Black soils in Russia

Ivan Vasenev

Russian Timiryazev State Agricultural University, Moscow

Global Symposium on soil organic carbon-2017

БЕЛГОРОД

ОРЕЛ

ЛИПЕЦК

ТАМБОВ

ВОРОНЕЖ

КУРСК

Мценск

НовосильЗалегошь

Хо мутово

Вер ховье

По крвскоеЗмиевка

Отрадинский

ЛивныГлазуновка

Елец

Лебедянь

Данков

Лев Толстой

Болхов

Хотынец

Нарышкино

Шаблыкино

Крамы

Дмитриевск-Орловский

Знаменка

Малоорх ангельск

Ко лпныДолгое

ПоныриЖелезногорск

Первоавгустовский

Дмитриев-ЛьговскийФатеж

Золотухино

Хомутовка Конышевка Щигры Черемисиново

Кшенский

Рыл ьск ЛьговКурчатов

Прямицино

Любимовка

Бол. Сол датская

Суджа

МедвенкаСолнцевоКоренево

Глушково

Обоянь

Кировский

Тим

КасторноеОлымский

Горшечное

Губкин Старый Оскол

Ивня ПрохоровкаРакитное Яковлево

Томаровка

Борисовка

ГрайворонОктябрьский

Шебекино

Короча ЧернянкаНовый Оскол

Вол оконовка

Валуйки

Уразово Вейделевка

Красногвардейско еАлексеевка

Чапл ыгин

Доброе

Первомайский

Кочетовка

Мичуринск

Тербуны

Волово

Хлебное

Усмань Добринка

Грязи

Рамонь

Краснолесный

Латная

СтрелицаХохольский

Новово ронежский

Перелешинский

Панино

Анна

ДавыдовкаБобров

Острогожск

Ольховатка

Россошь

Кантемировка

Бо гучар

Петропавловка

ТаловаяНовохоперск

Поварино

Борисоглебск

Терновка

Шапкино

МучкапскийУвар ово

Мордово

Эртиль

Инжавино

РжаксаНовопокровка

Знаменка

Расск азовоКотовск

Бондар и

СосновкаГрязи

Староюрьево

КирсановУмет

Дмитриевка

Моршанск

Вернадовка

53°20'34°00'

52°40'

52°00'

51°20'

50°40'34°00'

50°00'35°00' 36°00' 37°00'

38°00'49°20 '

39°00' 40°00' 41°00' 42°00'49°20'

50°00'

43°00'50°40'

51°20'

52°00'

52°40'

53°20'44°00'

54°00'43°00'42°00'41°00'40°00'39°00'38°0 0'37°00 '36°00'35°00'

54°00'

"Агрофирма Мценская"

Учхоз им. Калинина

Заболотовский лес

Горы Болото Уч."Зоринский"

Стенки-Изгорья

Уч. "Стрелецкий"

Уч. "Казацкий"ОПХ ВНИИЗиЗПЭ

Уч. "Букреевы Бары"

Уч."Баркаловка"

Парсет

ООО"Горшечное"

Центрально-Черноземный регион

Границы областейЦентрально-Черноземного региона

Объекты исследования

Central Chernozemic Region of Russia

-10 mln ha of arable lands;

- 40% of Russian Sugar Beat;

- 25 % of Russian Wheat- 20% of Russian

sunflower;- Best Potential for

Precision LUSs & Agro- technologies Application in Russia

- High potential of Chernozems;- Complex Soil Cover Patterns;- Crop Yield high variability (2-3 times within Region

