioseC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 668

400. Glucose 6 phosphate and glucose 1 phosphate can be interconverted byA. Glucose phosphate isomeraseB. Phosphohexose isomeraseC. Glucose phosphate racemaseD. Phosphoglucomutase

Ref: 1/e, p.199

401. Congenital galactosaemia can lead toA. Mental retardationB. Premature cataract C. DeathD. All of the above

Ref: 2/e, p.493

402. Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) isA. Required for metabolism of galactoseB. Required for synthesis of glucuronic

acid C. A substrate for glycogen synthetase D. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 199, 224, 226

403. Hexose monophosphate shunt providesA. Glucose 1 phosphate for glycogen

synthesisB. Glycerol 3 phosphat for triglyceride

synthesisC. NADPH for fatty acid synthesisD. Glucuronic acid for mucopolyusi

Ref: 1/e, p. 220-221

404. Glucogenesis requiresA. Uridine diphosphate galacatose

B. Glycogen synthetaseC. Branching enzymeD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 200

405. Catalytic activity of salivary amylase requires the presence ofA. Chloride ionsB. Bromide ionsC. Iodide ionsD. Any of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 668

406. Disaccharides can be hydrolysed by enzymes presence inA. SalivaB. Pancreatic juiceC. BileD. Succus entericus

Ref: 1/e, p. 668-9

407. The following is actively absorbed in the intestineA. Fructose B. MannoseC. GalactoseD. None of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 667

408. An amphibotic pathway among the following isA. HMP shuntB. GlycolysisC. Citric acid cycleD. Gluconeogenesis

Ref: 1/e, p. 187

409. A reaction of glycolytic pathway which in spontaneous in the conversion ofA. Glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6

phosphataseB. 3 phosphoglycerate into

phosphoglycerateC. 2 phosphoglycerate into enolpyruvateD. Enolpyruvate into pyruvate



43

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

410. GTP is required in the reaction catalysed byA. Pyruvate carboxylaseB. PEP carboxykinaseC. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphataseD. Glucose 6 phsophatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

411. ATP is required in the reaction catalysed byA. Pyruvate carbxylaseB. PEP carboxykinaseC. Fructose 1 6 biphosphataseD. Glucose 6 phsophatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

412. For the synthesis of hexosamines amino group is provided byA. AmmoniaB. GlutamateC. GlutamineD. Asparagus

Ref: 1/e, p. 228

413. Deficiency of inhibition of fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is expected to impairA. Utilization of dietary fructoseB. Oxidation of glucose to pyruvateC. Synthesis of glucose from pyruvateD. None of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

414. Intestinal digestion of lactose yieldsA. Glucose and galactoseB. Glucose and fructoseC. Glucose and mannoseD. Galactose and mannose

Ref: 1/e, p. 669415. The substrate for invertase is

A. LactoseB. MaltoseC. Sucrose

D. Dextrin

Ref: 2/e, p. 471

416. Lactose intolerance can occur due to deficiency ofA. GalactokinaseB. UDP – galactose 4 epimeraseC. Galactase 1 phosphatase uridyl

transferaseD. Lactase

Ref: 1/e, p. 669

417. All the following statements about phosphofructokinase are true followingA. Its (s) versus velocity plot is hyperbolic

at low ATP concentration B. Its (s) versus velocity plot is sigmoidal

at igh ATP concentrationC. A rise is ATP concentration lowers

the Km of the enzyme for fructose 6 phosphate

D. AMP is its allosteric activator

Ref: 2/e, p. 493

418. All the following statements about fructose 2, 6 biphosphate are true exceptA. It is formed fructose 1, 6

biphosphateB. It is degraded to fructose 6 phosphateC. It activates phosphofructokinaseD. It inhibits fructose 1, 6

biphofructokinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 213

419. ATP decreases the activity of all of the following exceptA. PhosphofructokinaseiB. Pyruvate kinaseC. Pyruvate 1, 6 biphosphataseD. Private dehydrogenase

Ref: 1/e, p. 212



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420. Insulin increases the synthesis of all of the following exceptA. Glucose 6 phosphataseB. Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydrogenaseC. 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenaseD. ATP citrate lyase

