Black soils in Russia
Ivan Vasenev
Russian Timiryazev State Agricultural University, Moscow
Global Symposium on soil organic carbon-2017
БЕЛГОРОД
ОРЕЛ
ЛИПЕЦК
ТАМБОВ
ВОРОНЕЖ
КУРСК
Мценск
НовосильЗалегошь
Хо мутово
Вер ховье
По крвскоеЗмиевка
Отрадинский
ЛивныГлазуновка
Елец
Лебедянь
Данков
Лев Толстой
Болхов
Хотынец
Нарышкино
Шаблыкино
Крамы
Дмитриевск-Орловский
Знаменка
Малоорх ангельск
Ко лпныДолгое
ПоныриЖелезногорск
Первоавгустовский
Дмитриев-ЛьговскийФатеж
Золотухино
Хомутовка Конышевка Щигры Черемисиново
Кшенский
Рыл ьск ЛьговКурчатов
Прямицино
Любимовка
Бол. Сол датская
Суджа
МедвенкаСолнцевоКоренево
Глушково
Обоянь
Кировский
Тим
КасторноеОлымский
Горшечное
Губкин Старый Оскол
Ивня ПрохоровкаРакитное Яковлево
Томаровка
Борисовка
ГрайворонОктябрьский
Шебекино
Короча ЧернянкаНовый Оскол
Вол оконовка
Валуйки
Уразово Вейделевка
Красногвардейско еАлексеевка
Чапл ыгин
Доброе
Первомайский
Кочетовка
Мичуринск
Тербуны
Волово
Хлебное
Усмань Добринка
Грязи
Рамонь
Краснолесный
Латная
СтрелицаХохольский
Новово ронежский
Перелешинский
Панино
Анна
ДавыдовкаБобров
Острогожск
Ольховатка
Россошь
Кантемировка
Бо гучар
Петропавловка
ТаловаяНовохоперск
Поварино
Борисоглебск
Терновка
Шапкино
МучкапскийУвар ово
Мордово
Эртиль
Инжавино
РжаксаНовопокровка
Знаменка
Расск азовоКотовск
Бондар и
СосновкаГрязи
Староюрьево
КирсановУмет
Дмитриевка
Моршанск
Вернадовка
53°20'34°00'
52°40'
52°00'
51°20'
50°40'34°00'
50°00'35°00' 36°00' 37°00'
38°00'49°20 '
39°00' 40°00' 41°00' 42°00'49°20'
50°00'
43°00'50°40'
51°20'
52°00'
52°40'
53°20'44°00'
54°00'43°00'42°00'41°00'40°00'39°00'38°0 0'37°00 '36°00'35°00'
54°00'
"Агрофирма Мценская"
Учхоз им. Калинина
Заболотовский лес
Горы Болото Уч."Зоринский"
Стенки-Изгорья
Уч. "Стрелецкий"
Уч. "Казацкий"ОПХ ВНИИЗиЗПЭ
Уч. "Букреевы Бары"
Уч."Баркаловка"
Парсет
ООО"Горшечное"
Центрально-Черноземный регион
Границы областейЦентрально-Черноземного региона
Объекты исследования
Central Chernozemic Region of Russia
-10 mln ha of arable lands;
- 40% of Russian Sugar Beat;
- 25 % of Russian Wheat- 20% of Russian
sunflower;- Best Potential for
Precision LUSs & Agro- technologies Application in Russia
- High potential of Chernozems;- Complex Soil Cover Patterns;- Crop Yield high variability (2-3 times within Region
and Field), high dynamics (30-25 %) and increasing (35 % during last 10 years),
- Sharp increasing of investments & profits - Fast upgrade of technologies
БЕЛГОРОД
ОРЕЛ
ЛИПЕЦК
ТАМБОВ
ВОРОНЕЖ
КУРСК
Мценск
НовосильЗалегошь
Хомутово
Верховье
ПокрвскоеЗмиевка
Отрадинский
ЛивныГлазуновка
Елец
Лебедянь
Данков
Лев Толстой
Болхов
Хотынец
Нарышкино
Шаблыкино
Крамы
Дмитриевск-Орловский
Знаменка
Малоорхангельск
КолпныДолгое
ПоныриЖелезногорск
Первоавгустовский
Дмитриев-ЛьговскийФатеж
Золотухино
Хомутовка Конышевка Щигры Черемисиново
Кшенский
Рыльск ЛьговКурчатов
Прямицино
Любимовка
Бол. Солдатская
Суджа
МедвенкаСолнцевоКоренево
Глушково
Обоянь
Кировский
Тим
КасторноеОлымский
Горшечное
Губкин Старый Оскол
Ивня ПрохоровкаРакитное Яковлево
Томаровка
Борисовка
ГрайворонОктябрьский
Шебекино
Короча ЧернянкаНовый Оскол
Волоконовка
Валуйки
Уразово Вейделевка
КрасногвардейскоеАлексеевка
Чаплыгин
Доброе
Первомайский
Кочетовка
Мичуринск
Тербуны
Волово
Хлебное
Усмань Добринка
Грязи
Рамонь
Краснолесный
Латная
СтрелицаХохольский
Нововоронежский
Перелешинский
Панино
Анна
ДавыдовкаБобров
Острогожск
Ольховатка
Россошь
Кантемировка
Богучар
Петропавловка
ТаловаяНовохоперск
Поварино
Борисоглебск
Терновка
Шапкино
МучкапскийУварово
Мордово
Эртиль
Инжавино
РжаксаНовопокровка
Знаменка
РассказовоКотовск
