Building Construction 1 - Experiencing Construction

EXPERIENCINGCONSTRUCTION"Experiencing, documenting and analysing the construction process."

ASSIGNMENT 1:

MODERN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (MASSA) RESEARCH UNITBACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1BLD30603GROUP MEMBERSCrystal Chia Fye JzngFoo Ji SunHo Zi YanLe Jia LingLeong DarrenLow Wing ChunNg Ji YannYew Wing Kee

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the site

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site and safety preliminaries work

foundation superstructure

beam and column

slab

wall

staircase

doors and windows

summaryroof

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1.1 THE TEAM

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1.2 THE SITE

SITE 1 BANGIThe first site we visited is located in Bangi, Kajang. The site is currently in groundbreaking phase.

SITE 2 SEPANGThe second site we visited is located in Sepang. The site is currently in superstructure stage and is near to completion.

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2.0 SITE & SAFETY

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SITE SAFETY PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

- To ensure workers obey the safety instructions to avoid any risk of injuries or death - Required by law

Safety requirements achieved by workers on site

SAFETY BOOTS- To protect foot from injuries- Avoid sharp items piercing through

Regulation board of safety sign

FACE SHIELDS - Protect the face from sparks when cut the materials by using machinery

SAFETY HELMET- To protect the workers- Must be worn at all times when on site- To prevent direct contact to head with sharp objects or hazard situation

site & safety | prepared by Low Wing Chun & Le Jia Ling

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SAFETY OBSERVATION ON SITE

- Materials were scattered on site and not well kept- Might cause injury when stepped on or tripped over

- A visitor on site was seen without any personal protective equipment- Exposed to high risk of injuries

- Scaffolding not netted- Risk of falling hazard

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3.0 PRELIMINARIES WORK

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SITE CLEARING & EXCAVATION EARTHWORKS

Before construction can begin, certain site preparation procedures such as site clearing and excavation must be carried out. Site clearing includes works such as the clearing way of trees and stumps from the building site. Excavation includes the removal of the earth, rocks and other ground material from site.

Some earthworks that must be carried out before construction are grading and soil compaction. Grading is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with specified slope depending on the type of construction site. The earthworks created for such a purpose are often called the sub-grade. Soil compaction is carried out in order to increase the density and load-bearing capacity of soil. This is a significant part of the construction process as if performed improperly settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance.

Excavation of rocks and sand at a residential construction site Grading conducted at a

residential construction site

Clearing of trees at a residential construction site Soil Compaction being carried

out

preliminaries work | prepared by Le Jia Ling

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SETTING OUT

Setting out is the establishment of the marks and lines to define the position and level of the elements for the construction works so that works may proceed with reference to them. The settings out techniques used at the residential construction site were horizontal control techniques where the structure is set out using permanent and non-permanent central points.

The figure above shows an example of the setting out of a structure in relation to the construction site. Primary site controls are instruments used to establish a second level of control where secondary Control points are used to define important elements of the scheme.

The figure above shows the use of corner pegs and offset pegs in setting out. Both corner pegs and offset pegs are used as the corner pegs will be lost during construction.

The figure shows the permanent control point used for setting out a construction site. The construction and protection of control points is very important and thus permanent control points must be durable and secure.

Wooden pegs are used for making non-permanent stations. They are also called stakes and their use in setting out is sometimes referred to as staking.


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CONSTRUCTION HOARDINGS

Construction hoarding is a temporary fencing used to secure a construction site and is a prerequisite for any developer. The hoarding defines the site boundary and prevents intruders from entering the site. Authorised personnel can enter through the access gate which can be locked after hours. The main purpose of construction hoarding is for public safety as it discorouges civilians from wandering onto the site and thus reduces risk of their injury.

Information board is placed outside of hoarding at entrance site

Access for workersAccess for vehicles


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SITE OFFICE CONSTRUCTION STORAGE

The site office is found on the construction site is a temporary structure that is actually a portable cabin. It is durable and functional on order to accommodate the intricate demands of daily work on the construction site as well as reduce risks of injury to the users.

