Building Construction

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1523]Assignment 1: Experiencing, documentation and analysing

construction process

Tutor: Ar. Chin Tuck Hing

Members:Cheong Siew Leong 0310845Lee Yuan June 0311128Ong Yii Siang 0302692Phang June Ee 0311954Tan Ming Long 0311069Tan Wei How 0310707Yong Chang Theng 0310925

Table Content building construction

Title Page

Introduction (TML)Introduction of siteSite and SafetyPlants and MachineryExternal WorkFoundation (YCT & CSL)Superstructure (from site visit and reference)Beam and Column (PJE)SlabWall (OYS)StaircaseDoors and Windows (TWH)Roof (LYJ)Summary (CSL)Reference

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3-67-9

10-1314-18

19-21 22-23 24-28 29-33 34-39 40-42

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INTRODUCTION building construction

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Experiencing Construction by experiencing, documentation and analyzing construction process is the first assignment of Building Construction. Our task was to visit ongoing construction site which is either medium rise or low rise buildings. It's better to see once than to hear hundred times. It is a great opportunity for us to explore different types of building elements and its construction process, details and materials guided by architect and contractor at the construction site.

We have studied and recorded construction of different building elements. We have learnt the basic principles and procedures of construction process through real life project after visited construction site.

Tan Ming Long, Tan Wei How, Phang June Ee, Cheong Siew Leong, Yong Chang Theng, Lee Yuan June, Ong Yii Siang

INTRODUCTION building construction

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Introduction to our site

Address – Lot Asal PT129227, Klang Selatan (KS09) Mukim Klang, Klang Bandar Diraja, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Type – Two Storey Semi – D House & Two Storey Bungalow Type A & B; Beginning of construction, Foundation, Superstructure, Doors & Windows, & Roof

A 52 Acres land, building 56 unit of houses. With guided by one of the architects in charge, we have observed and understood basic information of the whole construction process from earth work, foundation until the almost complete show house unit. We have observed some good practice and also not good or bad practice of the whole construction process at the site such as the construction methods, external work, safety issues, hygiene issues and site management.

Site Safety building construction

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Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple actions or take on proper working procedures. sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be less work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure place to work in.

The Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance, which came into operation on 23 May 1997, covers most workplaces in order to protect the safety and health of employees at work. Other legislation applicable to construction sites includes the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance and its subsidiary legislation, particularly the Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations.


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Safety Helmet

Safety Footwear

Safety Vast

Personal Safety

Wear protective equipment. Always wear safety helmet, safety vast and safety footwear at construction site.

Do not drink or take drugs while working.

Pay attention to personal hygiene.

Do not play in the workplace.

Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

Public Safety

Pay attention to public safety. Members of the public are often unaware of or do not understand the work carried out on construction sites and the hazards involved.

Take great care to prevent the fall of materials from height.

Do not stack materials on floor edges or on scaffolds.


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Safety Sign Board at Our Site Safety Sign Board

Safety sign boards at the entrance before go into the construction working area.

Safety sign board and notice board hanging at the outside of site office.

The safety sign boards at our site are not a good practice because the sign boards are not big enough, the colours of the sign are not noticeable and clear.

The site should have install standard and proper safety sign board to aware people of their safety on site.

Examples of Standard Safety Sign Board at Construction Site

Safety Sign Board

Example of good practice safety sign board placed at the entrance of

construction site.

Safety sign boards which are more obvious and clearer at construction site.


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Site Security Safety at Construction Site

Construction sites are easy targets for theft; the high value of plant and equipment can lead to quick and easy profit for the thief. Depending on area, each site will have its own issues of concern.

Construction sites are subject to a number of threats, in which security should be a main concern. These include theft, vandalism and deliberate damage and terrorism. the perimeter of the construction site to places frequented by the public should be guarded to the extent in which unauthorized access to the construction site must be prohibited.

