The Cold War: 1947-1991 The Cold War: 1947-1991 The Cold War: “Big Three” at Yalta.
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Transcript of Canada and the Cold War. Key Terms Communist Capitalist Cold War Superpowers Gouzenko Affair Red...
Canada and the Cold War
Key Terms
• Communist
• Capitalist
• Cold War
• Superpowers
• Gouzenko Affair
• Red Scare
• United Nations
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• DEW Line
• NORAD
• Commonwealth of Nations
• Colombo Plan
• The Korean War
• Suez Crisis
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Avro Arrow
• The Nuclear Issue
• Vietnam War
Cold War - Definition
• A war with no direct military conflict but a conflict waged through various other means including:
• espionage
• propaganda
• economic warfare
• surrogate wars
• the space and arms race.
Cold War - Origins
• After WWII, two Super Powers emerged - the United States and the Soviet Union (Russia). They engaged in a Cold War from 1945 - 1989.
– The United States was a CAPITALIST country. This meant that private individuals invested in businesses trying to make a profit.
– The Soviet Union was a COMMUNIST country. This meant that the government controlled the economy by owning the means of production and distribution such as farms, factories, stores and railroads.
Cold War - Origins
• Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
Cold War - The Gouzenko Affair
• The Cold War was brought home to Canada by the Gouzenko Affair.
• Igor Gouzenko, a clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa exposed a Soviet spy ring in Canada in 1945. Newspaper headlines read: “It’s War! It’s Russia!”.
• 18 people were arrested with 8 eventually convicted of spying - likely trying to get Atomic Bomb secrets.
Cold War - The Red Scare
• The Americans, too were afraid of Communism and Communist spies.
• Senator Joseph McCarthy lead a witch-hunt which tried to expose spying in America.
• Long lists of potential communists were accused and interrogated and eventually found guilty - even if evidence was only a set of flimsy rumours.
• The convicted lost their jobs and futures.
Cold War - International Organizations
• Canada was involved in a wide variety of international organisations.
• Some were aimed at maintaining peace.• United Nations
• Others were for defence or waging war.• NATO; NORAD
• One was to maintain independence from the USA.• Commonwealth of Nations
Cold War - Canada’s Red Scare
• In Canada, artists, peace activists, union leaders and intellectuals were labelled ‘security risks’ and investigated by a special branch of the RCMP.
• Some organisations refused to hire people who had been blacklisted.
Cold War - United Nations
• Formed after WWII• goal of Collective security• 51 original members, including Canada• focus on negotiation and mediation• but given 3 powers
• condemnation - through speeches / resolutions
• sanctions - urging members to suspend trade
• military - send in armed forces if necessary
Cold War - United Nations
• Limited Success Resolving ConflictsWhy?
• No permanent armed force
• charter forbids interference in ‘internal’ matters - only between nations (ex. Cannot stop genocide or civil war)
• now, over 190 members - difficult to reach agreement
Cold War - United Nations
• Limited Success Resolving ConflictsWhy?
• Security Council– 5 permanent members: USA; USSR; France; Britain;
China and ten other nations for two year terms
– any permanent member can veto any resolution
– thus, conflicts between major powers cannot be resolved through UN
Cold War - United Nations
• Successes– assistance after natural disasters– building schools; roads; dams– development aid– as of 1999 Canadians had been involved in
every single UN Peacekeeping operation• more than 100 Canadian soldiers have died in
peacekeeping operations
Cold War - NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation– a military alliance of Western nations set up in
opposition to the Soviets in 1949– “Where force threatens it must be kept at bay
by superior force.” (WLMK)
Cold War - NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation– Canada had to agree to meet military
commitments to NATO– Canadian soldiers were permanently stationed
in Europe in a state of war readiness– all members agreed that nuclear weapons could
be used if necessary in war against Soviets• total nuclear war, it was agreed was only acceptable
as a last resort
Cold War - Warsaw Pact
• Formed in 1955
• made up of largely Eastern European nations allied with the Soviet Union
• a response to NATO
• Who was the aggressor NATO or Warsaw Pact?
Cold War - NORAD
• Integrated defence of North America from attack by Soviet missiles – DEW lines - lines of distant early warning radar
stations were set up across the Arctic in 1950 and 1957
– American military personnel were stationed on Canadian soil for the first time
• Was the security gainde worth the loss of independence?
Cold War - NORAD
• Both sides soon developed Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)
• Launched from silos or subs into space could reach one another’s cities in less than 30 minutes
• DEW lines were rendered obsolete
Cold War - NORAD
• The North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) was established in 1957– a system including fighter forces, missile bases,
and air defence radar– controlled by and American general based in
Colorado– moon or missiles?
Cold War - Commonwealth of Nations
• Clearly, NATO and NORAD were controlled by the USA
• Canada joined the Commonwealth to link itself to other nations of the world - separate from the USA
• focus was not military
• rather, trade and aid
Cold War - Commonwealth of Nations
• Colombo Plan, 1950
– provide aid to less developed countries
• experts gave technical assistance
• overseas students encouraged to travel to Canada (doctors; engineers; public administration)
• a nuclear reactor was sent to India for ‘peaceful purposes’ - oops...
• Canadians used the Commonwealth as a forum to promote justice and human rights (ex. Spoke out against Apartheid in South Africa)
Cold War - Origins
• Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
Cold War - Origins
• Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
Cold War - Origins
• Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
Cold War - Origins
• Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
Cold War - Origins
• Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.