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

421. Insulin represses the synthesis of all of the following exceptA. Pyruvate carboxylaseB. PEP carboxykinaseC. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphataseD. Phosphofructokinase I

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

422. Glucokinase differs from hexokinase in the following respectA. It has greater substrate specificityB. It has lower km for glucoseC. It acts mainly in fasting stateD. It is inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate

Ref: 1/e, p. 191

423. Cori cycle transfersA. Glucose from muscles to liverB. Lactate from muscles to liverC. Lactate from liver to musclesD. Pyruvate from liver to muscles

Ref: 1/e, p. 214

424. Inorganic phosphate is required as a reactant in the reaction catalysed byA. HexokinaseB. PhosphofructokinaseC. Glyceralehyde 3 phosphate

dehydrogenaseD. Enolase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

425. Excessive intake of ethanol increase the ratioA. NADH : NAD+B. NAD+: NADHC. FADH2 : FADD. FAD : FADH2

Ref: 1/e, p. 278

426. Ethanol decreases gluconeogenesis byA. Inhibiting glucose 6 phosphataseB. Inhibiting PEP carboxykinaseC. Converting NAD+ into NADH and

decreasing the availability of pyruvate

D. Converting NAD+ into NADH and decreasing the availability of lactate

Ref: 6/e, p. 99

427. Glycogenin isA. Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylationB. Polymer of glycogen moleculesC. Protein primes for glycogen

synthesisD. Intermediate in glycogen breakdown

Ref: 1/e, p. 199

428. Glucosylation occurs at the following residue or glycogeninA. TyrosineB. ScrineC. ThreonineD. Hydroproline

Ref: 1/e, p. 682

429. Oligosaccharide pyrophoshoryl dolichol is required for the synthesis ofA. N-linked glycoproteinB. O-linked glycoproteinC. GPI linked glycoproteinD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 681

430. In O linked glycoproteins, oligosaccharide is attached too protein through isA. Serine of threonine residueB. Tyrosine residueC. Hydroxyproline residueD. Hydroxylysine residue



45

Ref: 1/e, p. 681

431. In N-linked glycoproteins, oligosaccharide is attached to protein through isA. Asparagine residueB. Glutamine residueC. Arginine residueD. Lysine residue

Ref: 1/e, p. 681

432. Apart from liver,glucokinase is present isA. Intestinal mucosaB. Pancreatic islet cellsC. Renal tubular cellsD. Erythrocytes

Ref: 1/e, p. 191

433. Glycolysis in erythrocytes is anaerobic becauseA. NADH is used to reduce glutathione in

erythrocytesB. Erythrocytes lack mitochondriaC. Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin in

erythrocytesD. 2,3 biphosphoglycerate is bound to

haemoglobin in mitochondria

Ref: 1/e, p. 191

434. ATP is converted into ADP in reactions catalysed byA. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinaseB. Phosphofructokinase and

phosphoglycerate kinaseC. Hexokinase and

phosphofructokinaseD. Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate

kinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

435. ADP is converted into ATP in reactions catalysed byA. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase

B. Phosphofructose and phosphoglycerate kinase

C. Hexokinase and phosphofructokinaseD. Phosphoglycerate kinase and

pyruvate kinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

436. During dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, reducing equivalence are accepted byA. NADB. NADPC. FMND. FAD

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

437. Iodoacetate inhibitsA. AldolaseB. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphatase

dehydrogenaseC. Phophoglycerate mutaseD. Enolase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

438. If glycolysis occurs in the presence of arsenateA. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

dehydrogenase is inhibitedB. Phosphoglycerate kinase is inhibitedC. 1 arseno 3 phoshoglycerate is

formedD. Energy yield remains unaffected

Ref: 1/e, p. 194

439. All the following statements about biphosphoglycerate mutase and 2, 3 biphosphoglycerate kinase are correct exceptA. They catalyse reversible reactionsB. They are present in erythrocytesC. Their sequential action bypasses