The type of storage facilities used to store materials on the construction site depends on the durability of the stored material, its vulnerability to damage from weather and also its a financial value. Materials that do not require protection from weather are merely left in the open. This saves storage space for the more vulnerable materials and provides easy access for the workers. Sometimes temporary storage areas are used to store materials that required protection from weather but will be used in a relatively short period of the time. More expensive materials are locked in the storage containers for protection from weather and theft.

Site office located near the construction site

Materials stored in the open area construction site

Temporary storage area to protect from rain

Storage containers for the better security


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SERVICES DRAINAGE

Drainage is a system of underground pipes used to convey discharge from roofs, paved areas and sanitary fittings to a suitable disposal installation. The usual method of disposal is through the connection of the pipework to the public sewer, which will convey discharges to a local authority sewage treatment plant for processing.

Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) is used as the material for the pipes at the residential construction site. The pipes are supplied in standard effective lengths of up to 6m diameters ranging from 75 to 150mm. A few advantages of using the uPVC are easier joining and light handling. Also, they are less susceptible to corrosion and breakage

The figure above shows a cross section of the residential drainage system. Foundation encloses the drainage pipe system where

each PVC pipe is set in a bed of gravel.

The figure on the left shows a cross section of the residential drainage system. It shows how the foundation is supported by

concrete footing.


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SERVICES SEWAGE

According to the site manager, there will be a small space outside the houses to locate the inspection chamber. In the inspection chamber are sewage outlets from toilets, bathrooms, and kitchens that are connected to public sewerage pipelines to the public sewage treatment plant. The checking and cleaning of blockages can be done via the inspection chamber.

The residential sewer is an underground carriage system specifically for transporting sewage from houses through pipes to treatment or disposal. The sewage system is connected to sewage pipeline that are directly linked to a sewage treatment plant through a network of underground sewer pipes.

Partially constructed residential sewer system Partially constructed inspection chamber

The figure on the top shows a manhole and cover used at the

residential construction site

The figure on the left shows a septic tank of a residential sewerage system


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SERVICES RAINWATER MANAGEMENTIn fact, the design of the residential site optimizes rainwater by conducting rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting involves the collection of water from roofs and hard standings and storing this water for later use. The rainwater harvesting system to be implemented at the residential construction site will allow harvested rainwater to be dispensed from a hose to be used for outdoor purposes.

Rainwater management is urgently suggested for ecological and economic reasons. The project manager who led us around the site even informed us that these days it is almost impossible to get approval for a residential design without the inclusion of proper rainwater management.

Partially constructed residential sewer system

The figure above shows the completed water harvesting system. The tank will collect water from down spout and the water will be

dispensed from the hose.


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4.0 FOUNDATION A foundation is the lowest load-bearing part of a building and is constructed partly or below the surface below ground level. The function of a foundation is to support the superstructure above via transmitting the load evenly and safely.

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WHAT IS A FOUNDATION?

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

KEY ASPECTS OF A FOUNDATION DESIGN

DEEP FOUNDATION

A foundation is the lowest load-bearing part of a building and is constructed partly or below the surface below ground level. The function of a foundation is to support the superstructure above via transmitting the load evenly and safely.

A type of foundation which transfer building loads to the earth/soil on a very shallow depth and much different when compared to deep foundation.

• Application and study of soil and rock mechanics (Geotechnical engineering)• Footing is designed structurally by a Civil & Structural Engineer• Primary concern are Settlement and Bearing Capacity• Able to safely carry compressive tension

Deep foundations are purposed to transfer loads from a structure to the soil and earth which are much further deeper than a shallow foundation works. Deep Foundations are also used when the layer of the soil cannot support the weight of the building, hence the load of the building must has its load transferred and bypassing this layer to a stronger soil beneath the weak layer. Deep foundations are usually extended much beyond shallow foundation and is commonly used on buildings that has a heavy and concentrated load such as a high rise building.

