Birth of Filipino Nationalsm and the Struggle For Nationhood

Birth of Filipino Nationalism and the Birth of Filipino Nationalism and the Struggle for NationhoodStruggle for Nationhood

BOLIBOL, FATIMA P.IV-2

BIRTH OF NATIONALISMBIRTH OF NATIONALISM

Factors that gave rise to NationalismFactors that gave rise to Nationalism

• British Invasion• Opening of the Philippines to World

Commerce• Influx of Liberal Ideas and Liberalism in the

Philippines• Secularization in the Philippines• Rise of the Middle Class and Principalia• Cavite Mutiny

The Roots of Nationalism in Europe The Roots of Nationalism in Europe and Americaand America• British Invasion

– They were the only foreign power who succeeded in defeating the Spaniards.

– Encouraged the Filipinos to revolt against spanish authorities

– Phil: Silang & Polaris revolt--- Demonstrated the capability of the region to unite & expel the Spaniards from their territories

The Roots of Nationalism in Europe The Roots of Nationalism in Europe and Americaand America• Opening of the Philippines to World

Commerce– 1834: ended Spain’s trade monopoly and marked the opening

of Manila to world trade; years after, other ports were also opened for the same purpose

– Increase the value of export– Manufacturing & agriculture developed to answer the

demands for local products – Opportunity to communicate with other countrymen and

foreigners. – Exchanging ideas broadened Filipino knowledge and created an

awareness among the Filipinos that other people share the same thoughts, feelings and sentiments in politics, society, religion and culture.

The Roots of Nationalism in Europe The Roots of Nationalism in Europe and Americaand America

• Opening of Suez Canal (1869)– Travel time between Europe and Asia was greatly

shortened– Encouraged many Europeans to travel to Asia and

facillitated communication between peoples and countries

– Exposed the Filipinos to modern ideas of liberty

• Influx of Liberal Ideas– through the opening of the Phil. To world trade,

liberal ideas of Europe and America trickled into the country.


– Ideas of Liberalism from th French Revolution (motto: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity)

– Books and Magazines that contain the ideas of French and American Revolution:• Social Contract (Jean Jacques Rousseau)• Two Treatises of Government (John Locke)• Common Sense (Thomas Paine)~these social philosophers believed that people had the right

to change and establish a new gornment if the existing government no longer meet their needs.

– Directly brought by men of liberal orientation who came to the country and by the Illustrados who imbibed them during their stint abroad


• Liberalism in the Philippines– Governor-General Carlos de la Torre – Abolished censorship of press– Abolished whipping as punishment– Solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite– Educational Decree of 1870 and Moret Decree:

called for limited secularization of educational institutions and the government supervision and control of certain schools in the Philippines

Secularization in the PhilippinesSecularization in the Philippines

• 2 kinds of priests:– Regulars- Spanish priests who belonged to any of

the religious orders (Franciscans, Augustinians, Jesuits, Recollects or Dominicans)• Main task was to establish religious missions and

propagate Catholic faith – Seculars- priests who obtained their religious

training in the Phil. and who were in the direct control of the bishops and archbishops.• Assigned to serve in the parishes to sustain the spiritual

well-being of the parishioners

Secularization in the PhilippinesSecularization in the Philippines

• 1774- royal decree issued ordering the secularization of parishes– Many complained against incompetent preists

• 1776- another royal decree restoring the regulars to their old parishes and ordering Church officials to provide furtehr training to Filipino priests

• Disputes over the appointment to parishes• Secularization Movement– Against racial discrimination– Later called “Filipinization”

Rise of the Middle Class and Rise of the Middle Class and PrincipaliaPrincipalia

• A group of people below the aristocratic Spanish officials, families & religious orders but higher or above the masses.

• Businessmen, farmers, teachers and other professionals who were greatly benefitted by the improved economy

• Able to send their children to study in exclusive colleges in Manila and Europe

• Growing wealth and prestigehigh position in societyinfluential capaign peaceful reforms through writing an dpublic speaking

Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Emergence of the Filipino Sense of NationhoodNationhood

• Cavite Mutiny– June 20, 1872 during the height of the secularization, the

Cavite Mutiny occurred. The mutiners were workers & some marine detachment

– Cause by the revocation of the privilege of shipyard workers to be exempted from force labor & paying tributes.

