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World energyscenario andvarious fuel alternatives

By:

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WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE TERMENERGY?

Energy is the ability to do work Energy is a property or characteristic of matter that makes things

happen, or, in the case of stored or potential energy, has the"potential" to make things happen

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NATURE PROVIDES US WITH MANY

RESOURCES

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INTRODUCTION

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development ofany country

In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes

a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needsrequiring huge investments to meet them.

Energy can be classified into several types based on the followingcriteria: Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

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INTRODUCTION

Renewable energyis energy obtained from sources that areessentially inexhaustible.

Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power,geothermal energy, tidal power and hydroelectric power.

The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can beharnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.

Non-renewable energyis the conventional fossil fuels such as coal,oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

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INTRODUCTIONRenewable and non renewable energy sources

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Benefits of Renewable EnergySources

The great advantages of renewableenergy:

We can use it repeatedly withoutdepleting it

No contribution to global warming

No polluting emissions

Low cost applications whencounting all costs

Saving on health and its costs

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Benefits of non Renewable EnergySources

The energy sources like coal and oil are naturallypresent in the earth. The mining of coal is relativelycheap and easy. Oil is very efficient form of fuel.

All of these energy sources are easy to extractfrom earth and are convenient to use.

Natural gas is much more environment friendlythan coal and oil.

The use of small amount of nuclear energyproduces huge amount of heat with only small

emission of radioactive substances.

The only downside with the use of non-renewableenergies is that they are depleting and are a causeof pollution.

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PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO

OF THE WORLD:The total supply of energy in the world in 2010 is 11,500 MTOE and that in 2020 isexpected to be 13,700 MTOE.

The contribution of different energy sources to the total supply of energy in the worldare

Oil - 35.1%Coal - 23.5%Natural gas - 20.7%Renewable combustible wastes - 11.1%Nuclear - 6.8%Hydro - 2.3%Other sources 0.5%

The proportion in which energy from different sources was consumed is

Oil - 42.7%Natural gas 16%Electricity - 15.4%Renewable combustible wastes - 14.2%Coal - 8.2%Others - 3.5%

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Present energy scenario of theworld:

The world energy scenario depicts a picture of concern. Theadverse effects on environment caused by the production andconsumption of energy have resulted in severe environmentalimpacts across the globe.

The supply of energy is expected to remain adequate in comingyears. However, imbalance of energy consumption is prevalentaround the world.

According to estimates, energy consumption in developing countries

is only one-tenth of that in the developed countries. The economicdevelopment of many countries is hindered due to energy poverty.

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Present energy scenario of theworld:

The scale and breadth of energy challenge is enormous-far greaterthan many people can realise. But it must be met.

The diagram below clearly shows that the energy reserve is sharply

going down

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P l ti i d

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Population, primary energy andGDP dependence

For developed countries the population & energy demands are more or lessconstant however the GDP increases.

For underdeveloped and developing countries all the three show a steep riseover the years.

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World scenario

Population and income growth are the two most powerful driving forcesbehind the demand for energy. Since 1900 world population has more thanquadrupled, real income has grown by a factor of 25, and primary energyconsumption by a factor of 22.5.

The next 20 years are likely to see continued global integration, and rapidgrowth of low and medium income economies. Population growth istrending down, but income growth is trending up.

Over the last 20 years world population has increased by 1.6 billion people,and it is projected to rise by 1.4 billion over the next 20 years. The worldsreal income has risen by 87% over the past 20 years and it is likely to rise

by 100% over the next 20 years.

At the global level, the most fundamental relationship in energy economicsremains robust more people with more income means that the productionand consumption of energy will rise.

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Global energy efficiency curveshows a downward trend:

Global Energy Efficiency

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

BTU/$1,0

00GDP

F t re pict re

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Future picture:

with the oil supply constantly decreasing and its demand constantlyincreasingthe world economy will go through an era of conservation to

lifestyle change to sudstitution and finally to a state of deprivation

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World primary energy demand!!

The demands are ever increasing with the growing economies ..

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world primary energy demand

Though alternative energy sources are being worked upon extensive work isneeded as is shown by the increasing dependence on primary energy

sourcesWhich is alarming!!!

