Bulliet Ch1 Part2 River Valley Civs

8/6/2019 Bulliet Ch1 Part2 River Valley Civs

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Unit One Ch. 1 Part 2River Valley Civilizations Emerge

Technological and EnvironmentalTransformations, to c. 600 B.C.E.

Foundations

Guiding QuestionsWhat were womens roles in the first 4 million years of human history?What evidence can we find that might give us someindications of what womens roles may have been?Does the evidence indicate how womens roles may havechanged over time? How and why might such change haveoccurred?


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PART 1: Mesopotamia L ocated in modern day Iraq N atural spring floods could

be violent and unpredictable L ed to the people having a

feeling of instability andreliance upon religion andworship of GodsIrrigation gave some controlto the people, but the water was tamed through veryhard work.

Development of Cuneiform led to the historicperiod. The people of Mesopotamia left awritten record.


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S umerians

5000 B.C.E.

Dominated southern Mesopotamia throughthe end of the 3 rd millennium B.C.E.

Responsible for creation of fundamentalelements of Meso culture (irrigation,cuneiform, & religious conceptions.

Akkadians 2000 B.C.E.

Akkadians become politically dominant in theregion.Spoke Semitic language (family of relatedlanguages spoken in Western Asia and N o. Africa.Included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. Arabicis the most widely spread family of languages inSemitic family.

Akkadian rule over Mesopotamia is sometimesconsidered the first empire in world history.


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City-state A small independent stateconsisting of an urban center and

surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic form in earlyMesopotamia.

Lugal (LOO- gahl)Big Man N ame for a Sumerian King.


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S argon Akkadian King, First tounite most of Mesopotamia 2 350 B.C.E. until Akkadian state fell in22 30 B.C.E.

After fall of Sargon, City -State of Ur became powerful again.

A new city was founded calledBabylon. A king arose with greatpower: Hammurabi


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Rise of HammurabiBabylon Largest & most

important city inMesopotamia. Achievedparticular eminence asthe capital of Hammurabiin 18 th century B.C.E.

and later theN

eo-

Babylonian kingN ebuchadnezzar in the6 th century B.C.E.

Hammurabi conquered

many city -states and isbest known for his codeof laws. Inscribed on ablack stone pillar, theprinciples were used inlegal cases.

Hammurabi (standing), depicted as receivinghis royal insignia from Shamash (sun god).Hammurabi holds his hands over his mouth as

a sign of prayer (relief on the upper part of thestele of Hammurabi's code of laws.)


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S ocial Classes divisions of society accounted for variations in legaland political privileges.

1 Free , landowning class (royalty, high -ranking officials, warriors,priests, merchants, and some artisans and shopkeepers.2 Dependent farmers & artisans , legal attachment to royal, temple or private estates made them the primary rural work force3 Class of slaves , primarily employed in domestic service.

Most severe punishments were reserved for the lower classes.


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S cribe Professional position for aperson who could read and write.

Role of Women may have lostsocial standing & freedoms insociety where agriculture

superseded hunting and gathering. As a forager, women were highlyvalued for production to the group.But, in Mesopotamia, production

was dependent upon heavyphysical labor (plowing fields or irrigating).


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Z iggurat a massivepyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks.

Associated with religiouscomplexes, but actual functionis unknown.Speculation is that it was builta temple dedicated to thechief god or goddess of aSumerian city.


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Amulet small charm meant to protect thebearer from evil. Found frequently inarchaeological excavations in Mesopotamia andEgypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people.

These temples gradually became subordinate to the power of theKings.


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Mesopotamians feared their gods who often were embodied of violent forces of nature and soughtto appease them.People imagined the gods asanthropomorphic (like humans inform and conduct). The gods hadbodies and senses, soughtnourishment from sacrifice,enjoyed the worship & obedienceof humanity, and were driven bylust, love, hate, anger and envy.

A range of technologies(metallurgy, ceramics,transportation, & engineering) andsciences (math & astronomy)enabled Mesopotamians to meetthe challenges of their environment.


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Part 2 Egyptian Civilization


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Gift of the N ile.Protected by marshy, swampy port &deserts to the east and west. Banks of the river support lush vegetation.N ile is the worlds longest river.

