Bulliet Ch2 New Civs

8/6/2019 Bulliet Ch2 New Civs

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Early Chinese Civilization 2000 221 B.C.E.


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Cultural Hearth

Huang He River[Hwahng-Huh] (Yellow River)Like earlier river civilizations, the river was relied upon for

irrigation to support the growing of crops.

Winds blowing from central China deposit a yellow-brown dust

called loess (less) that gives it the name Yellow River.


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Isolated by mountains and

deserts


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China the land

10% is suitable for

farming (U.S.=19%) Much is desert and

mountains

Himalaya Mountain range

on the southwest

Geographic barriers

isolate China from the

rest of Asia

Rice grew plentifully, but required

tremendous amounts of labor.


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Shang Period, 1750-1045 B.C.E.

Grew millet, raised pigs & chicken, and used stone tools.

Production ofsilk cloth

Built walls of pounded earth by hammering the soilinside temporary wooden frames

Written documents only appear at the end of their rule

Oracle bones, the shoulder bones of cattle and thebottom shells of turtles employed by Shang rulers toobtain information from spirits and gods.

Shang writing system is the ancestor of Chinas currentsystem, based upon characters

Believed that their ruler was a crucial link betweenheaven and earth.


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Zhou (Joe) Period, 1045 221 B.C.E.

Overthrew the Shang

Created the concept ofthe Mandate ofHeaven to justify theirrule.

Remembered as a timeof prosperity andbenevolent rule.

Zhou line of kings wasthe longest lastingand most revered of alldynasties in Chinese

history.


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Mandate of Heaven Chinese

religious & political ideology

Justified overthrow of theShang, claiming that the lastruler was depraved andtyrannical, neglecting to honorthe gods and ancestors.

Declared that Heaven grantedauthority and legitimacy to asruleras long as he looked outfor the welfare of his subjects

A prosperous ruler was

justified in keeping his power,but one who was not should beover thrown.

Zhou Dynasty splintered andlater fell after a long time period

of warring territories developed.


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Cycle Broken by Dao

Dao = Way orPathThe King was expected

rule according to theproper Way orDao. It

was his duty to pleasethe gods. In turn thegods would protect thepeople from natural

disaster or bad harvests.If King fails his Dao, he

will be overthrown.


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DYNASTIC CYCLE Strong, had mandate = peace/prosperity

Corruption, taxes increased = power weak

Disasters/Invasions occur

Mandate Lost = rebellion possible

Rebellion = bloodshed

New dynasty gains power = has mandate


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Sunzis Art of War(soon-zuh)

Sunzi approached war like

a chess match Deception & psychological

manipulation of the

opponent is celebrated.

The best victories are

those won without fighting

so that one could use the

resulting resourceswithout any disadvantage.


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Confucianism, Daoism, and ChineseSociety

Confucius Western name for theChinese philosopher Kongzi (551-

479B.C.E.)

His doctrine of duty and publicservice had a great influence onsubsequent Chinese thought and

served as a code of conduct forgovernment officials.

His sayings were handed downorally for several generations until

they were finally written down inThe Analects

Placed an importance on rituals orforms of behavior that guide

people through daily interactions


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Chinese Philosophy/Religion

Particular emphasis was paid

to the family unit inConfucianism

Ren (ruhn) was translated as

humaneness, which meant

feelings between familymembers. This was expanded

to all of society and it was

hoped a feeling of compassion

would pervade every activity

Confucius felt that gods were

un-knowable, but had

reverence to them


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Confucius died in 479 B.C.


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Daoism Chinese school of thought,originating in the Warring StatesPeriod with Laozi.

Daoism offered an alternative to

the Confucian emphasis onhierarchy and duty.

Foundational text Classic of theWay of Virtue.

It raises questions about the

material world (is it real or just adream that blocks us fromperceiving a higher reality?).

Believed that civilization andknowledge had corrupted abetter more blessed distant past.

Daoist sage strives to lead a lifefree of stress and obligations.

Avoids struggles.

Death is not feared. All thatmatters is a commitment to the

Dao or path of nature.


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Warring States Period, 481 221 B.C.E.

2nd half of the EasternZhou era

Scale and intensity ofrivalry and warfareaccelerated

Building ofwalls to protectborders of states begins

Military organization,tactics, and technologyimprove.

Most innovative of thewarring states was the Qin

(chin)


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How did the Qin Rule?

221 206B.C.

Legalism guiding principle

that dismissed Confucius

principles that explained the

past ways were better Political power was

centralized and more

bureaucratic

Peoples freedoms took a backseat to the security of the

nation


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Nubia 3100 B.C.E 350 C.E.Nubia thousand mile stretch of the Nile Valley between Aswan and Khartoum

Served as a corridor of trade between tropical Africa and the Mediterranean


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Nubia shares its central geographical

influence with Egypt The Nile.

Six cataracts made travel more difficult on the

Nile in UpperNubia in the south.

During the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, Egypt

was very aggressive towards its southern

neighbors Nubia.

Kush was the Egyptian name given to thekingdom that arose at Kerma.

During Egypts New Kingdom era, it

destroyed Kush and took over territory much

further south.

500 years of Egyptian domination devastated

Nubia (Kush) as it was enslaved and local

gold mined from the very mountain the Kush

had come to see as a religious symbol.