– Led by La Madrid– Fr. Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were implicated through a

false testimony of Francisco Zaldua. They were found guilty in the “mock trial” and were sentenced to die by garrote.

Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Emergence of the Filipino Sense of NationhoodNationhood

• The Execution of GomBurZa– Further aggravated the hatred of Filipinos against

the Spaniards.– Began to think that unless they were united, they

would not be able to fight back and stop Spanish attrocities against Filipino

– Become a rallying point of the nationalist movement

REVOLTS AND REBELLIONREVOLTS AND REBELLION

Revolts and RebellionRevolts and Rebellion

• Causes of Filipino early revolts:– Desire to regain the lost freedom of their

ancestors (Political)– Religious intolerance of Spanish authorities

(Religious)– Abuses of the Spaniards (Personal)– The hated tribute and oppressive forced labor– Loss of ancestral lands

Name of Revolt

Date

Place Cause Leader Result

Lakandula 1574

Tondo, Navotas

Failure of Gov. Lavezares to fulfill Legazpis’ promise to Lakandula

Lakandula

Failed

Pampanga

1585

Pampanga Abuses of Spanish Encomienderos

Failed. A woman betrayed the revolt.

Todo 1587-1588

Tondo, Cuyo, Calamianes

Desire for Independence

Magat Salamat, Martin Pangan, Juan Banal, Pedro Balingit

Failed because the plot was discovered. Leaders were executed.

Name of Revolt

Date


Cagayan- Ilocos

1589

Cagayan, Ilocos Norte

Refusal to pay tributes, tyranny of tribute collectors

Failed. Easily suppressed.

Magalat 1596

Cagayan Abuses of the Tribute Collectors

Magalat Failed. Hired Assasins killed the Magalat.

Igorot 1601

Northern Luzon

Desire for religious toleration

Failed

Irrayas 1621

Cagayan Valley

Oppression of the Indios by the Spanish officials

Felipe Cutabay, Gabriel Dayag

It was not materialized due to Fr. Pedro Sto. Tomas preaching.

Name of Revolt

Date


Tamblot 1621- 1622

Bohol Desire to abandon Christianity and return to old religious faith

Babaylan Tamblot

It was suppressed by the Spaniards and Cebuanos.

Bankaw 1621

Leyte Desire for Religious Toleration

Bankaw Pagali

Failed

Cagayan 1625, 1627, 1639

Cagayan Desire for independence and punishment of a woman whom displeases certain Spanish officials

Miguel Lanab, Aldaban

Failed. Leaders were pardoned and later killed when they revolted anew.

Name of Revolt

Date


Caraga 1629- 1631

Caraga, Northern Mindanao

Dissatisfaction of townspeople to Spanish rule

Failed

Cagayan 1639

Cagayan Dissatisfaction with Spanish rule

It was suppressed.

Ladia 1643

Malolos, Bulacan and Southern Luzon

Weariness from Spanish oppression

Pedro Ladia

Failed

Visayan/ Sumuroy

1649- 1650

Eastern Visayas, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga

Caused by Gov. Fajardo’s order to send Visayan laborers tyo Cavite for shipbuilding

Juan Ponce Sumoroy and Pedro Caamug

Leaders were captured and were beheaded.

Name of Revolt

Date


Pampanga

1660- 1661

Bacoor, Cavite and Pampanga

Failure of officials to pay rice purchased; repeated requirements for polo y servico

Francisco Maniago

General amnesty granted to rebels. Initial payment for services.

Pangasinan / Malong

1660- 1661

Binalatongan, Pangasinan

Quarrel between Fr. Gorospe and Malong

Andres Malong and Pedro Gumpaos

Failed

Ilocos 1661

San Nicolas, Bacarra, Laog, Ilocos

Spanish aggression

Juan Magsanop, Pedro Almazan and Gaspar Cristobal

Failed. Leaders were executed.