Black Land = the soil surrounding theN ile.Red Land = the desert on either sidethat is inhospitable.


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River was the main source of travel.Flows from south to north, so southern part of Egypt isknown as Upper Egypt.The northern portion is conversely known as Lower Egypt.

Rain rarely falls south of the delta region ( Lower Egypt), soyearly flooding of the N ile is what the people dependedupon to irrigate crops.

Because of this usually orderly flooding, most Egyptiansviewed the world as a stable place (unlike Mesopotamia,where flooding was often deadly).


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Divine Kingship

Pharaoh The central figure in the ancient Egyptianstate. Believe to be an earthly manifestation of the gods,

Who used his absolute power to maintain the safety andprosperity of Egypt. (term for the King became pop. InN ew Kingdom)

Maat Egyptian term for the concept of divinely createdand maintained order in the universe. Believed that the

divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.

Pyramids L arge, triangular stone monuments used inEgypt and N ubia for the burial of the King. Largesterected during the O ld Kingdom near Memphis.

Believed that the proper and respectful burial of thedivine leader would guarantee the continued prosperityof the land.


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The PyramidsThe PyramidsThe building of the pyramidsoccurred in the time of the OldKingdomDjoser, 3 rd Dynasty king,constructed the first steppedpyramid at Saqqara, nearMemphis

4th

Dynasty rulers filled in thesteps to create a smoothlimestone side.Khufu & Khefren erected hugepyramids at Giza, north of Saqqara.

Pyramids were incrediblyengineered and designedmonuments constructed withstone tools and muscle might.The Age of the Pyramids lasted:1000 Years


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Administration and Communication

Differed from Mesopotamia, where commerce fellinto the hands of a strong middle class to drive the

economy. In Egypt the bureaucrats in an organizedgovernment kept track of annual taxes at times asmuch as 50% of the total revenue.

Thebes (aka Luxor) Capital city of Egypt & hometo the ruling dynasties during the Middle and N ew

Kingdoms.

Literacy drove the administrative process.Hieroglyphics System of writing in which pictorialsymbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts.Used for official business and monumental

inscriptions. Written mostly on papyrus (reed thatgrows along the banks of the N ile).

L iteracy was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators.


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For much more incredible detail on theengineering of Egypts empire, check outthe History Channels video. L ink

Hello, Im Peter Weller.Hello, Im Peter Weller.


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Origins of the S phinx: The Old Kingdom


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The S phinx: a mythological recumbentlion with a human head.


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Role of the S phinx: Temple Guardian


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Ka and Ra: Video 2:52


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Temple of Hatshepsut (first woman to be Pharaoh)


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The Egyptian sun god Ra (Ray) traveled across the sky during theday and through the underworld at night. This tomb painting of the 1 200 s B.C. shows Ra with a sun disk on his head.


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Viewed the wo rld as an o rderly andc o nsistent place (sun rose each day incloudless sky, floods brought bountiful harvestseach year).

King (Pharaoh) was seen as a divine link(Horus, son of Re)Worked tirelessly to support the king withlavish palaces & temples, king in return wouldcommune with the gods.

Enormous wealth was funneled into pleasingthe g o ds so that the continuity & consistencyof their society would continue.Belief in an afterlife made preparations for thetransfer of the body to the new world after

death.Mummificati o n complex process of slowlydrying a dead body to prevent it fromdecaying, involved removal of organs,dehydration, and wrapping of the body.process took about 70 days


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Part 3: Indus River Valley Civilization Arose early in South Asia as Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Rain and melting snow from the mountains provide the river with twice year flooding.1. March/April melting snow2 . August great monsoon


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Ruins of Mohenjo -DaroHigh brick walls surrounded a city laid out in a very rigidly uniform grid like fashion.There is much greater quantity of metal in the Indus Valley Civs than in Mesopotamia or Egypt. (but less jewelry and other decorative objects were found in Indus)Their complex system of writing has yet to be deciphered.


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Man from Mohenjo -Daro


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Bulliet Ch1 Part2 River Valley Civs

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