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World oil production

The crude oil producing fields are alarmingly decreasing

Energy related CO2 emission:

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Energy related CO2 emission:

with increasing energy demands which indirectly points to increased

industrialization is increasing CO2 emissions also in similar pace..

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The International future modelincreasing energy demand.

Energy Demand

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Index

(2005

=1)

China

EU

Japan

US

C i f i

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Comparison of scenarios

annual fossil fuel emissions are increasing however the slope of increase is

different for different reasons.

Annual Emissions from Fosil Fuels (bil tons)

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

13

14

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Business as Usual

Env Backlash

Tecnology

Political Chaos

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Comparison of scenariosannual energy demands are increasing however the slope of increase is

different for different reasons.

Energy Demand (bil barrels OE)

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

110.00

120.00

130.00

140.00

150.00

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Business as UsualEnv Backlash

Tecnology

Political Chaos

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Adverse impacts of energy wastage:Number of people without access to electricity (million):

Today, there are 1.4 billion people lacking access to electricity.

Based on current trends, 1.2 billion peopleor 15% of the worlds population will stilllack access in 2030

PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO OF INDIA

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PRESENT ENERGY SCENARIO OF INDIA:

Rapid economic development&Increasing population =

High demand for Energy

A sustained 8.2% GDP growth ofIndia requires an annualincrease of:

Commercial energy supply from5.2% to 6.1%

Total primary energy supply from4.3% to 5.1%

Currently, about 35% of Indias

commercial energy needs areimported. Table 1-1 indicates theprimary commercial energyconsumption in India.

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Energy scenario - India (contd..)

Indias current energy basket is coal dominated and is likely to stay this way in

the near future.Limited domestic coal supply coupled with its poor quality, low level oftechnological advancements and high instance of environmental perils poseserious challenges for over dependence on coal.

E i I di ( td

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Energy scenario - India (contd..)Limited domestic reserves and uncertainforeign supply of hydrocarbons in wake oftheir rising international price have

seriously impaired countrys energysecurity.

India has the necessary inputs suchas: Large untapped RE potential (anestimated 100,000 MW) Vast land resources for production of

Biomass & Bio-fuels Abundant sunshine Large population and growingconsumption will lead to greater pressureon ecology hence a need for closewatch on emissions Plentiful sites for harnessing Wind andHydro Energy.

Hence there is a pressing need to explore Alternate Fuel Options which aresustainable, locally available and eco-friendly.

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WhyRenewable Energy is particularlyrelevant for rural India?

Nearly 55% of Indias ruralpopulation have no access toOn-Grid Systems

Vision 2012 of India aims forcomplete household,electrification in the country,providing minimum lifeline,electricity consumption of one

unit per household/day

TARGET FOR ELEVENTH FIVE YEAR

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TARGET FOR ELEVENTH FIVE YEARPLAN (2007-12)

Wind Power 3,500 MW

Small Hydro Power 1,400 MW

Biomass Power/ Co-generation/Gasification 1,725 MW

Solar Power 25 MW

Solar Thermal Power 110 MW

Energy from Urban/Industrial waste 140 MW

Total fund Required US$ 8.96 Billio

Budgetary Support by Government ofIndia US$ 0.48 Billion

Private Sector Investment (Equity +Loan) US$ 8.48 Billion

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Industrial sector is the biggestenergy consumer of India

The major commercial energyconsuming sectors in the countryare classified as shown in theFigure.

As seen from the figure, industryis the biggest consumer of

commercial energyand transportbeing the second largest.

Emerging options

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Emerging options

Emerging options that could become goodbusiness within a 5 year horizon.

Solar energy as it is vastly untapped

Bio fuels produced from non-edible oilseeds

Geothermal Energy There are

300 geothermal spring sitespread throughout the country

Ocean/Tidal Energy

Fuel Cells for standalone operations

Small Electric Cars

SO WHAT CAN WE

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SO WHAT CAN WE

DO??

WHAT IS THE

REMEDY????......

CAN ALTERNATIVE

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CAN ALTERNATIVESOURCES OF ENERGY

AND FUEL BE AN

ANSWER????