Name of Revolt

Date


Panay / Tapar

1663

Oton, Panay

Desire to put up a modified form of Christianity

Tapar It was suppressed.

Agrarian 1745- 1746

Bulacan, Morong (Rizal), Cavite, Laguna

Usurpation of Filipino lands by religious orders

Matienza Failed

Dagohoy 1744- 1828

Bohol Refusal of Fr. Morales to give Dagohoy’s brother a Christian Burial

Francisco Dagohoy

Failed but rebels were pardoned.

Silang 1762- 1763

Ilocos Desire to expel the Spaniards from Ilocos

Diego silang and Gabriela Silang

Failed. Diego was assasinated .

Name of Revolt

Date


Palaris 1762- 1765

Pangasinan

Demand for reforms especially the changing of local officials

Juan Dela Cruz Palaris

Failed. Palaris was executed

Basi 1807

Ilocos Government monopoly of basi manufacturing

Pedro Mateo

Failed. Rebels were crushed by government troops.

Hermano Pule

1840- 1841

Quezon Province

Being a native, Pule was denied to be admitted as a monk. He founded the religious brotherhood, Confradia De San Jose, which the government outlawed and ordered to be dissolved.

Apolinario dela Cruz

Failed

Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule

• Moros• Continous military expeditions failed to

subdue the Muslims who were bound by the cohesive force of their religion, Islam and a better-organized political system

• Muslim wars (1578-1898) were characterized by periodic punitive expeditions to Mindanao and Sulu which were initially foiled by the Muslim defenders


• 1578 (1st Spanish expedition in Mindanao)– Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa– Jolo– Sultan Pagarigan Buddimon (Tausug)– Jolo was taken after fierce fighting– Spanish forces were forced to sail away when

most of the soldiers fell ill.– Left Jolo after exacting tribute and the pledge of

obedience from Buddimon


• 1596– Figueroa obtained exclusive right to colonize

Mindanao– Set to establish Spanish rule in Cotabato– In Buwayan, Spaniards were firecely repulsed by

Rajah Sirongan– Datu Ubal (brother of Rajah Sirongan) killed

Figueroa– Spanish retreated. Established a garrison in La

Caldera at the tip of Zamboanga


• Fort Pilar– Military base in Zamboanga was established by

Gov. Juan Cerezo de Salamanca– 1636: a fort was built under the supervision of

Father Melchor de Vera (Jesuit)---- Nuestra Senora del Pilar

– To some degree deterred muslim offensive activities against Spaniards and Christians

– Tagal (brotehr of Kudarat) raided Visayas. He was pursued by the Spaniards and was killed

Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule• Sultan Kudarat– Son of Datu Buisan; Sultan of Maguindanao in 1620– Tried to foster friendship with Spaniards and Dutch until

hostilities broke out between Muslims and Spaniards– Spaniards began to gain victory and almost defeated

Sultan Kudarat. However, the Sultan and his wife were able to escape

– Kudarat fought the Spaniards with the aid and support of the Maranwas and other muslim groups

– June 24, 1645: treaty was signed by Kudarat and Francisco Atientza, commandant of Zamboanga. • recognaized Kudarat’s lordship over Pulangi area extending from

Sibuguey river to the Gulf of Davao. • allowed Jesuit missionaries in Kudarat territory

– First to declare jihad

Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule• Sulu and Maranaw resistance– Gov-Gen Corcuera– Jolo (Jan 1638)– Sultan Bungsu– April 1638: Jolo was captured– 1639: Maranaw were the next target– Almost annihilated a second Spanish expedition

launched aginst them– With encouragement of Kudarat, Maranaos fought off

successfully every attempt of the Spaniards to impose rule in Lanao.

Muslim Resistance to Spanish Rule• Lease of Sabah– Capture of Jolo forced Sultan Jamalil A’lam to sue for

peace and relocate his capital to Maimbung– To gain funds, he leased on Jan. 1878 his territory

Sabah in North Borneo to Baron Gustav Von Overbeck and Alfred Dent, proprietors of British North Borneo Trading Company.