SECURITY FENCING/HOARDING

Fencing can be an effective way of restricting unauthorized entry to a construction site where hazards are present. the installation of a fence, either permanent or temporary, which should be maintained until the end on the construction. An unauthorized person is not likely to enter a construction site while there is a physical barrier such as a fence, rather than, for example, simply a warning sign.

Plants & Machinery building construction

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Excavator

- An vehicle consists of a bucket on the front only. It uses are excavating below/above natural surface of ground, digging bigger trenches & pits for basements, general grading work, loading onto haul units and lifting.

Backhoe Loader

- An engineering vehicle, which consists of a shovel/bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back. It uses are digging shallow excavations/trenches, general grading, lifting loads and loading & carrying materials.

Forklift Loader

- Forklift is a potent industrial truck that is used to lift and transport material by steel forks that are inserted under the load. Forklifts are normally used to move loads and equipment that is stored on pallets.

Excavating & earth moving equipment Trucks & hauling equipment

Truck

- An hauling unit used to transport excavated materials over a distance at fairly low costs. Productive capacity depends on size of loads and number of trips that can be made in an hour.

Safety measures Operating Load Shifting Machinery

Unless you are a worker concerned, do not work in an area where a loader, an excavator, etc. is in operation.

Do not operate any load shifting machinery without training and approval.

Operators of forklift trucks, bulldozers, loaders, excavators, trucks or lorries should possess appropriate certificates.

Plants and machineries are the helpful equipment to maximize the outcome with minimum work energy for building construction. Without these plants and machineries invented, our construction works will be very tough and take long duration to complete. There are many types of equipment nowadays help in construction process at different stages.


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Concrete Truck

- It is a mobile concrete mixer truck which transport the concrete from factory to construction site. The mixer tank keeps rolling during transmission to prevent curing of the mixed concrete.

Concrete Mixing Plant

- It is a small mobile concrete mixer which usually use at construction site.

Concrete plant & equipment

Pile Driving equipment

Hydraulic lead Pile Driving Rig

- hydraulic leads utilize a system of hydraulic cylinders connected between the bottom of the leads and the driving rig to control pile position. This system allows the operator to position the pile very quickly and accurately.

Telescoping-Boom Truck Mounted Mobile Crane

- A full revolving superstructure mounted on a truck with multi section-telescoping boom. It is used to hoist and place materials and machineries. This crane can travel on public roads between projects under own power with minimum or no dismantling and reassembling.

Lifting & Vertical transportation equipment

Lattice Boom Crawler Mounted Crane

- This crane have full revolving superstructure mounted on a pair of crawler tracks. It is used to hoist and place materials and machineries


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Safety Measures on Operating Plants and Machineries

Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous part of the machine has been installed with a guard.

Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may be some dangerous places which have not been provided with fencing.

Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks or other lifting equipment.

Before you use any electrical installation or tool, check the condition of its electric cables.

Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the cables to come into contact with water.

Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.

Use and handle chemicals with care.

Borehole Machine - It used to dig a borehole and test the soil on site. Soil investigations are necessary for engineering structures founded in deep excavations. They also provide important information on the soil and ground water condition.

Pneumatic Air Compressor

- It is a portable air compressor. It is a machine that is capable of converting electrical power into kinetic energy, specifically by utilizing compressed air. Air compressors are designed to work with various tool attachments in order to provide pneumatic power. A variety of electric tools use the air compressor, including blo-guns, nail guns, air staplers and others.

Other equipment

External Work building construction

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Safety Measures on Excavations

Keep the fence on all sides of an complete excavation.

Use safe access for access and way out.

Do not pile soil or any other materials at the edge of an excavation.

Make sure that a trench is securely shored before working in it.

Excavation

Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and underground. Excavation is used in construction to create building foundations, reservoirs and roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching, digging, dredging and site development.

During new construction, site excavation is one of the earliest stages. The site is excavated to create a level, clean area to work, with the foundations being established in the excavated area. A site may also be excavated and backfilled to confirm that the material directly under the site is of high quality. The depth of site excavation can vary, depending on what is being built and where the building is occurring.