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ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF

ENERGY

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INTRODUCTION

Powerful trends of industrialisation, urbanisation and motorisation continueto shape the modern energy economy. These trends are associated withincreasing quantities of energy consumption.

increasing efficiency of energy use, in production and consumption. increasing diversification of sources of energy.

increasing demand for clean and convenient energy at the point of use.

The first great wave of industrialisation was based on the steam engine, and on coal.Coal remained the dominant fuel until after WWII.

The next major transition came with electricity and the internal combustion engine,which enabled diversification away from coal. Oil replaced coal use in transport.

And while coal remains the principal fuel in power generation, it is gradually beingreplaced first by natural gas, and now by RENEWABLES.

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Sources of Energy:

Fuel type Energy content (MJ/kg)Pumped stored water at 100 m dam height 0.001

Bagasse 10

Wood 15

Sugar 17

Methanol 22

Coal (anthracite, lignite, etc.) 23 - 29

Ethanol (bioalcohol) 30LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) 34

Butanol 36

Biodiesel 38

Oil (medium petroleum average) 42

Gasohol or E10 (90% gasoline and 10% alcohol mix) 44

Gasoline 45

Diesel 48

Methane (gaseous fuel, compression-dependent) 55

Hydrogen (gaseous fuel, compression-dependent) 120

Nuclear fission (Uranium, U 235) 90

Nuclear fusion (Hydrogen, H) 300

Binding energy of helium (He) 675

Mass-energy equivalence (Einsteins equation) 89,880,000

Antimatter as fuel (estimated according to E = mc2) 180,000,000

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CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENTENERGY SOURCES:

Oil

Natural gas

Coal (conventional)

Biomass, Methanol, E thanol

Nuclear fission

Hydro

Coal liquefaction,gasification

Tar Sands

Solar (Photovoltaics, solar power to

Wind

Geothermal

0 1 2 3 4 5

Thousands (mil TOE)

2005

2020

Energy Sources

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Examples of alternative energysources:

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Examples of alternative energysources:

HYDROPOWER

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HYDROPOWERHow Hydropower Works!

Hydrologiccycle

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How Hydropower Works! Water from the reservoir flows due

to gravity to drive the turbine.

Turbine is connected to agenerator

Power generated is transmittedover power lines.

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Estimates of hydropower

Theoretical potential is about 40,500 TWh per year.

The technical potential is about 14,300 TWh per year.

The economic potential is about 8100 TWh per year.

The world installed hydro capacity currently stands at 694 GW.

In the 1980s the percentage of contribution by hydroelectric power wasabout 8 to 9%.

The total power generation in 2000 was 2675 Billion KWh or close to 20% ofthe total energy generation.

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Global Installed Capacity ofhydropower

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Under Construction

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Large Scale Hydropower plant

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BIOFUELSWhat are biofuels?

Biofuels are a source of energy similarto gasoline. Instead of coming from theground through oil wells, however, wemake biofuels directly from plants.Almost anything that grows from soilcan be converted into biofuels.Because plants capture energy from

the sun through photosynthesis, we canharness this energy in the biofuels togenerate electricity or use as fuel forour cars.

Wh t i ith l

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What is wrong with our normal

energy sources?

Currently, we pollute our planet with agas known as carbon dioxide, or CO2.CO2 comes from things that burngasoline or coal like power plantsand cars.

CO2 is a greenhouse gas and causesglobal warming. The more of it werelease into the atmosphere, thewarmer the earth becomes.

A warmer earth could mean risingsea-levels and more dangerousweather like hurricanes.

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How are Biofuels better?

Biofuels reduce CO2 pollutionbecause they come from plants.When plants breathe, they breathein CO2 and breathe out oxygen.During a plants lifetime, it inhalesa lot of CO2. When we burn

biofuels, like when we use them inour cars, we still release CO2 intothe air but since the plant alreadyturned so much CO2 into oxygenwe effectively reduce the overallpollution to almost nothing.

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What do we use to make Biofuels?

Biofuels today commonly come fromplants like corn and sugarcane becausewe can grow them abundantly.