Бондари
СосновкаГрязи
Староюрьево
КирсановУмет
Дмитриевка
Моршанск
Вернадовка
53°20'34°00'
52°40'
52°00'
51°20'
50°40'34°00'
50°00'35°00' 36°00' 37°00'
38°00'49°20'
39°00' 40°00' 41°00' 42°00'49°20'
50°00'
43°00'50°40'
51°20'
52°00'
52°40'
53°20'44°00'
54°00'43°00'42°00'41°00'40°00'39°00'38°00'37°00'36°00'35°00'
54°00'
"Агрофирма Мценская"
Учхоз им. Калинина
Заболотовский лес
Горы Болото Уч."Зоринский"
Стенки-Изгорья
Уч. "Стрелецкий"
Уч. "Казацкий"ОПХ ВНИИЗиЗПЭ
Уч. "Букреевы Бары"
Уч."Баркаловка"
Парсет
ООО"Горшечное"
Центрально-Черноземный регион
Границы областейЦентрально-Черноземного региона
Объекты исследования
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 3
Analyzing the black soils areas in Russia (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
1:2.5 M Scale
Soil total area – 1595,4 million ha : Black soils – around 188 million haLuvic Chernozems + Grey-Luvic Phaeozems – 34,9 million ha Voronic and Vermic Chernozems – 11,3 million ha Vorony-Calcic Chernozems – 22,0 million ha Calcic Chernozems – 17,2 million haHaplic and Gypsic Kastanozems – 11,3 million ha …
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 4
Analyzing the black soils SOC current spatial-temporal variability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
Soil organic carbon stocks
Soil organic carbon stocks in 1 m:
T/ ha Level
Extremely highVery high
High
Above averageAverage
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 5
Analyzing the black soils SOC current spatial-temporal variability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
Soil organic carbon content
Soil organic carbon content in A horizon
% Level
Very high
High
Average
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 6
Humus types
Humus type in A horizon
C HA / CFA Humus
Very humic
Humic
Fulvic-Humic
Analyzing the black soils SOC quality natural spatial-temporal variability (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011) :
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 7
Typifying the black soils according to their SOC changes due to agrogenic soil degradation processes:
Data on humus balance in agricultural area in 1970 – 2001 (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
• Stable tendency of dehumification in arable black soils:
• SOC content in arable soils have been decreased by 4.4 – 17.1% during past 45 years.
Humus balance in the arable horizon
Negative with annual loss of more than 0,5 t/ha
Negative with annual loss of less than 0,5 t/ha
Positive
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 8
Typifying the black soils according to their erosion and its environmental impact assessment on soil profile and processes (“RF Soil National Atlas”, 2011):
•More than 33 % of black soils have been erode (12.0% in the all arable lands) in Russia.
•The higher degree of black soils erosion is recorded in Volga region, North Caucasus, Central District.
•More than 8 % of black soils have been deflated (especially many in the Southern and Siberian districts).
•More than 6 % of black soils have been subjected to the combined effect of water and wind erosion.
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 9
Typifying the black soils according to their SOC, current land-use, soil profile, regimes and processes
IRGAC02 fluxes
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 10
Typifying the black soils according to their current SOC sustainability
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140g kg-1
Ch M Ph Gr.-Luv. Ch Vor.-
CalcCh Verm.