– Annual rental of 5,000 Malayan dollars – Sabah was previously owned by Sultan of Brunei, who

in 1704 ceded it to the Sultan of Jolo out of gratitude for the aid given by Jolo warriors in quelling rebellion in Brunei.


• Significance of Moro wars:– Proved that even if on the several instances the

Muslims were defeated they were able to consolidate their forces and retaliated, as opportunity wanted it against their enemies

– Moro’s response: MUSLIMS PREFERRED TO PERISH AS FREEMEN IN BATTLE THAN BE SUBJECTED TO VASSALAGE.

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

Propaganda Movement

• (19th c.)A movement launched by a group of Filipinos living and studying abroad

• There were also reform movements in the Philippines where members met secretly to distribute pamphlets, books, newspapers and othe rpublications of the movement form HK and Spain.

• Worked for reforms through speaches and pubalished articles

Propaganda Movement• The Great Triumvirate– Led the Propaganda movement– Jose Rizal (the Great thinker)• “Noli Me Tangere” & “El Filibusterismo”

– Marcelo H. Del Pilar (the Great Political analyst and journalist)• ““Caiigat Cayo”.Caiigat Cayo”. “Dasalan at Toksohon”“Dasalan at Toksohon” &

“10 Kautusan ng mga Prayle”– Graciano Lopez-Jaena (the Great Orator) • “Fray Botod”, “Esperanza” & “La Hija del

Fraile”

Propaganda Movement

• Other active members:– Juan Luna–Antonio Luna– Felix Resurrection Hidalgo– Jose Ma. Panganiban– Eduardo de Lete- Espana en Filipinas

Propaganda MovementPropaganda Movement

• Aims:1. Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos before the law2. Granting the Philippines the status of a regular province

of Spain3. Freedom of Speech and of the press4. Restoration of Filipino representation in the Spanish

Assembly5. Secularization of the parished and turning over the

control of all vacant parishes to Filipino priests6. Legal reforms

La SolidaridadLa Solidaridad

• Official newspaper of the reform movement• Established in Barcelona , Spain in 1889• Graciano Lopez-Jaena- first editor• Feb 15, 1889- 1st issue• Nov 15, 1895- last issue• Appeared twice a month and was funded by Filipino

nationalists in Spain and in the Philippines• Able to express their ideals and desire for reforms

La SolidaridadLa Solidaridad

• Pennames:

– Jose Rizal –Jose Rizal – Dimasalang at Laon-Laan

– Marcelo H. del Pilar–arcelo H. del Pilar– Plaridel

– Mariano PonceMariano Ponce – Naning, Tikbalang at Kalipulako

– Jose Ma. PanganibanJose Ma. Panganiban – Jomapa

– Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog

Asociacion Hispano-FilipinaAsociacion Hispano-Filipina

• Jan 12, 1889. Madrid• President: DON MIGUEL MORAYTA Vice President: RIVAS MORENO

Secretary: DOMINADOR GOMEZTreasurer: ANTONIO LUNA

• 3 DIVISIONS:–Political- Marcel H. Del Pilar–Literary- Mariano Ponce–Sports- Tomas Arejola

Asociacion Hispano-FilipinaAsociacion Hispano-Filipina

– Demands:• Compulsary teaching of Spanish in all schools• Establishment of a civil register and register of

deeds• Establishment of secondary schools• Construction of government roads and railways• Abolition of inhuman punishment in all jails• Elimination of the tax on land’s harvest and the

tax on maintenance of churches

La Liga FilipinaLa Liga Filipina• Civic organization founded by JOSE RIZAL on July 3,

1892 in Tondo.• President: AMBROSIO SALVADOR

Vice President: AGUSTIN DELA ROSA Secretary: DEODATO ARELLANO Treasurer: BONIFACIO AREVALO

• Aims (based on its constitution written by Rizal in Hongkong):–Unification of the entire archipelago for everybody’s welfare–Cooperation in times of need nad emergency–Promotion of education, agriculture and commerce–Defense against all forms of violence and injustices–Study and implementations of reforms

Masonic OrganizationsMasonic Organizations

• Revolucion- 1st masonic lodge in Spain, founded by Gracioano-Lopez Jaena; followed by Solidaridad

• Nilad- 1st Masonic lodge in the Phil.• Demands:– Make the Phil. a province of Spain– Allow Filipino representation in the Spanish Assembly– Establish a democratic governemnt– Transform Phil. in to a dignified and progressive country– Provide liberal administration in the gov’t.

