Managing SOC in the black soils of Russia
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Transcript of Managing SOC in the black soils of Russia
Managing SOC in the black soils of
Russia
Russian Timiryazev State Agricultural University, Moscow
Global Symposium on soil organic carbon-2017
БЕЛГОРОД
ОРЕЛ
ЛИПЕЦК
ТАМБОВ
ВОРОНЕЖ
КУРСК
Мценск
НовосильЗалегошь
Хо мутово
Вер ховье
По крвскоеЗмиевка
Отрадинский
ЛивныГлазуновка
Елец
Лебедянь
Данков
Лев Толстой
Болхов
Хотынец
Нарышкино
Шаблыкино
Крамы
Дмитриевск-Орловский
Знаменка
Малоорх ангельск
Ко лпныДолгое
ПоныриЖелезногорск
Первоавгустовский
Дмитриев-ЛьговскийФатеж
Золотухино
Хомутовка Конышевка Щигры Черемисиново
Кшенский
Рыл ьск ЛьговКурчатов
Прямицино
Любимовка
Бол. Сол датская
Суджа
МедвенкаСолнцевоКоренево
Глушково
Обоянь
Кировский
Тим
КасторноеОлымский
Горшечное
Губкин Старый Оскол
Ивня ПрохоровкаРакитное Яковлево
Томаровка
Борисовка
ГрайворонОктябрьский
Шебекино
КорочаЧернянка
Новый Оскол
Вол оконовка
Валуйки
Уразово Вейделевка
Красногвардейско еАлексеевка
Чапл ыгин
Доброе
Первомайский
Кочетовка
Мичуринск
Тербуны
Волово
Хлебное
Усмань Добринка
Грязи
Рамонь
Краснолесный
Латная
СтрелицаХохольский
Новово ронежский
Перелешинский
Панино
Анна
ДавыдовкаБобров
Острогожск
Ольховатка
Россошь
Кантемировка
Бо гучар
Петропавловка
ТаловаяНовохоперск
Поварино
Борисоглебск
Терновка
Шапкино
МучкапскийУвар ово
Мордово
Эртиль
Инжавино
РжаксаНовопокровка
Знаменка
Расск азовоКотовск
Бондар и
СосновкаГрязи
Староюрьево
КирсановУмет
Дмитриевка
Моршанск
Вернадовка
53°20'34°00'
52°40'
52°00'
51°20'
50°40'34°00'
50°00'35°00' 36°00' 37°00'
38°00'49°20 '
39°00' 40°00' 41°00' 42°00'49°20'
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54°00'43°00'42°00'41°00'40°00'39°00'38°0 0'37°00 '36°00'
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"Агрофирма Мценская"
Учхоз им. Калинина
Заболотовский лес
Горы Болото Уч."Зоринский"
Стенки-Изгорья
Уч. "Стрелецкий"
Уч. "Казацкий"ОПХ ВНИИЗиЗПЭ
Уч. "Букреевы Бары"
Уч."Баркаловка"
Парсет
ООО"Горшечное"
Центрально-Черноземный регион
Границы областейЦентрально-Черноземного региона
Объекты исследования
Ivan Vasenev
Why we need to do this especially in case of black soils and Central Chernozemic region of Russia?
• Current high variability of farming systems and agroecosystem services levels: with winter wheat yield variability from 2,5 to 7,5 t/ha within one region
• High within-field crop yield variability (40-75% of Max) due to complicated soil cover patterns resulted by aggregated soil degradation in frame of the universal land-use zonal systems application within second half of XX century
• Relatively young and changeable soil cover in agrolandscapes with n*103 years of modern natural history and n*101-2 years of modern agricultural one
• Especial attention by successful agricultural business to the best available agrotechnologies, land agroecological quality evaluation and crop yield prediction due to sharply increased input risks value in case of high inputs in farming
• Fast development of applied in RF agrotechnologies and society interest in organic farming and sustainable land-use
Normative forecasting SOC in the black soils
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 3
Managing SOC in the black soils
Analyzing the black soils and their SOC natural spatial-temporal variability and sustainability
Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in the black soils
Search forecasting SOC in the black soils in the principal regions of RF
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC
Typifying the black soils according to their SOC, current land-use and its environmental impact assessment on soil profile, regimes and processes
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 4
Analyzing the black soils and their SOC natural spatial-temporal variability and sustainability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
1:2.5 M Scale
Soil total area – 1595,4 million ha : Black soils – around 188 million haLuvic Chernozems + Grey-Luvic Phaeozems – 34,9 million ha Voronic and Vermic Chernozems – 11,3 million ha Vorony-Calcic Chernozems – 22,0 million ha Calcic Chernozems – 17,2 million haHaplic and Gypsic Kastanozems – 11,3 million ha …
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 5
Analyzing the black soils and their SOC natural spatial-temporal variability and sustainability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
Soil organic carbon content
Soil organic carbon content in A horizon
% Level
Very high
High
Average
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 6
Analyzing the black soils and their SOC natural spatial-temporal variability and sustainability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
Soil organic carbon stocks
Soil organic carbon stocks in 1 m:
T/ ha Level
Extremely highVery high
High
Above averageAverage
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 7
Typifying the black soils according to their SOC, current land-use and its environmental impact assessment on soil profile, regimes and processes:
Data on humus balance in agricultural area in 1970 – 2001 (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
• Stable tendency of dehumification in arable black soils:
• SOC content in arable soils have been decreased by 4.4 – 17.1%.