Ch Luvicold residual arable
landsrich cultivated arable landsintensive pastures
temporary pasture, old idle landsforest, forest-lines
lands with light texture
Humus steady content in Black soils (Chernozems) topsoil with different land-use
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 11
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
1. Bioclimatic zonal and province analysis.2. Geomorphologic regional and local typification. 3. Ecological and agroecological GIS and DB development.4. Ecological and agroecological monitoring development5. Field researches in representative plots with local controls
(native landscapes or less intensive land-use systems).6. Soil cover patterns studies within chrono- or agro-secuences. 7. The Soil Cover Patterns investigation by the
field catenas, with especial attention to: (a) their position within meso-relief;
(b) their micro-relief development; (c) soil profile successions; (d) soil regimes changes;
(e) soil matrix transformations;
(e) lateral, soil-forming and degradation
processes rates within SCP;
(f) potentials of soil profiles, functions
and services future development.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140g kg-1
Principal Methodology:
Evaluation of erosion risks and its impact on soil agroecological quality and fertilizing efficiency
>35% of black soils have been eroded at the Central
Chernozemic Region of Russia (Vasenev e.a., 2010; 2015)
11
7
5310
А
В
6,2 т/га
17,7 т/га
1-st stage 2-nd stage 3-d stage 4-th stage
C, %
g
t/ha
t/ha
(Smirnova, 2007)
Soil Acidification and Alkalization Problems in black soils
S= 20 ha of irrigation plot
Potatoes Ymax : Ymin=3
pH (KCl) = 4,8 – 8,2
Soil cover variability and soil regimes transformation
Agrogenic waterlogging of Black Soils due to sole shoe and local groundwater development – more than 2 million ha of mochars
Sharp contrast in soil profile and (agro-)ecological functions in case of natural and agro-degraded Chernozems
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 16
Investigating soil forming and degradation processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
Processes Parameter Processes Rates in Successions:
Agrogenic Agrogenic-erosion
Agrogenic-irrigation
Agrogenic-ameliorat.
Erosion А+АВ, sm y-1 0,1-0,3 0,3-3,0 0,3-1,2 0,5-1,0 Dehumification Humus - g kg-1 y-1 0,2-1,0 0,3-1,3 0,3-0,5 0,3-1,0 Humification Humus - g kg-1 y-1 0,1-0,3 - 0,1-0,4 0,1-0,5 Overconsolidation Bulk density -g sm-3y-1 0,01-0,02 0,01-0,05 0,01-0,06 0,01-0,03 Disaggregation agregates 10-0,25
mm, g kg-1 y-1 1-10 1-18 10-25 8-12
Aggregation 1-10 1-5 1-5 1-5 Season cementation Crust , sm y-1 0,1-1,0 0,1-2,0
Leaching CaCO3 - kg sm m-2y-1 0,1-0,3 0,3-1 1-150 1-30 Carbonization CaCO3 - g kg-1 y-1 0,3-1 0,3-1,5 0,5-3,0 Acidification рН y-1 0,01-0,1 0,03-0,1 0,05-0,13 0,03-0,1 Alkalization рН y-1 0,01-0,03 0,05-0,07 0,01-0,03 Na-Salinization Na+ mg kg-1 y-1 5-18
Soil Forming and Degradation Processes Rates in Agrogenic Successions of Black Soils (Chernozems and Grey-Luvic Phaeozems)
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 17
Investigating soil processes rates and potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
Net Ecosystem Exchange diurnally
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 18
Investigating soil processes potentials in the black soils with especial attention to their SOC:
• All cumulative functions in Black soils were consistently higher than in Podzoluvisols
--- - Moscow field with Podzoluvisols
– - Pristen field with Chernozems
NEE, Reco, GPP cumulatives
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 19
Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Grey-Luvic Phaeozems soil cover patterns and SOC within-field variability due to paleo-microrelief and agrogenic plough erosion
Crop Yield Variability within key Fields & Plots (Experimental Station, Central Chernozemic Region)
# Key Plot (KP) or Field
Area, ha
Crop Year Weather
Yield, dt/ha
KP -1.1 4 Barley 1996,
2000,
2004
normal 23-59KP-1.2 4 Barley 15-64
Field 1 53 Barley 2002,
2005
dry 23-63Sugar Beat 200-590
KP-2.1 4 Winter Wheat 1998 dry 20-65Field 2 59 Sugar Beat 1999 normal 242-484
2003 normal 170-546Barley 2000 normal 21-50
Pea (green food) 2001 normal 100-300Winter Wheat 2002 dry 38-70
Field 3 53 Barley 1999 normal 25-43Pea (grain) 22-44