and Field), high dynamics (30-25 %) and increasing (35 % during last 10 years),

- Sharp increasing of investments & profits - Fast upgrade of technologies

БЕЛГОРОД

ОРЕЛ

ЛИПЕЦК

ТАМБОВ

ВОРОНЕЖ

КУРСК

Мценск

НовосильЗалегошь

Хомутово

Верховье

ПокрвскоеЗмиевка

Отрадинский

ЛивныГлазуновка

Елец

Лебедянь

Данков

Лев Толстой

Болхов

Хотынец

Нарышкино

Шаблыкино

Крамы

Дмитриевск-Орловский

Знаменка

Малоорхангельск

КолпныДолгое

ПоныриЖелезногорск

Первоавгустовский

Дмитриев-ЛьговскийФатеж

Золотухино

Хомутовка Конышевка Щигры Черемисиново

Кшенский

Рыльск ЛьговКурчатов

Прямицино

Любимовка

Бол. Солдатская

Суджа

МедвенкаСолнцевоКоренево

Глушково

Обоянь

Кировский

Тим

КасторноеОлымский

Горшечное

Губкин Старый Оскол

Ивня ПрохоровкаРакитное Яковлево

Томаровка

Борисовка

ГрайворонОктябрьский

Шебекино

Короча ЧернянкаНовый Оскол

Волоконовка

Валуйки

Уразово Вейделевка

КрасногвардейскоеАлексеевка

Чаплыгин

Доброе

Первомайский

Кочетовка

Мичуринск

Тербуны

Волово

Хлебное

Усмань Добринка

Грязи

Рамонь

Краснолесный

Латная

СтрелицаХохольский

Нововоронежский

Перелешинский

Панино

Анна

ДавыдовкаБобров

Острогожск

Ольховатка

Россошь

Кантемировка

Богучар

Петропавловка

ТаловаяНовохоперск

Поварино

Борисоглебск

Терновка

Шапкино

МучкапскийУварово

Мордово

Эртиль

Инжавино

РжаксаНовопокровка

Знаменка

РассказовоКотовск

Бондари

СосновкаГрязи

Староюрьево

КирсановУмет

Дмитриевка

Моршанск

Вернадовка

53°20'34°00'

52°40'

52°00'

51°20'

50°40'34°00'

50°00'35°00' 36°00' 37°00'

38°00'49°20'

39°00' 40°00' 41°00' 42°00'49°20'

50°00'

43°00'50°40'

51°20'

52°00'

52°40'

53°20'44°00'

54°00'43°00'42°00'41°00'40°00'39°00'38°00'37°00'36°00'35°00'

54°00'

"Агрофирма Мценская"

Учхоз им. Калинина

Заболотовский лес

Горы Болото Уч."Зоринский"

Стенки-Изгорья

Уч. "Стрелецкий"

Уч. "Казацкий"ОПХ ВНИИЗиЗПЭ

Уч. "Букреевы Бары"

Уч."Баркаловка"

Парсет

ООО"Горшечное"

Центрально-Черноземный регион

Границы областейЦентрально-Черноземного региона

Объекты исследования

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 3

Analyzing the black soils areas in Russia (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):

1:2.5 M Scale

Soil total area – 1595,4 million ha : Black soils – around 188 million haLuvic Chernozems + Grey-Luvic Phaeozems – 34,9 million ha Voronic and Vermic Chernozems – 11,3 million ha Vorony-Calcic Chernozems – 22,0 million ha Calcic Chernozems – 17,2 million haHaplic and Gypsic Kastanozems – 11,3 million ha …

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 4

Analyzing the black soils SOC current spatial-temporal variability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):

Soil organic carbon stocks

Soil organic carbon stocks in 1 m:

T/ ha Level

Extremely highVery high

High

Above averageAverage

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 5

Analyzing the black soils SOC current spatial-temporal variability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):

Soil organic carbon content

Soil organic carbon content in A horizon

% Level

Very high

High

Average

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 6

Humus types

Humus type in A horizon

C HA / CFA Humus

Very humic

Humic

Fulvic-Humic

Analyzing the black soils SOC quality natural spatial-temporal variability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011) :

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 7

Typifying the black soils according to their SOC changes due to agrogenic soil degradation processes:

Data on humus balance in agricultural area in 1970 – 2001 (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):

• Stable tendency of dehumification in arable black soils:

• SOC content in arable soils have been decreased by 4.4 – 17.1% during past 45 years.

Humus balance in the arable horizon

Negative with annual loss of more than 0,5 t/ha

Negative with annual loss of less than 0,5 t/ha

Positive

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 8

Typifying the black soils according to their erosion and its environmental impact assessment on soil profile and processes (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):

•More than 33 % of black soils have been erode (12.0% in the all arable lands) in Russia.

•The higher degree of black soils erosion is recorded in Volga region, North Caucasus, Central District.

•More than 8 % of black soils have been deflated (especially many in the Southern and Siberian districts).

•More than 6 % of black soils have been subjected to the combined effect of water and wind erosion.

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 9

Typifying the black soils according to their SOC, current land-use, soil profile, regimes and processes

IRGAC02 fluxes

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 10

Typifying the black soils according to their current SOC sustainability

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140g kg-1

Ch M Ph Gr.-Luv. Ch Vor.-

CalcCh Verm.