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Sewerage works

It provides the construction and completion of the sewerage system complete with sewerage pipes including joint, concrete bed and encasing, formwork, excavation and backfilling; manholes and inspection chamber including and connection to main sewer line and make good all works concerned all to the approval of Local Authority. Our site has install underground sewer piping for sewerage system.

manhole Excavate trench for sewer pipe installation at our site.

Trench Isometric Drawing

Trench Cross Section terminology

Sewer Pipe - Underground Installation

Foundation - A foundation is required only when the native trench bottom does not provide a firm working platform for placement of the pipe bedding material.

Bedding - The bedding directly underneath the pipe is required only to bring the trench bottom up to grade. It should not be so thick or soft that the pipe will settle and lose grade. The sole purpose of the bedding is to provide a firm, stable and uniform support of the pipe. A bedding thickness of 100 mm (4") is most times sufficient.

Haunching - This area is the most important in terms of limiting the vertical deflection of the flexible pipe. Pipe support is obtained in the haunch zone by compacting soil in both directions away from the pipe to the undisturbed trench walls.

Initial Backfill - This zone begins above the spring line to a level 150 mm (6") to 300 mm (12") above the top of the pipe. Compaction here will give little additional side support to the pipe, but may be required to maintain stability of any above ground surfaces.

Final Backfill - The remainder of the trench fill above the initial backfill provides no support for the pipe and should be free of stones 150 mm (6") and larger. Compaction may be requiredfor reasons other than support of the PVC pipe since this zone is very significant in supporting the above ground surfaces.


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Signs and Notices

Signs and notices are essential elements at construction site to guide, show and notice the public , workers and employees for general information of the construction and safety precautions.

General safety signs, warning signs, prohibition signs, mandatory signs and scaffolding banners are quite important to minimize the safety issues which is usually and easily to occur at construction site.

Specifically, signs and notices at construction site are used as following: Administration area and office signs for visitors to report to

To help in directing plant and materials deliveries

For security and to act as warnings to the public and employees

For ease of location of administration, safety, health and welfare facilities

To show the names and organizations who are party to the contract

To help maintain good public relations

Safety signs and notices board at site office

Safety signs at the entrance of our site

Construction Board

Administration office sign Site Plan


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Hoarding/ Fencing

Where appropriate, perimeter hoardings should be installed to protect the peripheral space around the construction site or building. Flat sided hoardings are considered better than fences because they are more difficult to climb and prevent viewing of the site interior. It is recommended that hoardings or fences should be a minimum height of 2.4m and high security fences at least 3m.

The construction site that we visited do not install hoarding around, which is not a good example to follow. Our site only separated by a big drain from the road. The hoarding is important for the security safety to prevent stealing of building materials from site. It also avoid the public especially children to come into the site unauthorized and accidents happen in the site.

FoundationThe lowest part of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, It is designed to support and secure the superstructure and transmit its weights directly to the earth.

Shallow foundation (Raft, Strip & Pad)transfer the load to the earth at the base of column or wall of the substructure

Deep foundation (Piled)Piles are used to penetrate through upper layers of incompetent soil in order to transfer the load to competent load bearing soil or rock deeper within the earth

Piled FoundationThis is the type of foundation used at the site. The reason why this foundation is chosen is because the site is located near to sea where the soil condition is loose. So, a series of columns are inserted into the ground to transmit the load(s) of the structure to a stable load bearing subsoil

Strip FoundationSuitable for most subsoil and light structural loadings such as those encountered in low to medium rise domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be used. Reinforced concrete is usually required.