Shallow foundation Deep foundation

FOUNDATION AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (reference)

foundation | prepared by Leong Darren

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SINGLE FOOTINGS

RAFT FOOTINGS

STRIP FOOTINGS

Most common and simple type, used when the load of the building is carried by columns. Each columns has its own footing. Footing is just a square or rectangular pad of concrete on which the column will sit on.

diagram source : http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/shallowfoundation-spread-footings.html

diagram source : http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/12/raftfoundations-typical-examples.html

diagram source : http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/shallow-foundationspread-footings.html

Most often used when basements are to be constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation. The weight of the building is spread evenly ove the entire footprint of the building.

Strip footings are commonly used in load-bearing masonry construction, it’s basically a long strip that supports the entire wall. Usually found in older buildings made of masonry.


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Concrete piles on Bangi site Pile foundation detailing on Bangi site

PILE FOUNDATIONMost common form of a deep foundation is a Pile Foundation. A Pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material that is pushed or driven into the ground. Piles are commonly made with concrete but in certain cases, steel and wood is also used. Concrete Piles are precast.


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PILE CAPA Pile Cap is a thick concrete “mat”that rests on the concrete piles that had been driven. It provides a suitable stable foundation and forms as a base for the building. The Pile Cap distributes the load of the building.

Pile cap on top of six piles

diagram source : https://www.pinterest.com/pin/309622543110993548/


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PILE PENETRATION USING PRESS-IN METHOD• Hydraulically pressing-in piles into the ground.

• Challenge construction pollution of excessive noise and vibration on site that causes disturbance to the nearby residential community.

• The precast piles are “injected” into the ground quietly and steadily.

• Advantages of using the HSPD is that of the reduced pollution of noise and voice, high accuracy via the usage of static forces ensures the pile’s stability.

Piles are injected to the soil hydraulically.

Pressure bulbs, or a compressed soil area is formed around the pile. This pressure bulb provides both vertical and lateral strength to the structure of the pile.

diagram source: https://www.giken.com/en/press-in/principle/index.html

FOUNDATION AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (bangi site)

Hydraulic static pile driver machine


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Worker painting the measurements onto the piles prior to press-in process.

Crane placing the pile into the position. Notice that the measurements painted by the worker previously is indicated via each meter.

Crane of the pile driver machine carries the pile for preparation.

Piles are placed in position and would be then “injected” into the soil.

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4foundation | prepared by Leong Darren

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FOUNDATION AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (sepang site)

Pile Load Test (PLT) on site

PILE LOAD TEST (PLT)A building’s structural soundness starts off with a strong foundation, in which piles are commonly used. As part of foundation’s quality assurance and control, Pile Load Test (PLT)is necessary to ensure that the pile casted on site can take the load of the structure.

A PLT is deemed failed when there is an instability of the Kentledge (Weight used such as concrete blocks), or failure of pile cap on whatever reasons such as cracked, crumble and distorted from its original shape or deflected from its original position.

The test load shall be maintained on the pile for at least 48 hours and settlements & data shall be recorded at intervals. The test load would then be unloaded in four equal decrements at one-hour intervals until the full load is removed. Data readings will be made immediately after and before every load is applied or removed.

The maximum test load in a Working Load Test (WLT) would be 200% of the working load of a pile. Whereas the test load in a Failure Load Test (FLT) shall be at least but not necessarily limited to 300% of the working load of a pile.


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Earthwork excavation being done before setting out of pile cap.

Water being pumped out before the casting ofthe pile cap. Formwork is placed.

Earthwork excavation being done before setting out of pile cap.

Completed pile cap on site.