Ch Luvicold residual arable

landsrich cultivated arable landsintensive pastures

temporary pasture, old idle landsforest, forest-lines

lands with light texture

Humus steady content in Black soils (Chernozems) topsoil with different land-use

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 11

Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:

1. Bioclimatic zonal and province analysis.2. Geomorphologic regional and local typification. 3. Ecological and agroecological GIS and DB development.4. Ecological and agroecological monitoring development5. Field researches in representative plots with local controls

(native landscapes or less intensive land-use systems).6. Soil cover patterns studies within chrono- or agro-secuences. 7. The Soil Cover Patterns investigation by the

field catenas, with especial attention to: (a) their position within meso-relief;

(b) their micro-relief development; (c) soil profile successions; (d) soil regimes changes;

(e) soil matrix transformations;

(e) lateral, soil-forming and degradation

processes rates within SCP;

(f) potentials of soil profiles, functions

and services future development.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140g kg-1

Principal Methodology:

Evaluation of erosion risks and its impact on soil agroecological quality and fertilizing efficiency

>35% of black soils have been eroded at the Central

Chernozemic Region of Russia (Vasenev e.a., 2010; 2015)

11

7

5310

А

В

6,2 т/га

17,7 т/га

1-st stage 2-nd stage 3-d stage 4-th stage

C, %

g

t/ha

t/ha

(Smirnova, 2007)

Soil Acidification and Alkalization Problems in black soils

S= 20 ha of irrigation plot

Potatoes Ymax : Ymin=3

pH (KCl) = 4,8 – 8,2

Soil cover variability and soil regimes transformation

Agrogenic waterlogging of Black Soils due to sole shoe and local groundwater development – more than 2 million ha of mochars

Sharp contrast in soil profile and (agro-)ecological functions in case of natural and agro-degraded Chernozems

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 16

Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:

Processes Parameter Processes Rates in Successions:

Agrogenic Agrogenic-erosion

Agrogenic-irrigation

Agrogenic-ameliorat.

Erosion А+АВ, sm y-1 0,1-0,3 0,3-3,0 0,3-1,2 0,5-1,0 Dehumification Humus - g kg-1 y-1 0,2-1,0 0,3-1,3 0,3-0,5 0,3-1,0 Humification Humus - g kg-1 y-1 0,1-0,3 - 0,1-0,4 0,1-0,5 Overconsolidation Bulk density -g sm-3y-1 0,01-0,02 0,01-0,05 0,01-0,06 0,01-0,03 Disaggregation agregates 10-0,25

mm, g kg-1 y-1 1-10 1-18 10-25 8-12

Aggregation 1-10 1-5 1-5 1-5 Season cementation Crust , sm y-1 0,1-1,0 0,1-2,0

Leaching CaCO3 - kg sm m-2y-1 0,1-0,3 0,3-1 1-150 1-30 Carbonization CaCO3 - g kg-1 y-1 0,3-1 0,3-1,5 0,5-3,0 Acidification рН y-1 0,01-0,1 0,03-0,1 0,05-0,13 0,03-0,1 Alkalization рН y-1 0,01-0,03 0,05-0,07 0,01-0,03 Na-Salinization Na+ mg kg-1 y-1 5-18

Soil Forming and Degradation Processes Rates in Agrogenic Successions of Black Soils (Chernozems and Grey-Luvic Phaeozems)

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 17

Investigating soil processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:

Net Ecosystem Exchange diurnally

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 18

Investigating soil processes potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:

• All cumulative functions in Black soils were consistently higher than in Podzoluvisols

--- - Moscow field with Podzoluvisols

– - Pristen field with Chernozems

NEE, Reco, GPP cumulatives

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 19

Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Grey-Luvic Phaeozems soil cover patterns and SOC within-field variability due to paleo-microrelief and agrogenic plough erosion

Crop Yield Variability within key Fields & Plots (Experimental Station, Central Chernozemic Region)

# Key Plot (KP) or Field

Area, ha

Crop Year Weather

Yield, dt/ha

KP -1.1 4 Barley 1996,

2000,

2004

normal 23-59KP-1.2 4 Barley 15-64

Field 1 53 Barley 2002,

2005

dry 23-63Sugar Beat 200-590

KP-2.1 4 Winter Wheat 1998 dry 20-65Field 2 59 Sugar Beat 1999 normal 242-484

2003 normal 170-546Barley 2000 normal 21-50

Pea (green food) 2001 normal 100-300Winter Wheat 2002 dry 38-70

Field 3 53 Barley 1999 normal 25-43Pea (grain) 22-44

Winter Wheat 22-34

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 21

Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Within-field winter wheat yield variability due to Luvic and Vermic