Pad FoundationSuitable for most subsoil except loose sands, loose gravels and filled areas. Pad foundations are usually constructed of reinforced concrete and usually square in plan

Raft Foundation These are used to spread the load of the superstructure overall large base to reduce the load per unit area being imposed on the ground and this is particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils are encountered and where single column loads are heavy

Foundation building construction

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Pile DriveA pile driver hammers a precast concrete pile into the ground. The pile is supported by the vertical structure (leads) of the pile driver and driven by a heavy piston mechanism that follows it down the leads as it penetrates deeper into soil

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Pile used on siteThere are many different types of pile. The pile used on site is PRECAST CONCRETE PILESThey are square in sizes and reinforced by rebar. The typical cross-sectional dimensions range from 25 to 41 Centimeters and bearing capacities from 45 to 500 tons.

Common mangrove pileMangrove piles are used for car porch foundation on site. They are usually straight tree trunks cut off above and allowable load ground swell, trimmed of a branches and the bark removed, usually sizes between 75 to 125mm in diameter 5 to 10 kn. The piles must be approved for building construction first. Then, it must be free of sharp bends ,large or loose knots, splits or decay.


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Excavation-the subsoil of the site is excavated to reduce level for the construction of pile cap-The excavated material is disposed off-site by lorries

Lifting -The pile is tied on its lifting lug -Lifting the pile-The pile is straighten and ready for hammering

Hammering Process-The pile is driven into the ground by using drop hammer-The subsoil around the pile shaft is displaced-The pile is hammered into the ground until it cannot be driven into the soil any further or to certain depth

Cutting of the Pile-the concrete is crushed by Pneumatic hammer-The reinforcement in the pile is cut by oxy-cutter-The cut pile is lifted off and disposed

Construction of Pile Cap-The formwork is build by using plywood-The reinforcement is inserted into the formwork-Then, concrete is poured into the formwork and vibrated it

Section of Pile Cap


Piling process

The end of the pile is not structurally connected with the footing which connect the column to the base

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Spread Footing

Spread Footing is a structure which help to spread the weight of a structure throughout its surface area to provide stability. it can be categorized into 5 types which are :

Strip Footing

Strip Footing is the made with the continuous spread footings of foundation walls

Continuous Footing

Continuous Footing is made from extendedReinforced concrete footing in order toSupport a row of columns

Strap Footing

Combined Footing is a reinforced concrete footing extended out to support an interior column load

Strap Footing is made from a columnFooting connected to another footing byTie beam in order to support an asymmetrically imposed load

Combined Footing

Isolated Footing

This is the type of footing that our site used. It is an individual footing supporting free standing columns and piers


The tip of starter bars are tied up in preparation for the next level where more rebars will be added to the existing one

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• Reinforced Concrete Slab, Minimum Slab Thickness : 10cm

• Polyethylene Moisture Barrier (DPM), To prevent water from running into the ground during concrete curing, Thickness : 0.15mm

• Sand Layer, to provide a flat surface for concrete pouring

• Compacted Course gravel or crushed stone Layer, to prevent the rise of groundwater, minimum thickness : 10cm

• Stable dense soil base Layer, compaction can be used to improve load bearing capacity, resistance to water penetration and increase soil stability

• Underground wiring and piping will be installed before the concrete slab is cast

Correct Foundation Layer

Wrong Foundation Layer (From Site) From the site, we found out that the foundation work are not properly executed

1. Wrong Position of Concrete Rod Spacer (Figure A)

2. No course gravel or crushed stone layer ( Figure B)

Figure A Figure B

Correct way of placing a concrete rod spacer

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Concrete Beam

Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Cast-in-place concrete beams are almost always formed and placed along with the slab they support. Because a portion of the slab acts as an integral part of the beam, the depth of the beam is measured to he top of the slab.

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Concrete beam section

Concrete column

Reinforcement bar

Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements. The non-concurrent pattern of forces subjects a beam to bending and deflection, which must be resisted by the internal strength of the material. The beam, column and slab that is in our site is constructed together. It is a continuous casting of concrete column, beam and slab.