Humus balance in the arable horizon
Negative with annual loss of more than 0,5 t/ha
Negative with annual loss of less than 0,5 t/ha
Positive
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 8
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
1. Bioclimatic zonal and province analysis.2. Geomorphologic regional and local typification. 3. Ecological and agroecological GIS and DB development.4. Ecological and agroecological monitoring development5. Field researches in representative plots with local controls
(native landscapes or less intensive land-use systems).6. Soil cover patterns studies within chrono- or agro-secuences. 7. The Soil Cover Patterns investigation by the
field catenas, with especial attention to: (a) their position within meso-relief;
(b) their micro-relief development; (c) soil profile successions; (d) soil regimes changes;
(e) soil matrix transformations;
(e) lateral, soil-forming and degradation
processes rates within SCP;
(f) potentials of soil profiles, functions
and services future development.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140g kg-1
Principal Methodology:
Soil Agrogenic Successions at the Central Chernozemic Region of Russia
БЛ
СЛ
ЧОП
ЧВ
ЧТ
ЧТК,
Agrogenicsuccession
Agrogenic-erosion
succession
succession
succession
Agrogenic-irrigation
Agrogenic-amelioration
CaCO3
BrLPhS
GrLF
Ch-C
Ch-V
Ch-V-C
Ch-L
SOC Evaluation Logistic functions → DSS development
THE MAIN SOIL NATURAL REFERENCE OBJECTS IN THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEMIC RESERVE
Non-Mowed Steppe (NMS)
Pasture (PS)
5 year periodically Mowed Steppe
(P5MS)
Fallow (FL)
Forest (FS)10 year periodically
mowed steppe (P10MS)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140g kg-1
Humus (SOM) dynamics in Chernozems topsoil with different land-use determines the GHG emission in agrolandscapes
old residual arable lands
rich cultivated arable lands
intensive pastures
temporary pasture, old idle lands
forest, forest-lines
lands with light texture
ChM ChP ChOChTChL
Root CO2 emission
Microbial CO2 emission
Control
Erosion as principal factor of microrelief and soil C dynamics (→Chernozems dehumification and overconsolidation ):
11
7
5
3
1
0
А
В6,2 t/ha
17,7 t/ha
1-st stage 2-nd stage 3-d stage 4-th stage
C, %
g
>33% lands have been eroded at the CChR of Russia
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 14
Typifying the black soils according to their SOC, current land-use and its environmental impact assessment on soil profile, regimes and processes
IRGAC02 fluxes
Soil CO2 emission in representative plots of cutted steppe (A), virgin steppe (B), black arable land (C) and
pasture (D), g C m-2 d-1
28,72
22,06
18,46
24,62
5,13
17,95
0,000
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
12.06.2012 26.06.2012 10.07.2012 24.07.2012
D
C
B
A
Agrogenic changes of Soil Cover Patterns as factor of SOC stocks and CO2 emission dynamics
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 16
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
Processes Parameter Processes Rates in Successions:
Agrogenic Agrogenic-erosion
Agrogenic-irrigation
Agrogenic-ameliorat.
