BLOOD DONATION

Done by: Mohammed A Qazzaz

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Blood donation:

A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole-blood components).

most blood donors are unpaid volunteers (voluntary non remunerated repeat donations, VNRD) who donate blood for a community supply. Many donors donate as an act of charity, but some are paid and in some cases there are incentives other than money such as paid time off from work. Donors can also have blood drawn for their own future use (autologous donation).

Why is the blood donation important?

• Every three minutes there is someone around the world needs blood transfusion.

• One of ten patients in the hospital needs blood transfusion.

• Your blood can save four people if its fractionated.

• When you go to give blood, you will be asked to perform many medical test, which check you health state. when there is any problem in your health the test will discover it early and you can then have the suitable health care and reassurance. • Donation helps to stimulate the bone marrow to produce new blood cells.

Why is the blood donation important? Con.

How to donate?

Before to go to donate:

• Get enough sleep at the night of the donation.

• Eat a balanced meal. Before donating about two hours.

• You must drink fluids (caffeine-free) a little more than usual.

In the donation center:

Donors are chosen by specific standards of the medical examination, laboratory and medical history:

• When attending to the blood bank, they Recording the donor information such as name, age "older than 18 years," and then the card number, address .... Etc. (this information to contact you if needed), and you must fill the form Card.

• Determine Blood Type: (of the four factions accepted).

• Measuring the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb): Using finger.

• Weight: (preferably a weight of 50 kg).

• Measuring the pulse.

• Blood pressure: (less than 160/90).

Donated blood is tested by many methods, but the core tests recommended by the World Health Organization are these four:

• Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

• Antibody to Hepatitis C

• Antibody to HIV, usually subtypes 1 and 2

• Serologic test for Syphilis

• Donate blood during the past three months

• All types of anemia other than iron deficiency anemia.

• Heart disease and rheumatic fever.

• Chronic respiratory diseases.• Chronic hypertension.• Viral hepatitis.• Diabetes mellitus.• Cases of enlarged liver.• Cases of kidney failure.

• Convulsions cases epilepsy and frequent fainting.

• Increase or decrease the thyroid gland secretions.

• Pregnancy.• Bleeding disease.• Genetic diseases.• Mental illness.• Any surgical operations during

the three-month period.• Unexpected loss of weight and

loss of appetite.• Night sweating. Night fever.

The donor may be rejected in the following cases

Obtaining the blood:

There are two main methods of obtaining blood from a donor. The most frequent is to simply take the blood from a vein as whole blood. This blood is typically separated into parts, usually red blood cells and plasma, since most recipients need only a specific component for transfusions. A typical donation is 450 millilitres of whole blood, though 500 millilitre donations are also common.

The other method is to draw blood from the donor, separate it using a centrifuge or a filter, store the desired part, and return the rest to the donor. This process is called apheresis

Site preparation and drawing blood:

The blood is drawn from a large arm vein close to the skin, usually the median cubital vein on the inside of the elbow. The skin over the blood vessel is cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine or chlorhexidine, to prevent skin bacteria from contaminating the collected blood and also to prevent infections where the needle pierced the donor's skin.

A large needle (16 to 17 gauge) is used to minimize shearing forces that may physically damage red blood cells as they flow through the needle. A tourniquet is sometimes wrapped around the upper arm to increase the pressure of the blood in the arm veins and speed up the process. The donor may also be prompted to hold an object and squeeze it repeatedly to increase the blood flow through the vein.

Who need blood transfusion?

• All injured in accidents • Cases of bleeding before and after birth.• Large operations.• Premature infants • Newborn to the different Rhesus factor the

parents.• Thalassemia sickle cell anemia or leukemia

patients.• Tumor patients, nuclear medicine and bloody

vomiting, patients with liver and kidney dialysis, burns and endemic diseases.

Blood donation is not a dangerous process; the donor may need to drink

more liquids in the next hours after donation. Smoking and drinking alcohol is

forbidden in the next 2 hours after donation. The donor will need to take

enough time of rest.

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