Reinforcing bars extend into and down column support for structural continuity and to develop the required embedment length for anchorage

Beam building construction

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Constructing concrete beam process

Fix the reinforcement bar for concrete beam

Fix the formwork for the concrete beam

Pour concrete, wait for the concrete to be cured then remove the formwork

Ground beams sometimes are casted together with the slab, but in our site, they casted the beams before they cast the slab.

As for the first floor beam, they casted the beam together with the slab because it is not possible to cast the beam first then the slab later.

Beam building construction

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Concrete Column

Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members. The concrete column that is built in our site was built along with the concrete beam and slab.

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Concrete column section

Type of columns

Wood/Timber column

Steel column

Concrete column

The column that is applied in our site is concrete column.

Concrete column construction process

Fix the reinforcement bar for the concrete

column

Fix the formwork for the concrete

column

Pour concrete, wait for it to be cured then

remove the formwork

Column building construction

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Soil / Fill

Concrete Slab

According to our observation on the site, the type of slab that they use is concrete slab. Concrete slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay.

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Two-way Slab

By observing the dimension of the slab, we concluded that the slab that is applied in this site is a two-way slab. A two-way slab of uniform thickness may be reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with supporting beams and columns on all four sides of square or nearly square bays. Two-way slab and beam construction is effective for medium spans and heavy loads, or when a high resistance to lateral forces is required.

Suspended Slab

The slab in our site doesn’t sits directly on the ground, it is suspended. They also fill the suspended area with soil.

Slab building construction

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Slab building construction

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Prepare the ground

Sequence of constructing a concrete slab

Fix the formwork

Install service pipe

Finish the slab surface

Place and compact concrete

Fix the reinforcement bar

Cure the concrete slab

Before curing the concrete slab After curing the concrete slab

Reinforce rebar

Sand and Gravel

Ground soil

Damp proof membrane

Concrete slab

Walls are often used to support loads, to insulate the building and to work as a climatic enclosure, protecting the building from sun, wind and rain.

Walls can be load bearing, supporting the floor and roofs or non-load bearing. However, they always separate a place from another, working like filters in space. Their qualities affect the space they create.

There are different types of walls made from different materials, according to the requirements of the context and the client’s wishes. A wall can be a solid wall that carries its loads in compression throughout its length and so it requires supporting beams or a continuous foundation.

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On-site clay brick walls

on-site concrete brick walls

Wall building construction

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Masonry wall

Masonry walls are made of piled up modular blocks, usually made of clay, stone, cement or concrete. They are various ways a masonry wall can be stacked and they create different patterns. Usually they are hold together with the help of mortar that is made of sand, cement and water.

English bondOn-site concrete bricks arranged

in English bond

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Specification of standard modular brick

Concrete brickmade from solid concrete which is a combination of Portland cement, aggregates and water.

Clay brick Made from a mixture of clay and water then pressed into forms and fired in a kiln.


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Mortar

Mortar is a workable paste consists of cement or lime, or a combination of both with sand and water. It is used as a bonding agent in masonry construction. A standard mortar mix for new brickwork would be 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand) or1:4 (Portland cement:sand).

On-site concrete bricks with mortar

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Types of Mortar Joints


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Step 1: Measure the length of wallStart by putting a brick down at each end of the wall. Measure from the outer edge of the brick at one end to the outer edge of the brick at the other end to get the length of the wall

Procedures of constructing concrete brick wall

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Step 2: Measure the brick Measure the bricks and mark a few marks at 10 inch intervals. add about 3/8 of an inch onto the length of the bricks to compensate for the mortar in between the bricks which is a "joint".

Step 3: ConsistencyKeep the height of all bricks the same by using a spirit level.

Step 4: set up the line Hook a line at both ends so it lines up with the very top of the two bricks. Then fill up the middle.


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Step 5: continue on the next level Always start at each end then fill in the middle until the destined height. Remember to adjust the hook line on every level.


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Step 6: Wiring and piping After constructing the brick until the top, get all kinds of piping ready such as wire, air conditioner, water and etc. Then, craft a cylindrical-like space on the wall vertically or horizontally depending on the piping system. After that, start setting up the pipes.