phosphoglycerate kinaseD. These two activities are present in the

same enzyme



46

Ref: 1/e, p. 195

440. Energy is spent in the following phase of glycolysisA. Glucose Fructose 1, 6

biphosphateB. Fructose -1, 6 biphosphate

glyceraldehyde – 3 phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

C. Glyceraldehyde – 3 phosphatase pyruvate

D. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

441. Energy is captured in the following phase of glycolysisA. Glucose Fructose 1, 6 biphosphateB. Fructose -1, 6 biphosphate

glyceraldehyde – 3 phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

C. Glyceraldehyde – 3 phosphatase pyruvate

D. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

442. The enzyme which splits a 6 carbon compound into two 3 carbon compounds in glycolysis isA. EnolaseB. Phosphotriose isomeraseC. AldolaseD. Phosphoglycerate mutase

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

443. The correct sequence of intermediates in glycolysis isA. 1, 3 – biphosphoglycerate 3

phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate

B. 1, 3 – biphosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate

C. 1, 3 – biphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate 3phosphoenolpyruvate

D. Biphosphoglycerate 1.3 phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoenolpyruvate

Ref: 1/e, p. 192

444. Glucose 1, 6 biphosphate is formed as an intermediate during the reaction catalysed byA. GlucokinaseB. UDP glucose pyrophosphorylaseC. PhosphoglucomutaseD. Glucose 6 phosphatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 199

445. Glucogen synthesase α is phosphorylated byA. Camp-dependent protein kinaseB. Calmodulin dependent protein kinaseC. Glycogen synthesis kinaseD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 205

446. The regulatory enzyme in glycogenesis isA. Udp glucose pyrophosphorylaseB. Glycogen synthetaseC. Branching enzymeD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

447. The regulatory enzyme in glycogenolysis isA. PhosphorylaseB. Glucan transferaseC. Debranching enzymeD. Glucose 6 phosphatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

448. Regulation of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis isA. SynchronotisB. ReciprocalC. Mediated by campD. All of the above



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Ref: 1/e, p. 206

449. Between meals, blood glucose level can be maintained byA. Glycogenolysis in liverB. Glycogenolysis in musclesC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

450. A difference between phosphorylase and debranching enzyme isA. Phosphorylase acts on α 1,6 bonds while

branching enzyme acts on α-1,4 bondsB. Phosphorylase liberates free glucose

while debranching enzyme liberates glucose -1 phosphate

C. Debranching enzyme catalyses the rate – limiting step of glycogenolysis while phosphorylation does not

D. None of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 201

451. Inorganic phosphate is required as a reactant in the reaction catalysed byA. Glycogen SynthetaseB. Branching enzymesC. PhosphorylaseD. Debranching enzyme

Ref: 1/e, p. 200

452. Glucagon can affect the rate of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis inA. Liver and skeletal muscleB. Liver and heart muscleC. Skeletal and heart musclesD. Liver only

Ref: 1/e, p. 200

453. In liverA. Glycogenin is present in the centre of

each glycogen moleculeB. Glycogenin is not required for

glycogenesisC. The number of glycogenin molecules

exceeds the number of glycogen molecules

D. The number of glycogen molecules exceeds the number of glycogen molecules

Ref: 1/e, p. 199

454. All the following statements about pyruvat carboxylase are correct exceptA. It takes part in gluconeogenesisB. It is present in mitochondria C. It is activated by acetyl coaD. It is inhibited by ATP

Ref: 1/e, p. 199

455. All of the following enzymes are required to convert lactate into phosphoenol pyruvate exceptA. Pyruvate kinaseB. Pyruvate carboxylaseC. Phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinaseD. Lactate dehydrogenase

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

456. All the following enzymes are required to synthesise glucose from oxaloacetate exceptA. Pyruvate carboxylateB. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinaseC. Fructose – 1, 6 biphosphataseD. Glucose 6 phosphatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 208

457. All the following enzymes are required to synthesized glucose from glycerol exceptA. Glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenaseB. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinaseC. Fructose 1 6 biphosphataseD. Glucose 6 phosphatase