Winter Wheat 22-34
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 21
Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Within-field winter wheat yield variability due to Luvic and Vermic
Chernozems agrogenic changes ……………
P2О5>250Yield - 52.5
P2О5<170Yield - 45.9
K2О >100Yield - 48.5
K2О<90Yield - 43.2
Wheat Yield Variability at the
slope
3<Slope<5Yield - 46.2
1<Slope<3Yield- 51.0
8<Slope>9Yield - 32.7
5<Slope<8Yield - 38.6
ChYield - 46.1
ChYield - 53.4
ChLYield - 50.1
ChТYield - 44.1
ChLYield - 58.9
ChТ
Yield - 48.1
W>28%Yield - 49.8
W<23%Yield - 38.4
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 22
Evaluating soil quality dynamics due to SOC man-made changes in black soils:Within-field barley yield variability due to Luvic and Vermic Chernozems
agrogenic changes ……………
P2О5>250 mg/kgYield - 52.5
P2О5<170 mg/kgYield - 45.9
K2О >100 mg/kgYield - 48.5
K2О<90 mg/kgYield - 43.2
Barley Yield Variability at the
slope (dt/ha)
3<Slope<5Yield - 46.2
1<Slope<3Yield- 51.0
8<Slope>9Yield - 32.7
5<Slope<8Yield - 38.6
Chernozem (eroded)
Yield - 46.1
Chernozem Yield - 53.4
ChL (Luvic)Yield - 50.1
ChV (Voronic)Yield - 44.1
ChL (Luvic)Yield - 58.9
ChV (Voronic)Yield - 48.1
W>28%Yield - 49.8
W<23%Yield - 38.4
Difficulties in geostatistical analysis of agroecological problems within very heterogeneous soil and
landscape areas Soil Cover Patterns at the
Experimental Station (4500 ha)
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 24
DSS-Managing adaptive to landscape land-use and SOC in the black soils:
Надежда на будущее – 5 Традиции российской научной школыFunctional evaluation of soil cover patterns
Evaluation of agro-ecological problems within field scale, including
SOC degradation
Quantitative assessment of limiting factors of soil fertility, crop yield, ecosystem services,
farming profits
Annual planning of crop distribution, farming systems and technology
applications
Meso-relief parameters
Land agroecological passport of the farm
field
Soil cover patterns
Soil potential fertility principal
parameters
Potential crop yield prediction
mapping
SOC and available nutrients content
in the soil
IT modules for farming
technologies agro-ecological
optimizing in the concrete fieldAgroecological
assessment of the relief and precursors
Agroecological assessment of the soil cover patterns
Quantitative assess-ment of
the fertility limiting factors
Crop yield calculation in
concrete PAR and soil-ecological state
Crop yield calculation in field
with available nutrient limitations
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 25
Managing SOC in the black soils:
базового агрогеоинфор-
мационного обеспечения к
условиям конкретного
района и хозяйства ЦЧР.
Soil potential fertility principal
parameters
Potential crop yield prediction
mapping
SOC and available nutrients
content in the soil
Quantitative assessment of limiting factors of soil fertility, crop yield,
ecosystem services, farming profits
Annual planning of crop distribution, farming systems and
technology applications
Crop yield and SOC calculation
in field with available nutrient
limitations
Crop yield and SOC calculation in concrete PAR and
soil-ecological state
Quantitative assess-ment of
the fertility limiting factors
Annual planning of the within-field varied fertilizing
Annual planning of crop rotation and rational distribution in the
farm
Fertilizing efficiency increasing in 20-25%
Farming profitability increasing in 10-15%
Sharp decreasing of the environmental risks
Black soils areas – LQ Evaluating – LU optimizing 26
Dissemination of the best practices in SOC managing in the black soils:
Dissemination of results (agroecological models, BAAT and DSS)
SOC Managing – Normative Forecasting – LQ Evaluating – Search Forecasting – SF&DP – Soil Typifying – STV Analyzing 27
Dissemination of the best practices in SOC managing in the black soils :Dissemination of results (including functional models,
agrotechnologies and DSS)
5-10% Farms
30-40% Farms
15-20% Farms
30-40% Farms
In the Case farm in 5 years: Crop yields have been increased in 1,5-2 times : Sugar beet - 35→70 t/ha, Winter wheat - 5 → 7 t/ha
We must work with black soils together!
Problems number is huge… We have a lot of general issues…
The World is too small… IT join us…
Together we can do more…
Top Related