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4foundation | prepared by Leong Darren

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REFERENCESPress In Method. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.giken.com/en/press-in_method/Types of Deep Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://theconstructor.org/geotechni-cal/types-of-deep-foundation/7252/Understand Foundation. (n.d) Retrieved from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.htmlDesigning a Foundation. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.gharexpert.com/tips/arti-cles/Construction/1511/Foundation-1511-Designing-a-Foundation_0Pile Testing Specification. (2001, April 20). Pile Testing Specification by G&P Geotech-nics Sdn. Bhd, 1-25.


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5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE Superstructure is the element of the building that projects above the foundation. It is the most visible part of the building. It consists of beams, columns, slabs, walls and staricases.

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5.1 BEAMS AND COLUMNS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM PLYWOOD FORMWORK

SIMPLE BEAM

RC COLUMN (REINFORCED CONCRETES)

Structural system support and transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the members.

Formwork is the use of support structures and moulds to create structures out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. The formwork here is made using wood.

A beam is a horizontal member spanning an opening and carrying a load that may be a brick or stone wall above the opening, in which case the beam is often called a lintel.

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.

beams & columns | prepared by Low Wing Chun

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BEAM FORMWORK COLUMN FORMWORK

A 3-sided box propped in the desired measurements. The beam form side retains the wet concrete and is able to withstand initial hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete.

This consists of a vertical mold of the desired shape and measurements, there will be bracing, stakes and sole plate to help straighten the formwork.


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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMTo create the columns and beams, the positions must first be identified according to the construction drawings and foundations.


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Post foundation work. Formwork preparation for concrete pouring.

Pouring cement into formwork.

Drying of concrete and removing formwork.

Balancing of soil and creating reinforce concrete columns.

Beam connecting 2nd floor to 3rd floor created.

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4 5 6beams & columns | prepared by Low Wing Chun

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REFERENCESBeam. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from https://global.britannica.com/technolo-gy/beam-architectureStructural system. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from https://global.britannica.com/technology/structural-systemRithika Ravishankar, General Secretary(Aided section) at Academy Of Architecture - India Follow. (2015). Formwork construction in structures. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/rithikarockingravishankar/formwork-construc-tion-in-structures@. (2016). TYPES OF FORMWORK (SHUTTERING) FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/building/formwork-shutter-ing/types-of-formwork-shuttering/3767/


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5.2 SLAB

INTRODUCTION

TYPE OF SLAB (reference)

A floor slab is a common structural elements used in modern buildings normally used as floor or a subfloor and it is a reinforced concrete slab with a minimum thickness 5 – 6 cm. The floor slab is a semi precast component that includes the lower floor slab reinforcement that is required for structural reason.

One Way Slab

Grid Slab

Two Way Flat Slab

Hollow Core Slab

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3 Figure 4

Simple support by the side edges only.

Structural topping

Reinforcing as required.

The force is applied on the slab, Slab surface become

cylindrical.

Shape like square pocket.

Flat slab placed directly on the

concrete columns.

One way slab is a rectangular slab , supported by its two opposite long edge and free of any support along the two opposite edges. If force is applied on the surface, the slab will become curvy as shown in Figure 1.

Two way flat slab is a two way reinforcement that usually does not have beams and girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns.

Hollow core slab is also known as a voided slab, typically used in the construction of floors in multi story apartment building.

A waffle slab is a type of slab that have two directional reinforcement of the slab. Giving it the shape of pocket on a slab. A waffle slab gives a substances significantly more structural stability without using a lot of additional materials. Waffle slab is normally used in industrial or commercial building.

slab | prepared by Yew Wing Kee

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TYPE OF SLAB (bangi site) INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

Slab type used: Hollow Core Slab

The photo is taken at the construction site where the worker is now installing the hollow core slab. Hollow Core Slab is normally use in the construction of floors for high rise apartment or multi storey building. Compared to other traditional method of construction, hollow core slab are manufactured using highly customated hollow core machine, through environment friendly manufacturing process.