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

458. Energy barriers for gluconeogenesis include all the following exceptA. Pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvateB. 3 phosphoglycerate to 1.3

biphosglycerateC. Fructose 1,6 biphosphate to fructose 6

phosphataseD. Glucose 6 phosphate to glucose

Ref: 1/e, p. 208



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459. A simple reversal of glycolysis of synthesis glucose from pyruvate or lactate is not possible becauseA. Free energy is liberated in some of

the glycolytic reactionsB. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occur in

different tissuesC. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occur in

different compartments of the cellD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 208

460. Gluconeogenic enzymeA. Circumvent the energy barriers in

glycolysisB. Are present in mitochondriaC. Catalyse endergonic reactionsD. Are regulated by covalent modifications

Ref: 1/e, p. 208-210

461. Energy is spent in the gluconeogenic reactions catalysed byA. Pyruvate carboxylase and fructose 1,

biphosphataseB. Glucose 6 phosphatase and fructose 1 ,

6 biphosphataseC. Pyruvate carboxylase and

phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase

D. Glucose 6 phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 208

462. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is inhibited by all of the following exceptA. Fructose 1 6 biphosphateB. Fructose 2, 6 biphosphateC. ATPD. AMP

Ref: 1/e, p. 209

463. Glucose 6 phosphate is allosterically inhibited byA. GlucoseB. Glucose 6 phosphateC. ATPD. None of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 212

464. In human beings phosphoenolypruvate carboxykinase is present inA. CytosolB. MitochondriaC. Both of the aboveD. Neither of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 210

465. Fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase is present in all of the following exceptA. LiverB. KidneyC. Striated musclesD. Smooth muscles

Ref: 1/e, p. 210

466. A bifunctional enzyme that plays an important role in regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis possesses the following catalytic activitiesA. Glucokinase and glucose 6 phosphataseB. Phosphofructokinase 1 and fructose 1 6

biphsophataseC. Phosphofructokinase 2 and fructose

2,6 biphosphataseD. Pyruvate kinase and

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Ref: 1/e, p. 213

467. Camp dependent protein kinase phosphorylation and A. Inactivates pyruvate kinaseB. Activates fructose 2, 6 biphosphataseC. Inactivates phosphafructokinase 2D. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. , 211, 213

468. All the following statements about sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT 1) are correct exceptA. It is present in muscles and adipose

tissueB. It cause achieve uptake of glucose

against its concentration gradientC. It transports sodium down its

concentration gradient D. It is insulin independent

Ref: 1/e, p. 215© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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469. Glucose transporter present in small intestine isA. SGLT 1B. GLUT 2C. GLUT 5D. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p. 215

470. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine throughA. SGLTB. GLUT 3C. GLUT 4D. GLUT 5

Ref: 1/e, p. 669

471. All the following statements about intestinal fructose absorption are correct exceptA. It is absorbed by facilitated diffusionB. Its absorption depends upon sodium

gradientC. It enters the mucosal cell through GLUT

5D. It enters the capillaries from mucosal

cells through GLUT 2

Ref: 1/e, p. 667

472. All the following statements about intestinal glucose absorption are exceptA. It is absorbed against its concentration

gradientB. Rate of its absorption is proportional to

sodium gradientC. Its active absorption is enchanced

by insulinD. Energy is spent during active uptake of

glucose to expel sodium ions

Ref: 1/e, p.529, 667

473. Uptake of glucose by musclesA. Occurs by an active transport

mechanismB. Is energy dependentC. Is linked to sodium uptakeD. Is enchanced by insulin

Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216

474. GLUT 4

A. Is present in adipose tissueB. Facilitates diffusion of glucoseC. Is transferred from cytosol to the cell

membrane by insulinD. Is enchaned by insulin

Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216

475. All the following statements about GLUT 4 are correct exceptA. It is present in muscles and adipose

musclesB. It is a trans-membrane and proteinC. It mediates energy dependant uptake of

glucoseD. Number of GLUT 4 molecules in the

cell membrane is increased by insulin

Ref: 1/e, p. 215, 216

476. A coenzyme required by transketose as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex isA. Thiamin pyrophosphateB. Lipoic acidC. FADD. NAD