Step 7: PLASTER & SKIM COATApply the plaster in a smooth layer over the brick wall and let it dry before applying a second coating which should be thinner than the first layer. Smooth over the wall with a skim coat of mud, applied with a special squeegee knife.

Plastering

Skim coating

A staircase is a construction designed to link a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances which is called steps. It allows easy movement between the different levels of a design.

Aspect that should be considered when designing a staircase is the placement of stairs, ease of travel and most importantly the safety. Also, The design of a staircase should take proper consideration of the width, landings, handrails, guardrails, treads, risers and nosing which are the requirements of a staircase.

On-site concrete staircase

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Staircase building construction

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Concrete staircase

Concrete staircases are often specified for their strength, durability, fire protection, flood resistance and sound reduction properties.

On-site concrete Quarter Landing Staircase

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Quarter Landing StaircaseThis staircase connects one level to another where it makes a right-angled turn in the path of travel. However, the two flights connected by an intervening landing may be equal or unequal.

Parts of staircase


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Procedures of constructing concrete staircase

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Step 2: Determine the foundation’s dimensionThe dimensions of the staircase’s foundation are the total length of run and total width of staircase as measured in step 1.

Step 3: Build the formUse either plywood or framing lumber to build the form. Cut the side forms according to the tread and riser calculations.

Step 1: Calculate the stairs’ dimensionStandard measurement of Rise (7 inches) and Tread (11 inches).

Measure the height of one floor to the other. (to get the total number of rise) Divide the height with 7.25 inches to get the number of steps. Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will span (total run) and measure the width of staircase from left to right (total staircase width).


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Step 4: Prepare the concreteproduce sufficient and well-mixed mortar with a portable cement mixer.

Step 5: Pour the mortar Start at the bottom and pour one step at a time. Make sure the mortars are spread evenly. Use a spade to remove the trapped air bubbles.

Step 6: Add finishing touches Use a simple wood float to clean and smooth the surface of the mortars.

Step 7: Leave and waitSpray the stairs with curing compound and cover it with burlap. After a week, remove the form lumber.


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Disadvantages/issues of glass balustrade• Stain and fingerprint magnet (glass)• Difficult to Maintain (little space between glass and

stringer) • Unsafe (no handrail)

Solution• install the glass panels above the staircase instead

of fixing beside the stringer so that the wall can be easily access when cleaning or painting.

• Attach handrail to the glass balustrade for safety purpose.

glass balustrade

Glass balustrade is used as a modern device to keep the interior of the living space light and open. It allows light to flow easily and also add a touch of contemporary glamour. However, in this case, it comes with disadvantages as well.

Figure 5.4.3On-site Glass Balustrade

Door building construction

Door Definition

A door is an opening or closing structure used to block off an entrance, typically consisting of an interior side that faces the inside of a space and an exterior side that faces the outside of that space.

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Sliding Door

A sliding door is a type of door which opens horizontally by sliding, whereby the door is either mounted on or suspended from a track.

Easy-to-fit runner

Running track

Glazing bread

Single glazing

Thermal break

Mainframe

Multi-chambered sash

Weather-strip

Door building construction

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Flush Door

Flush doors are simple interior and exterior doors that feature plain facings on both sides of the construction. The flush doors on the site are made from wood.

Solid wood frame

Insulation rubber seal

Wood pin

Bar strip

Main Board

Out covering

Wood pin & Fix plate

Solid wood

Wood reinforced ribbon

Wood block

Wood veneer

Window building construction

Windows Definition

- an opening in a wall, door, roof that allows the passage of light, air and sound.

- Modern windows are usually glazed or covered by transparent or translucent materials, which held in place by frames.

- Many glazed windows can be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather.

- Windows often have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut.