1. Hollow Core Slab need to be installed followed by the drawing.

2. Worker need to make sure that all the slab joint widths uniform.

3. If the worker seek that there is a possibility of trapping water in the cores, each core should be tapped near the end to provide drainage.


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INSTALLATION PROCESS

The worker will lift the hollow core slab near the end of the slab, this is due to lifting the slab too far away from the end may caused breakage.

Using erection clamp with safety slings for hollow core slab that is width 4’ , when the worker was attaching the clamp to the slab, they need to ensure the clamp is level.

Next, they will pull the hollow core slab sling to the adjacent erected slab. Worker will marked the location of slab joints on the bearing area. This will ensure the gauging of proper joint width and not overrun or undercover the prescribed area.

After erected the slab, the worker will pull the lifting clamps clear of the grout key after the crane lines are slackened.

Therefore, a safe platform was form by hollow core slab, the platform can used by worker to further their work and a space where they can placed their construction tools.

Finally, the last step will be pouring concrete in the end of the slabs to integrate them with support.

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TYPE OF SLAB (sepang site)

Slab type used: Concrete Slab

Concrete slab can combine footing, foundations and subfloor as one piece. Slabs are cheaper to built than basement. Slabs are best used on level ground and in warm climate. They can be used where ground level is uneven. Most heat energy is lost at the edges of slab. This loss is reduced by using rigid insulation. In some extreme cases, heating ducts can be built into the slab itself. This is very efficient and provides building with an even temperature. The progress of avoiding heat losing is shown in diagram below

Gravel

Footing

Rigid Insulation

Slab

Drainage


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PHOTOS TAKEN ON SITE

Concrete slab is built on the lower ground floor.

View Of slabs in the whole building. Slab is supported by the beam and columns.

Under the concrete slab, the brick is supporting the slab

Concrete Slab that used in this site is a two way slab.

Concrete Slab that used in this site is a two way slab.

The Drawing showed that the slab is located in which part of the building.


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INSTALLATION PROCESS

The worker in the picture above is excavating the site. Excavation are made for the footings, drains , and other floor features. These must all be deeper than the rest of the slabs.

After the excavation is done, the corners are relocated. Lines are restrung on batter boards and the corners are plumbed. In the diagram below, the footing forms for two piece slab are made like standard footing or foundation form.

The worker have another easier way to construct the floor slab which is using sand to spread evenly over the form area. Install electrical pipes, sleeves for air conditioning piping and wiring .

Then two workers will walk on the concrete slab, one worker will placed the concrete and another worker will pull up the wire. This is to ensure the strength of the slab. After that , the workers will start pouring the concrete to covered the form of the slab. They will start pouring concrete from the corner of the form.

Finally, when the concrete is fully covered the slab, the worker will wait for it to dry and they will start cleaning up the site .

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WHAT IS A WALL?

TYPES OF WALLS

WALLS ARE PLACED INA wall is a vertical structure , usually solid ,that defines and sometimes protects an area . Most commonly , a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure , separates space in buildings into sections, or protects or delineates a space in the open air.

INTERIOR (WALL/PARTITIONS)- Subdivides the space in the building- Can be structural or non-bearing- Provide required degree of acoustical separation- Accommodation of necessary electrical and mechanical services

EXTERIOR WALL- Able to withstand horizontal wind loading- Can serve as shear walls and transfer lateral wind and seismic forces to the ground foundation if rigid enough- Act as protective shield against weather- Insulation toward air,sound,damp,moisture and heat - Able to support the weight of building or non bearing

- Concrete Wall- Masonry wall- Dry Wall- Glass Wall- Curtain Wall

5.3 WALL

wall | prepared by Ng Ji Yann

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CHARACTERISTICS

3 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

- Usually load bearing - Texture & appearance can be controlled by the use of formworks formworks, admixtures admixtures & additives additives - Often used in high‐rise buildings in malaysia- Often used in government projects in Malaysia, as part of the industralised building systems (ibs) - Offers greater speed of construction & control of quality