Ref: 1/e, p. 195, 221

477. Glycolysis and HMP shunt have the following similarityA. Glucose 6 phosphate is an

intermediate in bothB. Ribose 5 phosphate is an intermediate

in bothC. NAD is reduced in bothD. ATP is formed in both

Ref: 1/e, p. 221

478. Intermediates common to glycolysis and HMP shunt include all the following exceptA. Glucose 6 phosphateB. Xylulose 5 phosphateC. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphateD. Fructose 6 phosphate

Ref: 1/e, p. 192, 222

479. Fructose 6 phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate formed in



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the glycolytic pathway can be used to synthesise ribose 5 phosphate if the following enzymes are also present in the cellA. Transketotase and transaldolaseB. Transketolase and ribose 5 phosphate

ketoisomeraseC. Transaldolase and ribose 5 phosphate

ketoisomeraseD. Transladolase and ribulose 5 phosphate

3 epimerase

Ref: 1/e, p. 221, 223

480. NADPH formed in HMP shunt in erythrocytes can be used to detoxity hydrogen peroxide if the following is availableA. GlutathioneB. Glutathione reductaseC. Glutathione peroxidaseD. All of the above

Ref: 1/e, p, 223

481. All the following statements about fructokinases are correct exceptA. It is present in liverB. It has a low Km for fructoseC. It converts fructose into fructose 6

phosphateD. Its activity is not affected by insulin

Ref: 1/e, p, 225

482. Acute loading of liver with fructose may cause all of the following exceptA. FructosaemiaB. HypertriglyceridaemiaC. HypercholesterolaemiaD. Hyperuricaemia

Ref: 1/e, p, 227

483. Cataract occurs in congenital galactosaemia due to accumulation of the following in lensA. GalactoseB. Galactose 1 phosphateC. GalactitolD. Sorbitol

Ref: 1/e, p, 229

484. Normal range of fasting plasma glucose isA. 65-110 mmmol/litreB. 65-110 mg/dlC. 80-120 mmmol/litreD. 80-120 mg/dl

Ref: 1/e, p, 869

485. A unidirectional transporter of glucose isA. GLUT 2B. GLUT 3C. GLUT 4D. SGLT 1

Ref: 1/e, p 215

486. Blood glucose level is increased by all of the following exceptA. GlucagonB. GlucocorticoidsC. InsulinD. Epinephrine

Ref: 1/e, p 216

487. Invert sugar isA. Glucose B. FructoseC. SucroseD. Lactose

488. Which of the following is a distaccharide

A. RaffinoseB. CellobisoeC. MannoseD. None of the above

489. Raffinose consists ofA. Glucose + glucose + glucoseB. Galactose + glucose + fructoseC. Glucose + fructose + glucoseD. Galactose + glucose + glucose

490. Which of the following is not a disaccharide

A. MaltoseB. SucroseC. PentoseD. Lactose



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491. Which of the following drug is an example of glycoside

A. FurosemideB. DigiralisC. Heparin D. All of the above

492. Which of the following is not an end product of carbohydrate digestion

A. Glucose B. FructoseC. LactoseD. Galactose

493. Raffinose is an example ofA. Monosaccharide B. Disaccharide C. Trisaccharide D. Polysaccharide

494. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA yields

A. 2 ATPB. 6 ATPC. 8 ATPD. 10 ATP

495. Total number of ATP formed when one molecule of glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O is

A. 6B. 8C. 24D. 38

496. With phenyl hydrazine which of the following sugar form needle shaped crystals

A. LactoseB. GlucoseC. MaltoseD. Fructose

497. Reaction between reducing sugar and which of the following ingredient of Benedict solution is responsible for different colour