Chernozems agrogenic changes ……………

P2О5>250Yield - 52.5

P2О5<170Yield - 45.9

K2О >100Yield - 48.5

K2О<90Yield - 43.2

Wheat Yield Variability at the

slope

3<Slope<5Yield - 46.2

1<Slope<3Yield- 51.0

8<Slope>9Yield - 32.7

5<Slope<8Yield - 38.6

ChYield - 46.1

ChYield - 53.4

ChLYield - 50.1

ChТYield - 44.1

ChLYield - 58.9

ChТ

Yield - 48.1

W>28%Yield - 49.8

W<23%Yield - 38.4

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 22

Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Within-field barley yield variability due to Luvic and Vermic Chernozems

agrogenic changes ……………

P2О5>250 mg/kgYield - 52.5

P2О5<170 mg/kgYield - 45.9

K2О >100 mg/kgYield - 48.5

K2О<90 mg/kgYield - 43.2

Barley Yield Variability at the

slope (dt/ha)

3<Slope<5Yield - 46.2

1<Slope<3Yield- 51.0

8<Slope>9Yield - 32.7

5<Slope<8Yield - 38.6

Chernozem (eroded)

Yield - 46.1

Chernozem Yield - 53.4

ChL (Luvic)Yield - 50.1

ChV (Voronic)Yield - 44.1

ChL (Luvic)Yield - 58.9

ChV (Voronic)Yield - 48.1

W>28%Yield - 49.8

W<23%Yield - 38.4

Difficulties in geostatistical analysis of agroecological problems within very heterogeneous soil and

landscape areas Soil Cover Patterns at the

Experimental Station (4500 ha)

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 24

DSS-Managing adaptive to landscape land-use and SOC in the black soils:

Надежда на будущее – 5 Традиции российской научной школыFunctional evaluation of soil cover patterns

Evaluation of agro-ecological problems within field scale, including

SOC degradation

Quantitative assessment of limiting factors of soil fertility, crop yield, ecosystem services,

farming profits

Annual planning of crop distribution, farming systems and technology

applications

Meso-relief parameters

Land agroecological passport of the farm

field

Soil cover patterns

Soil potential fertility principal

parameters

Potential crop yield prediction

mapping

SOC and available nutrients content

in the soil

IT modules for farming

technologies agro-ecological

optimizing in the concrete fieldAgroecological

assessment of the relief and precursors

Agroecological assessment of the soil cover patterns

Quantitative assess-ment of

the fertility limiting factors

Crop yield calculation in

concrete PAR and soil-ecological state

Crop yield calculation in field

with available nutrient limitations

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 25

Managing SOC in the black soils:

базового агрогеоинфор-

мационного обеспечения к

условиям конкретного

района и хозяйства ЦЧР.

Soil potential fertility principal

parameters

Potential crop yield prediction

mapping

SOC and available nutrients

content in the soil

Quantitative assessment of limiting factors of soil fertility, crop yield,

ecosystem services, farming profits

Annual planning of crop distribution, farming systems and

technology applications

Crop yield and SOC calculation

in field with available nutrient

limitations

Crop yield and SOC calculation in concrete PAR and

soil-ecological state

Quantitative assess-ment of

the fertility limiting factors

Annual planning of the within-field varied fertilizing

Annual planning of crop rotation and rational distribution in the

farm

Fertilizing efficiency increasing in 20-25%

Farming profitability increasing in 10-15%

Sharp decreasing of the environmental risks

Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 26

Dissemination of the best practices in SOC managing in the black soils:

Dissemination of results (agroecological models, BAAT and DSS)

SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 27

Dissemination of the best practices in SOC managing in the black soils :Dissemination of results (including functional models,

agrotechnologies and DSS)

5-10% Farms

30-40% Farms

15-20% Farms

30-40% Farms

In the Case farm in 5 years: Crop yields have been increased in 1,5-2 times : Sugar beet - 35→70 t/ha, Winter wheat - 5 → 7 t/ha

Interregional dissemination of results with international cooperation

Black soils SOC investigation with international cooperation and national governmental support

We must work with black soils together!

Problems number is huge… We have a lot of general issues…

The World is too small… IT join us…

Together we can do more…

31On-line registration is open (www.suitma-russia.com)