- Cast in-situ reinforced concrete frame with rc infill panel walls- Cast in-situ shear wall- Precast concrete wall

Texture of concrete wall

CONCRETE WALL


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Remove precast wall from delivery truck

Set references line and offset line to determine the position of the precast elements to be installed

Prepare and apply non-shrink mortal to seal the gaps along the bottom edge of the inner side of the panel

Check the locations and conditions of the lifting inserts before hoisting

Lift and rig the panels to its designated location with the use of wire ropes

For panels with cast in-situ joints, install the joints rebars as required

Conduct sample measurement to confirm on the accuracy of the critical dimensions of precast concrete elements and openings

Provide level pads (or shim plates) for setting the level of the elements. Set the level pads in the position using non-shrink mortar

For corrugated pipe sleeve or splice sleeve connection ,prepare and pour non-shrink grout or proprietary grout

Check on the accessibility of unloading point and storage area

Adjust the panel to the position and secure it with diagonal props

Remove excess grout infill after precast wall is erected

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12wall | prepared by Ng Ji Yann

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MORTAR

TYPICAL MORTAR MIXES (BY VOLUME)

QUALITY OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

MASONRY WALL

Mixture of sand and lime , or mixture of sand and cement with or without lime. Purpose of adding lime is to increase work ability of the mortar. Propotioning by weight is more accurate compared to propotioning by volume.

Quality of masonry construction solely depends on good workmanship. Using the trowel correctly can improve the accuracy and quality while spreading the mortar. Diagram below shows the correct way of handling the equipment.

- Can be either load bearing or non load - bearing - One of the oldest material, and the most common materials for walls construction in Malaysia- Durable, good sound insulation, fire insulation and thermal insulation - Offers great flexibility in form and appearance

1. Cement mortar - suitable for brickwork in exposed conditions Cement : Sand 1 : 3 2. Lime mortar - suitable for internal brickwork Lime : Sand 1 : 3 3. Gauged Mortar Cement : Lime : Sand 1 : 1 : 6 -suitable for serve exposure 1 : 2 : 9 -suitable for most condition except serve exposure 1 : 3 : 12-internal wall use only


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Lay out bricks in dry run and mark indication line with chalk

Temporarily remove the bricks and soread 3/4 inch thick of mortar bed.

Place the bricks within the indication boundary and leave 3/8 inch thick gap in between

Bricks will be trimmed so that it will fit in perfectly.Spread a layer of mortar and continue the second layer brick placement.

Use level to ensure the all the bricks are places in line

Last brick will be pushed into remaining space. Scrap off excess mortars from the joint. Finished wall is ready for plastering and painting.

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BRICKWALL ON SITE

QUALITY OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

SIMILARITIESExtruded Mortar Joints

Flemish Bond

Bricks were laid in slanted at the top row of the party wall to allow expansion when fire occurs.

SINGLE FLEMISH BOND- Combination of flemish and english bond which provide attractive apperance - Cannot be applied in having thickness less then one

Type of joints

Type of bonds


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STRUCTURAL FRAMES CHASING

Timber frames require diagonal bracing or sher planes for lateral stability and may qualify as heavy timber construction id used with noncombustible ,fire-resistive exterior walls and if the members meet the minimum size requiment specified in the building code

Electric casing installation

Plumbing system installation


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PLASTERING PLASTERING PROCESS

PLASTERING TECHNIQUE

TYPES OF PLASTERING

Process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even , smooth,clean and durable surface. A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water, sometimes even with fiber added will be used for coating walls and when hardened.