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Types of Windows

1. Top Hung WindowAn awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on top.

2. Side Hung WindowA window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising.

3. Fixed WindowA window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allowing light to enter.

4. Bay WindowA multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.

5. Tilt and Turn WindowA tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side.


Side Hung Window

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Casement Window

Multi-chambered sash and mainframe

Step-down frame

Window hinge

Single Glazing

Weather-strip

Glazing bread

1.5m

0.5m

0.8m 0.8m 4cm

3cm

3cm

0.5cm

A window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising. The frames of the fixed windows on the site are made from aluminium.


Fixed Window

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Fixed Window

Sash and mainframe

Backer rod

Single Glazing

Weather-strip

Glazing bread

2m

1.5m

0.5cm

6cm

2cm

2cm

2cm3cm

A window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allowing light to enter. The frames of the fixed windows on the site are made from aluminium.

Window & Door

building construction

Windows Installation

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1. Measure the width of the rough opening at the top, middle, and bottom and the height

2. Center a waterproof membrane under the rough opening to avoid water infiltration

3. Set the window's sill into the bottom of the rough opening, and tip the frame into the opening

4. Place a 2-foot level on the windowsill, and note its high side

5. Double-check the window is square by measuring the frame diagonally from corner to corner

7. apply a bead of caulk to the top edge of the window casing, then press the flashing in place

8. Fit the sash into the window frame.

6. Center a waterproof membrane under the window to covers the bottom nailing fin

Door Installation

1. Measure the dimension for a perfect fit

2. Build up the sill area to the proper height with treated lumber

3. Apply a bead of caulk along the sides and top of the door opening and at the sill

4. Shim behind each hinge. For large spaces, start with small squares of plywood. Then finish with pairs of shims

5. Screw driven into the framing. Drive additional casing nails along the sides and top of the exterior trim

6. Fill the space between the doorjamb and the framing with minimal expanding foam insulation

7. Cut and install new interior trim or reinstall the old trim

8. Press foam caulk backer into the siding/trim gap. Apply a neat bead of caulk between the siding and the door trim

Roof Definition

- part of a building envelope, both the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight

- There are several types of roof such as gable roof, hipped roof, gambrel roof, flat roof, mansard roof, shed roof etc.

- The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region. The main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering.

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Function of roof

1. Insulation – Heat transfer through three ways which are convection, conduction and radiation. In order to prevent heat to transfer into the house, roof is needed as an insulator to prevent heat from flowing into the house directly. Materials such as sisalation also being used to reflect the heat energy that transfer through convection/conduction/radiation. Fibre glass were also add underneath the roof tiles for insulation.

2. Drainage - The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or inconvenience.

Roof building construction

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Gable roof

Flat roof

Hipped roof

Gambrel roof

Mansard roof

Shed roof

Roofing process

1. After all the levels are done, the roof beam will be constructed on the column of the level below it.2. The stiffener will come after roof beam, the stiffeners are used to support the roofing system.

3. All the brick will be laid around the stiffener so that they wont fall over easily

4. After all of the bricks are laid, roof beam will be put again at the edge of the bricks to make it more stable.

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1.

2.

4.3.


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Roof layering

- From the bottom until the roof top, there are several layers in the roofing system.

- The first layer from the bottom is the metal structure or metal truss which act as the support for the whole roofing system.

- After the metal structure will be the fiber glass layer which act as an insulator to absorb and reflect heat from penetrates through roof into the house.

-The third layer is the sisalation which act as an insulator and also a protector for fiber glass from the water that flow from the roof top.

-- the final layer will be the roof tiles which act as a cover for the house from sunlight, wind, rain, etc.


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Roof structure details

The type of roofing system used in the site we choose is metal roofing structure.