We capture the energy from these plantsthrough a process called fermentation.This is done by letting fungi - usuallyyeast - turn the sugars in the plant intoethanol. The resulting ethanol can thenbe put directly into our cars as a cleanenergy source.

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Disadvantages

Although corn and sugarcane are excellent attempts for reducing CO2pollution, they do have drawbacks.

Corn is not a very good source of ethanol. It takes about a gallon ofgasoline just to produce a gallon of ethanol. Some experts argue that

since we must use so much gasoline to make ethanol, we might as wellcontinue to use gasoline.

Corn is also a food crop. By using corn for fuel, we reduce the amount offood left to feed the world. This causes food prices to rise across theglobe and can lead to world hunger.

Sugarcane is much better at producing ethanol than corn, however it onlygrows in tropical climates that receive plenty of rain. Sugarcane growswell in Brazil, but not in the United States.

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WAVE POWER

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Wave Facts:

Waves are caused by a number of forces, i.e. wind, gravitational pull from the sun andmoon, changes in atmospheric pressure, earthquakes etc. Waves created by wind are themost common waves. Unequal heating of the Earths surface generates wind, and wind

blowing over water generates waves.

This energy transfer results in a concentration of the energy involved: the initial solar powerlevel of about 1 kW/m2 is concentrated to an average wave power level of 70kW/m of crestlength. This figure rises to an average of 170 kW/m of crest length during the winter, and tomore than 1 MW/m during storms.

Wave energy performance measures are characterized by diffuse energy, enormous forcesduring storms, and variation over wide range in wave size, length, period, and direction.

Wave energy is an irregular and oscillating low-frequency energy source that must beconverted to a 60-Hertz frequency before it can be added to the electric utility grid.

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World Wave Power Resources

World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the "potential exploitable wave energy" resources worldwide to be 2TW. For European waters the resource was estimated to be able to cover more than 50% of the total powerconsumption.

The wave market is estimated at $32 billion in the United Kingdom and $800 billion worldwide.

The United States has exhibited weak effort compared to overseas projects in Norway, Denmark, Japan and theUnited Kingdom.

As of 1995, 685 kilowatts (kW) of grid-connected wave generating capacity was operating worldwide. Thiscapacity comes from eight demonstration plants ranging in size from 350 kW to 20 kW.

Until recently the commercial use of wave power has been limited to small systems of tens to hundreds of wattsaboard generate power

Wave Power

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Wave Power

Although many wave energy devices have been invented, only a small proportionhave been tested and evaluated. Only a few of these have been tested at sea, inocean waves, rather than in artificial wave tanks. Large scale offshore devicesand small scale shoreline devices have been ocean tested.

The total power of waves breaking on the world's coastlines is estimated at 2 to 3million megawatts. In favorable locations, wave energy density can average 65megawatts per mile of coastline.

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TIDAL ENERGY

Energy from the moon

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Energy from the moon Tides generated by the combination of the moon and suns gravitational

forces

Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun combine forces

Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide

In order to be practical for energy production, the height difference needs

to be at least 5 meters

Only 40 sites around the world of this magnitude

Overall potential of 3000 gigawatts from movement of tides

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disadvantages

Presently costly Expensive to build and maintain

A 1085MW facility could cost as much as 1.2 billion dollars toconstruct and run

Connection to the grid

Technology is not fully developed

Barrage style only produces energy for about 10 hours out of theday

Barrage style has environmental affects

Such as fish and plant migration

Silt deposits

Local tides change- affects still under study

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Advantages

No pollution

Renewable resource

More efficient than wind because of the density of water

Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar

Second generation has very few disadvantages

Does not affect wildlife

Does not affect silt deposits

Less costly both in building and maintenance

Environmental Key

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Environmental Keyelements

India Ocean Nuclear accident galvanizes environmental movement, massive fisheriescollapse, crop failures, plankton loss CO2 impact, Chernobyl effect

UN Eminent Scientists Group sets measures & standards

Environmental viability for life support was no longer assured (60% gone or endangeredtoday)

Climate Change conviction

Range from Eco-terrorism to political protests

More expensive energy, food, water depressions, recessions

Climate change slowed, but not reversed

Environmental Migration increases yearly

Th k !!

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Thank you !!

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QUESTIONS??