1. Lime plaster - Binding agent is lime

2. Cement plaster - Binding agent is cement

3. Mud plaster - Applied in two coats,thickness For first and second coats is 18Mm and 6mm respectively

4. Stucco plaster - Decorative type of plaster

5. Plaster on lath - Lathing might be expanded Metalor timberi

Prepare tools ,steel trowel for skimming, plastering hawk for holding mortar

Scoop skimming mortar onto plastering hawk

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3 Apply plastering on wall surface, trowel until smooth and uniform

Splash dash help to increase friction when applying plaster to the wall and increase the bonding

Small flat-topped pyramid with mortar at every corner and side end (make sure they are all same height).This method is use to make sure the mortar is laid perpensicularly

After | Before


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Staircase materials used on site: Concrete staircase

WHAT IS A STAIRCASE?

TYPES OF STAIRCASE (on site)

The staircase is a set of steps that leads from one floor of a building to another. It affects the whole circulation of the building.

5.4 STAIRCASE

Straight stairs Half landing stairs

Anatomy of staircase

staircase | prepared by Ho Zi Yan

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STAIRCASE IN SITE

HALF LANDING STAIRS- A direction of the flight by 180 degrees- The landing divides the staircase into two, thereby reducing quantity of treads in one flight, and makes walking more comfortable.

STRAIGHT TWO FLIGHT STAIRS - Two flights of stairs that are supplemented by a landing- The landing divides the staircase into two, thereby reducing quantity of treads in one flight, and makes walking more comfortable.


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Wooden formwork is built by cutting it according to the dimensions of steps. Stakes are braced firmly and the diagonal braces are set firmly in the ground.

When all concrete is poured, a float is used to strike off the concrete to create smooth surface.

After rebar, the concrete is mixed and it is poured into the bottom step first. The process is continued with each steps

After concrete is dried, the wooden formwork is removed.

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4staircase | prepared by Ho Zi Yan

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REFERENCESW. (2016). DIFFERENT TYPES OF STAIRS AND THEIR USES. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/building/types-stairs-uses/11304/ Stair Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/avrsb/133/ritchiek/notes/Text/grade10/stairconstruction.htm Truini, J. (2016). How to Build Stairs in 3 Easy Steps. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/how-to/a2145/4224738/ Stairs and stair building an introduction, the basic of stair design. (n.d.). Retrieved Oc-tober 19, 2016, from http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/stairs.html C. (2008). How to Build Stairs. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.instructa-bles.com/id/How-to-Build-Stairs/


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6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS

DOOR DOOR TYPES AND DETAILS

FUNCTIONS

COMPONENTS

A door may be defined as “an open able barrier or as a framework of wood, steel , aluminum, glass or a combination of these materials secured in a wall opening.’’

Metal frame with plywood hinged door : (1000 x 2100 : Entrance , Bedrooms, Toilets)

Aluminium frame sliding door with tinted glass: ( 3200 x 2400 : Living Room)

- It is provided to give access to the inside of a room of a building.-It serves as a connecting link between the various internal portion of building.- They act as a barrier to noise- Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes, keeping formal and utility areas separate.

Door frame(Timber, Steel, Aluminum,

Concrete and Stone)

Door shuttle(Timber, Plywood ,Glass and

Block)

doors & windows | prepared by Crystal Chia

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DOOR INSTALLATION PROCESS

Pre-fabricated aluminium door frame will be sent to the site . It is measured accordingly to the drawings. Pieces of plywood are used to support the frame in place.

The door frame is levelled and plumbed to make sure it is standing perpendicular to the floor. After that placement is confirmed, they will continue with the brickwork leaving the door frame in between for the door to be installed later.

Above the frame of the door , a lintel will be made so that it will bear the load of the bricks above the door to prevent it from the collapsing down.

Then, the door will be installed after plastering is done .

Lastly, the finishing steps are installing the hardware of the door which are knobs , hinges, locksets etc.

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WINDOWS WINDOW TYPES (SITE 2)

FUNCTIONS

COMPONENTS

A window is a transparent or a translucent opening in a wall or door that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. Windows are held in place by frames, which prevent them from collapsing in.

Corner Window: It is constructed in the corner of a building and admits lights and air from two directions.