Nubia later assimilated to the Egyptian

way.


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The Kingdom of Meroe, 800B.C.E. 350 C.E.

Egypts weakness after1200B.C.E.led to the collapse of its authority overNubia.

In 8th century B.C.E. a new nativekingdom emerged in southern Nubiaand latergained control of all ofEgypt during the 25th Dynasty.

Rulers of Meroe were quite Egyptianin their ways and methods by thistime.

In 701B.C.E. The Nubians offered tohelp their neighbors in Palestine

during an Assyrian invasion and paida heavy price.

Assyrians drove the Nubians backto their southern domain and out ofEgyptian territory.


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Nubian women had a stronginfluence during theMeroitic period

This was due to influencesfrom sub-Saharan Africanand the prominent role ofqueens.

The city of Meroe was

large and impressive, withmonumental palaces,temples, and boulevards. Itcontrolled agriculture andtrade and was the center

of metallurgy. Nubias collapse in the

early 4th century C.E. wasdue to shifting trade routesand attacks by desertnomads.


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Celtic Europe, 1000 50 B.C.E.

Comprised Continental

Europe (including themodern nations ofFrance,Germany, Switzerland,

Austria, the Czech Republic,Slovakia, Hungary, Poland,

and Romania) Well suited to agriculture &

herding

Temperate climate withlarge supply of natural

resources Lack of any type of writing

system results in very littleevidence of human existencein Europe for many

thousands of years.


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Celts Peoples sharing commonlinguistic and cultural features that

originated in Central Europe in the 1st half

of the 1st millennium B.C.E.


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Greek and Romans were later struck by the

appearance of their Celtic northern neighbors.

Burly appearance, long red hair, shaggy

mustaches, and loud, deep voices.

Some Celts fought naked and used the heads of

their opponents into trophies when they defeatedthem.


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Druids The class ofreligious experts whoconducted rituals &

preserved sacred loreamong some ancientCeltic peoples.

Celts were skilled at

metallurgical skills, builtsturdy ships that bravedocean conditions, anddeveloped extensivetrade networks along

rivers.By the 1st century B.C.E.

some hill-forts wereevolving into urban

centers.


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The Dying Gaul, a Romanmarble copy of a Hellenistic

work of the late 3rd centuryB

CCapitoline Museums, Rome


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First Civilizations of the Americas:

The Olmec and the Chavin, 1200 250B.C.E.

New theories suggest that the process of

peopling the Americas may have beenmuch more complex than a simple landbridge connection.

Humans reached the Western Hemisphereas early as 35,000 to 14,000B.C.E.(much evidence is lost)


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Mesoamerican Olmec, 1200 400 B.C.E.

Mesoamerica great

geographic and climatic

diversity. Features earthquakes

and volcanic eruptions.

Amerindian people developed

specialized technologies thatexploited indigenous plants and

animals.

Staple of Mesoamerican diet

corn (maize), beans, andsquash had been domesticated.

(aka The 3 Sisters)


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Origins of Olmec Civilization

1st Mesoamerican civ.

Vibrant & included intensive

agriculture, wide-rangingtrade, ceremonial centers,and monumentalconstruction.

Located in what are nowMexican states of Veracruzand Tabasco.

Large platforms and mounds

packed with earth dominateOlmec urban centers.

Trade of products like salt,chocolate, clay and limestone

were prominent.


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Olmec Religion

Olmec were polytheistic with bothmale and female gods.

Human and animalcharacteristics were blended.The ability of humans totransform themselves intopowerful animals, such as

jaguars, crocodiles, snakes, andsharks, is a common motif.

Rulers were especially associatedwithjaguar.

Society was probably ruled by

kings, who were depicted bygiant stone heads. Olmecshamans communicated withthe spirit world, supervised thecalendar, and may have created

a system of writing.


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Altar 5 from La Venta. The inert were-jaguar baby held by the central figure is seen by some as an indication of

child sacrifice. In contrast, its sides show bas-reliefs of humans holding quite lively were-jaguar babies.


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Early South AmericanCivilization: Chavin, 900 250 B.C.E.

Regions diverse environments mountainous core, aridcoastal plain, and denseinterior jungles- challengedhuman populations.

Abundance offish and mollusksalong the coast ofPeruprovided a dependable foodsupply, while the introductionofcorn from Mesoamericaincreased supplies andallowed for ubanization.

Chavin was located 10,300 feetin the eastern range of the

Andes north of the moderncity of Lima.


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As Chavin grew, its trade linked

coastal economy with the

inland producers of quinoa (a

local grain), corn, and potatoes.Also began herding llamas in the

high mountain valleys.

Llama a hoofed animal

indigenous to the Andes

Mountains in South America. It

was the only domesticated beast

of burden in the Americas before

the arrival of Europeans.

Llamas were crucial to Chavinsdevelopment - provided meat

and wool and decreased the

labor needed to transport

goods.


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Why did civilizations in the Eastern

Hemisphere seem to advance at a

quicker rate?

Many historians believe environmental

differences account for the more advancedcultures in the Eastern Hemisphere.

East was home to a larger number of wild

plant and animal species suited todomestication.

The huge landmass of Europe-Asia allowed

for trade to develop at a faster rate.

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