A. Cupric sulfate B. Sodium carbonateC. Sodium citrate D. All of the above

498. The non-reducing sugar is

A. MaltoseB. GalactoseC. Sucrose D. Mannose

499. Which of the following sentence is true regarding isoelectric pH

A. Proteins act as a buffer on either side of isoelectric pH

B. The net charge of an amino acid is zero at isoelectric pH

C. At isoelectric pH amino acids exist in Zwitter ion

D. All of the above

500. Which of the following sugar is present in immunoglobulins

A. D-mannoseB. D-glucosamineC. GalactoseD. All of the above

501. Which of the following enzyme of glycolysis is blocked by sodium fluoride

A. HexokinaseB. Pyruvate kinaseC. PhosphofructokinaseD. Enolase

502. Which of the following monosaccharide is most rapidly absorbed from the small intestine

A. Mannose B. GlucoseC. FructoseD. Trehalose

503. Monosaccharide having fastest rate of absorption from gastrointestinal tract is

A. Galactose B. GlucoseC. MannoseD. Fructose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 168

504. The reduced lipoate is reoxidized by

A. NAD+

B. NADP+

C. FAD+

D. FMN+

Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 253© BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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505. Fructokinase is present inA. BrainB. HeartC. Adipose tissueD. Intestine Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 276

506. Phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate is inhibited by

A. Arsenate B. FluorideC. Iodonacetate D. ATPRef Satyanarayan 3/E, p 248

507. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in

A. α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl – COAB. Succinate Fumarate C. Succinyl – CoA Succinate D. Oxalosuccinic acid α ketoglutaric

acidRef Satyanarayan 3/E, p 224

508. Conversion of lactate to glucose occur in

A. Muscle B. Kidney C. LiverD. Brain Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 262

509. Glucokinase is formed in liver

A. Parenchymal cellsB. Blood vessels C. Nonparenchymal cells D. None of the above Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 246

510. Which of the following enzymatic steps is absent in liver?

A. Acetoacetyl – CoA Acetoacetate B. Acetoacetate Acetoacetyl – CoAC. Succinate Fumarate D. α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl – CoA


511. Iodine solution produces no color with

A. Cellulose B. Starch C. Dextrin

D. Glycogen Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 22

512. The epimer of glucose isA. Fructose B. Galactose C. Ribose D. Deoxyribose Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 12

513. Honey contains the hydrolytic product of

A. Lactose B. Maltose C. Inulin D. Starch Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 21

514. Muscle phosphorylase is deficient in which glycogen storage disease

A. Andreson’s diseaseB. Forbe’s disease C. McArdle’s diseaseD. Hers’ disease Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 269

515. The carrier of citric acid cycle is

A. Malic acidB. Fumaric acidC. Oxaloacetate D. α- Ketoglutarate Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

516. Fructokinase is present inA. LiverB. Adipose tissue C. HeartD. Brain Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 278

517. Concentrate of which of the following enzymes is decreased in Wilson’s disease?

A. Ceruloplasmin B. Glucose – 6 phosphatase C. Aldolase D. Alkaline phosphatases Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 417

518. What is the weight of storage carbohydrate in liver in postabsorptive normal adult?

A. 62 grams © BRIHASPATHI ACADEMY ׀ SUBSCRIBER’S COPY ׀ NOT FOR SALE


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B. 65 grams C. 52 grams D. 72 grams

519. All of the following are present in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex except

A. NADB. FADC. TPPD. GDPRef Satyanarayan 3/E, p 253

520. Number of molecules of CO2

and H2O formed in the oxidation of pyruvic acid are

A. 3 molecules of CO2 and 2 molecules of H2O

B. 3 molecules of H2Oand 2 molecules of CO2

C. 2 molecules of H2Oand 2 molecules of CO2

D. 3 molecules of H2O and 3 molecules of CO2

521. Which of the following events in 1st step makes the citric acid cycle go in forward direction?

A. Addition of H2OB. Removal of CoA.SHC. Gain of heatD. Loss of heat

522. All of the following vitamins take part in Kreb’s cycle except

A. Riboflavin B. Thiamin C. Pantothenic acidD. Pyridoxine Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 143

523. The citric acid cycle isA. Anabolic B. Catbolic C. Amphibolic D. Ammonophilic Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 254

524. Collagenase hydrolyses collagen is present in

A. EggsB. Soyabeans C. Meat D. Milk Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 407

525. Glucose – 6 – phosphatase is absent from which of the following organs?

A. Adipose tissueB. Intestine C. Heart D. Liver Ref Satyanarayan 3/E, p 261

526. Lecithins are soluble in ordinary fat solvents except

A. BenzeneB. Ethyl alcoholC. Methyl alcohol D. Acetone

527. Net ATP synthesized in glycolysis are

A. 8B. 10C. 12D. 11




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