Fixed Window : In this type, the glass pane is permanently fixed in the opening of the wall. The shutter can’t be opened or closed. The function is limited to allowing light and or permit vision in the room. No rebates are provided to the frame. The shutters are fully glazed.

Pivoted Window : In this type of window, the shutter is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame.The frame has no rebate.The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically.

- It is provided to give access to the inside of a room of a building.-It serves as a connecting link between the various internal portion of building.- They act as a barrier to noise- Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes, keeping formal and utility areas separate.

Types of windows:Pivoted Windows,Double-Hung Windows,Corner Windows, Fixed

Window, Casement Window, Glazed Window,Bay Window.


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WINDOW TYPES (SITE 1)Metal Window ( Outside , Bedroom) : These are very popular in public buildings and can be made up of mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum, bronze etc.

WINDOW INSTALLATION PROCESSBefore constructing the window, measurement and layout need to be according to the drawings.

Next, lintel will be added at the top to support the brick or the structure to prevent it from collapsing down.

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Next after adding the lintel to the structure, they will start laying bricks till the top.

Lastly, plaster the wall to give a smooth finishes surface and then insert the frame of the window.


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7.0 ROOF A roof is a covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, wind and sunlight. Structures that require a roof range from letterboxes to stadiums, residential houses to highrise buildings.

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WHAT IS A ROOF?

GENERAL FUNCTION

FLAT ROOF ADVANTAGES

FLAT ROOF DISADVANTAGES

ROOF TYPE (on site)A roof is a covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather, notably rain or snow, but also heat, wind and sunlight. Structures that require a roof range from letterboxes to stadiums, residential houses to highrise buildings.

- Insulation - Heat - Wind - Rain - Snow- Drainage

1. Expense (initial expense and upkeep)2. Space can be made use of - rooftop garden - solar panels3. More versatile interior space4. Accessibility

1. Less efficient drainage2. Lack of roofing material options

There are two types of roofing used at the site in Bangi.Type 1: Flat metal roof

Type 2: Flat reinforced concrete roof (RC Roof)

Flat metal roof

Flat rc roof

Flat metal roof plan

Flat rc roof plan

roof | prepared by Foo Ji Sun

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Roof trusses are installed onto the walls

Roof frames are installed onto the roof trusses

Cross bracing are added to fortify the structure

Insulation layers are installed as the bse layer

Metal roof sheets are installed piece by piece by overlapping them and screwing them in

The metals sheets are seamed together with a seamer to prevent water from penetrating the roof.

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SECTIONAL DIAGRAM (reference)


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STRUCTURE

Flat roof trusses

Flat roof framing Flat roof cross bracing

Cross bracing is used to further strenghthen the frame and trusses mainly against wind pressure.

As a rule,where flat roofs are supported by trusses, the trusses are placed across the building in parallel lines, with their ends resting on or built into the side walls.


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REFERENCESFlat Roof Construction. (2016). Chestofbooks.com. Retrieved 20 October 2016, from http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Construction-Superintendence/Flat-Roof-Con-struction.html(2016). Retrieved 20 October 2016, from http://www.bestmaterials.com/PDF_Files/metal-roof-fastening-details-postframe.pdf(2016). Nfrc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2016, from http://www.nfrc.co.uk/docs/de-fault-source/form-protected-documents/homeowners/householders-guide-to-flat-roof-ing-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=2


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8.0 SUMMARYThrough this project, we were able to introduce basic principles and procedures of construction process through real-life project. We were also able to understand the sequence and coordination of construction at site. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate our understanding and knowledge of construction, material and technology.

In the end, we have successfully produced a complete documentation and an analysis of construction elements. We also understood and had an explanation of construction elements and its components.

We had a lot of fun going into this project and learned a lot from the contractors that brought us along and also gained a lot of experience.

Building Construction 1 - Experiencing Construction

Education

Transcript of Building Construction 1 - Experiencing Construction