Erosion А+АВ, sm y-1 0,1-0,3 0,3-3,0 0,3-1,2 0,5-1,0 Dehumification Humus - g kg-1 y-1 0,2-1,0 0,3-1,3 0,3-0,5 0,3-1,0 Humification Humus - g kg-1 y-1 0,1-0,3 - 0,1-0,4 0,1-0,5 Overconsolidation Bulk density -g sm-3y-1 0,01-0,02 0,01-0,05 0,01-0,06 0,01-0,03 Disaggregation agregates 10-0,25
mm, g kg-1 y-1 1-10 1-18 10-25 8-12
Aggregation 1-10 1-5 1-5 1-5 Season cementation Crust , sm y-1 0,1-1,0 0,1-2,0
Leaching CaCO3 - kg sm m-2y-1 0,1-0,3 0,3-1 1-150 1-30 Carbonization CaCO3 - g kg-1 y-1 0,3-1 0,3-1,5 0,5-3,0 Acidification рН y-1 0,01-0,1 0,03-0,1 0,05-0,13 0,03-0,1 Alkalization рН y-1 0,01-0,03 0,05-0,07 0,01-0,03 Na-Salinization Na+ mg kg-1 y-1 5-18
Soil Forming and Degradation Processes Rates in Agrogenic Successions of Black Soils (Chernozems and Grey-Luvic Phaeozems)
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 17
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
• All cumulative functions in Black soils were consistently higher than in Podzoluvisols
--- - Moscow field with Podzoluvisols
– - Pristen field with Chernozems
NEE, Reco, GPP cumulatives
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 18
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
GPP shifted at the seeds time (0 – point) for EC station in Moscow (green triangles) and station in Kursk (blue diamonds). Solid lines represent 7-day running mean values for station in Moscow (the red line) and for station in Kursk (black line). Vertical lines show the conventional boundaries of the stages of crop development: 0 – seeds, 1- germination, 2 – sprouting, 3- tillering, 4 - leaf tube formation, 5 – milky ripeness, 6- wax ripeness, 7- complete ripeness, 8- harvest.
Gross Plant Production, aligned by seeding date (LAMP data)
Soil cover patterns variability as factor of A+AB horizons depth and SOC stocks:
A) In case of Grey-Luvic Phaeozems
B) In case of Chernozems
Black soil cover patterns and SOC within-field variability due to paleo-microrelief and agrogenic plough erosion
Soil Cover Patterns at the Key Plots with Luvic and Voronic Chernozems Field, Key plots
Area, ha Slopes*
Soils ( 1:10 000
Map)
Soil Cover Patterns (1:5000 & 1:2000 -
Maps)
А+АВ Depth,
cm
Carbonates Depth,
cm
Field -1 53 0 -8 (0 -3 ) ChТIII ChL ChL
III, ChТII, ChТC
III, ChТ
IY, ChL II 70 - 130 15 - 100
KP -1.1 4 0 -3 (0 -1 ) ChТ
III ChТIII, ChТCII, ChL III,
ChL II 55 - 100 0 - 105
KP -1.2 4 3 -8 (3 - 5 ) ChL
ChТII, ChТC
II, ChL , ChТ 42 - 78 0 - 110
Field -2 59 0 -8 (1 -5 )
ChТII ChТ
ChТ
ChТIY, ChL
III, ChТCIY,
ChТCIII, ChТC
II 60 - 180 15 - 120
KP -2.1 4 0 -8 (3 -5 )
ChТIY ChТ
III, ChL III, ChТC
IY, ChL IY, ChТII 70 - 195 20 - 150
* Dominated slopes.
Crop Yield Variability within key Fields & Plots (Experimental Station, Central Chernozemic Region)
# Key Plot (KP) or Field
Area, ha
Crop Year Weather
Yield, dt/ha
KP -1.1 4 Barley 1996,
2000,
2004
normal 23-59KP-1.2 4 Barley 15-64
Field 1 53 Barley 2002,
2005
dry 23-63Sugar Beat 200-590
KP-2.1 4 Winter Wheat 1998 dry 20-65Field 2 59 Sugar Beat 1999 normal 242-484
2003 normal 170-546Barley 2000 normal 21-50
Pea (green food) 2001 normal 100-300Winter Wheat 2002 dry 38-70
Field 3 53 Barley 1999 normal 25-43Pea (grain) 22-44
Winter Wheat 22-34
Roughness of regression regularities and essential uncertainty of normative predictions
Current agroecological problem analysis
Soil texture
Soil texture factor for fertilizing doze N P K
N P KSoil erosion factor for fertilizing
doze Soil erosion
Barley yield, dt/ha
P2О5>250Yield - 52.5
P2О5<170Yield - 45.9
K2О >100Yield - 48.5
K2О<90Yield - 43.2
Barley Yield Variability at the
slope, dt ha-1
3<Slope<5Yield - 46.2
1<Slope<3Yield- 51.0
8<Slope>9Yield - 32.7
5<Slope<8Yield - 38.6
ChYield - 46.1
ChYield - 53.4
ChLYield - 50.1
ChVYield - 44.1
ChLYield - 58.9
ChVYield - 48.1
W>28%Yield - 49.8
W<23%Yield - 38.4
Crop yield variability as factor of C sequestration potential assessment
in case of Luvic and Vermic Chernozems
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 23
Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Within-field winter wheat yield variability due to Luvic and Vermic
Chernozems agrogenic changes ……………
P2О5>250Yield - 52.5
P2О5<170Yield - 45.9
K2О >100Yield - 48.5
K2О<90Yield - 43.2
Wheat Yield Variability at the
slope
3<Slope<5Yield - 46.2
1<Slope<3Yield- 51.0
8<Slope>9Yield - 32.7
5<Slope<8Yield - 38.6
ChYield - 46.1
ChYield - 53.4
ChLYield - 50.1
ChVYield - 44.1
ChLYield - 58.9
ChVYield - 48.1
W>28%Yield - 49.8
W<23%Yield - 38.4