Roof tiles

Sisalation (aluminium foil)

Fiber glass

Metal truss/ structure

Purlin

Metal truss/structure

1. Excavation2. Piling

3. Ground Beam

Pile Cap Formwork On Ground Beam

4. Backfilling5. Formwork Of Ground Floor Slab

6. Ground Floor Slab Completed

7. Formwork Of First Floor Beam

Scaffolding

8. First Floor Beam Completed & Formwork Of First Floor Slab

9. First Floor Slab Completed & Formwork Of Staircase & Roof Beam.

10. Roof Beam

Stiffener

Window and Door

Staircase

Bricklaying

Excavator

Piling Driver

Starter Bar

Tied Up Pile Tip

Summary building construction

Building Construction Process

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Reference building construction

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1. Walls. (n.d.). technicalstudiescsm. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://technicalstudiescsm.wordpress.com/2. Types of Mortar Joints. (n.d.). Types of Mortar Joints. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://www.qualityblock.com/joints.html3. Bricks & Tiles. (n.d.). HubPages. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://bits-n-pieces.hubpages.com/hub/bricks-and-tiles4. Brickwork Types and Brickwork Bonds. (n.d.). 1st Associated. Retrieved April 22, 2014, from http://www.1stassociated.co.uk/brickwork-types-and-brickwork-bonds.asp5. How to Build a Brick Wall. (n.d.). wikiHow. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Brick-Wall6. Stair. (n.d.). Arhitectis. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.arhitectis.com/stair.htm7. Glossary. (n.d.). OZStair. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.ozstair.com.au/design-centre/glossary/8. Building Concrete Steps - How To Build Concrete Steps and Stairs. (n.d.).everything-about-concrete.com. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.everything-about-concrete.com/building-concrete-steps.html9. Balustrade | Staircase Glass. (n.d.).Glass Network. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http://www.glassnetwork.com.my/pages/products/residential-glass/balustrade-staircase-glass.php10. Stephen, E., & Christopher A. Gorse (2010). Barry’s introduction to construction of buildings. (Second edition) West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Inc.11. Chudley, R., & Greeno,R. (2004) Building Construction Handbook. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann12. Francis D. K. Ching (2008) Building Construction Illustrated (Fourth Edition) New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc13. Barry,R. (1999) The Construction Of Buildings (Seventh Edition) Oxford : Blackwell Science14. Edward Allen & Joseph Iano (2004) Fundamental Of Building Construction (Fourth Edition) New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc15. Scott Gibson. How to Install a Window. This Old House. Retrieved May 3, 2014 from http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/how-to/intro/0,,218006,00.html 16. How to Replace an Exterior Door. The Family Handyman. Retrieved May 8, 2014 from http://www.familyhandyman.com/doors/installation/how-to-replace-an-exterior-door17. Occupational Safety and Health Branch Labour Department. (march, 2004). Safety Handbook for Construction Site Workers: Safety First, pg1-7. file:///C:/Users/Win%208/Downloads/ConstrutionSite.pdf18. Manitoba Labour and Immigration, Workplace Safety & Health Division. (December 2007). Guideline for Excavation Work. Pg14-27. file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/excavationwork.pdf19. L. Barnet, P.E. (2003). Construction Equipment Security. Pg2-4. Florida Partnership for Safety and Health. file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/Chapter4construction.pdf20. IPEX. (2010). Installation Guide: Municipal Systems. Pg11-12. file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/PVC%20Sewer%20Pipe%20Install%20Guide%20(1).pdf21. British Security Industry Association. (January 2012). Construction site security – a guide. Pg3. file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/form_123.pdf22. M. McMahon. (10 May 2014). What Is Site Excavation? Retrieved 12 May 2014, from wiseGeek website: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-site-excavation.htm23. Klunk, Millan. (2014). Tech Support: Underground Installation. Retrieved 12 May 2014, from HARVEL website: http://www.harvel.com/technical-support-center/installation/underground-installation24. Excavation Construction. (2012). Retrieved 12 May 2014, from Wollam Construction website: http://www.wollamconstruction.com/excavation-construction.php25. Government of South Australia. Fact Sheet: Construction Site Security. file:///C:/Users/0311069/Downloads/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Construction%20Site%20Security.pdf

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