Inefficient geostatistical analysis of agroecological problems within very heterogeneous soil and
landscape areas Soil Cover Patterns at the
Experimental Station (4500 ha)
Deficiency of zone standard data and active information retrieval system
Current agroecological problem analysis
Winter wheat
N
N
P
P
K
K
Available nutrient recoupment by crop yield, dt/ha per mg/kg
Soil type
NPK usage coefficients
Manure in 1-st year
Mineral fertilizing in 2-nd year
Manure in 2-nd yearMineral fertilizing in 1-st year
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 26
Managing adaptive to landscape land-use and SOC in the black soils:
Надежда на будущее – 5 Традиции российской научной школыFunctional evaluation of soil cover patterns
Evaluation of agro-ecological problems within field scale, including
SOC degradation
Quantitative assessment of limiting factors of soil fertility, crop yield, ecosystem services,
farming profits
Annual planning of crop distribution, farming systems and technology
applications
Meso-relief parameters
Land agroecological passport of the farm
field
Soil cover patterns
Soil potential fertility principal
parameters
Potential crop yield prediction
mapping
SOC and available nutrients content
in the soil
IT modules for farming
technologies agro-ecological
optimizing in the concrete fieldAgroecological
assessment of the relief and precursors
Agroecological assessment of the soil cover patterns
Quantitative assess-ment of
the fertility limiting factors
Crop yield calculation in
concrete PAR and soil-ecological state
Crop yield calculation in field
with available nutrient limitations
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 27
Managing SOC in the black soils: Agroecological DSS development on best available agrotechnologies including manuring and fertilizing
Manuring and Fertilizing
programming
Economical predictions
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 28
Managing SOC in the black soils:
базового агрогеоинфор-
мационного обеспечения к
условиям конкретного
района и хозяйства ЦЧР.
Soil potential fertility principal
parameters
Potential crop yield prediction
mapping
SOC and available nutrients
content in the soil
Quantitative assessment of limiting factors of soil fertility, crop yield,
ecosystem services, farming profits
Annual planning of crop distribution, farming systems and
technology applications
Crop yield and SOC calculation
in field with available nutrient
limitations
Crop yield and SOC calculation in concrete PAR and
soil-ecological state
Quantitative assess-ment of
the fertility limiting factors
Annual planning of the within-field varied fertilizing
Annual planning of crop rotation and rational distribution in the
farm
Fertilizing efficiency increasing in 20-25%
Farming profitability increasing in 10-15%
Sharp decreasing of the environmental risks
5-10% Farms
15-20% Farms
30-40% Farms
20-30% Farms
In 5 years Crop Y increase in 1,5-2 times : Sugar Beet - 35→70 t/ha, Winter Wheat - 5 → 7 t/ha
Dissemination of results (agroecological models, BAAT and DSS)
Conclusions1. The carried out long-term researches of representative natural and rural landscapes gave us the regional multi-factorial matrix of soil cover patterns (SCP) with different land-use practices, environmental conditions , SOC dynamics & sequestration potential.
2.The validation and ranging of the limiting factors of SCP dynamics and development helped us to understand better the principal regional-typological forms of SCP, SFP and SOC dynamics & sequestration potential too.
3.The essential amplification of the degradation processes of erosion, dehumification and out-of-balance CO2 emission, disaggregation and overcompaction is result of violation of ecologically sound land-use systems and SOC traditional balances.
4. Due to long-term out-of-balance land-use Russian black soils begin to lose not only their unique natural features (about 1 m of humus horizon, 4-7% of Corg), but traditional soil cover patterns, quality of ecosystem services and level of agroecological functions.
5. Quantitative analysis of land degradation processes in parameters of SOC dynamics help us in developing the different-scale projects of ecologically sound rural land-use, taking into attention not only economical benefits but agroecological functions too .
We must work in SOC management together!
Problems number is huge… We have a lot of general issues…
The World is too small… IT join us…
Together we can do more…