Counter-Reform MovementsCounter-Reform Movements

• Caingat Kayo by Fr. Jose Rodriguez– Warn the Fil not to read Rizal’s novels

• Anti-Fil writers: Wenceslao Retana; Vicente Barrantes; Pablo Feced Fil had no civilization before Spaniards came

• La Politico de Espana en Filipinas– Influential newsaper of the fiars; counteract whatever

impressions the Sol made

• Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan and the arrest of those writing or expressing supposedly submersive ideas against mother country.

Propaganda Movement

• RESULTS OF PM:– FAIL due to;

• Friars and bussinessmen• Lack of funds• Members were divided bec of disagreements, conflicts

and eny

• Significance– Brought attention of Spaniards living in Spain the corruption

of their leaders in the Phil.– Aroused a greater spirit of nationalism among Fil.– Guiding light for revolution

REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTREVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT

KKKKKK

• Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

• July 7, 1892• Andres Bonifacio• Principal objective:–Unite the Filipino people and struggle for

separation from Spain through a revolution

Political Structure of the KatipunanPolitical Structure of the Katipunan• Copied the organizational structure of La Liga

Filipina• Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian)– Central organ of the Katipunan

• President or Supremo (Deodato Arellano, Roman Basa, Andres Bonofacio)

• Fiscal• Secretary• Treasurer

• Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan)• Popular Council (Sangguniang Balangay)• Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman)- decided

cases about violations of the rules of the Katipunan by its members and settled disputes among them

Katipunan MembershipKatipunan Membership

• Triangle system• Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislaw Diwa• Slow and complicated• Replaced by faster and simpler system: use of secret

rites copied form the Masonry– Neophyte that passes the test on courage and love for

country swore to guard and defend the secrets of the Katipunan, and signed his name in the society’s roster with his own blood (Sanduguan) and will then adopt a Katipunan name

Katipunan MembershipKatipunan Membership

• 3 grades of membership– Katipun –wore black mask with a triangle formed

by letters and white ribbons• Password: Anak ng Bayan

– Kawal- green mask and sash• Password: Gomburza

– Bayani- red mask and sach, both lined with green• Officials of Katipunan• Password: Rizal

Women of KatipunanWomen of Katipunan

• Wife, sister or daughter of a Katipunero• Gregoria de Jesus (Lakambini ng Katipunan); Josefa

and Trinidad Rizal; Maria Dizon (cousin of Emilio Jacinto; Benita Rodriguez (made the Katipunan flag)

• Tasks:– Recruitment of new members– Keepers of secret documents and papers– In meetings, they sang and danced with some of the men

in living room to mislead the Spaniards

Rizal and KatipunanRizal and Katipunan

• Did not agree on launching a revolution due to lack of arms, manpower and able leader

• Also opposed to their plan of rescuing him• Suggetsed to get the support of the rich and

influential Filipinos in Manila and make Antonio Luna as the leader of the military operations of the revolution

Katipunan LiteratureKatipunan Literature• Andres Bonifacio

– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan– Ang dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog– Ang Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan– Pahimakas (Translation of Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios)

• Emilio Jacinto “Brains of the Katipunan”– Kartilla– Liwanag at Dilim– A La Patria- restated Rizal’s sentiements in his Last Farewell

• “Rizaline Soul”• Pio Valenzuela

– Makatwiran?– Sa Mga Kababayan (in collaboration with Bonifacio)– Helped Jacinot in editing Kalayaan (Katipunan’s newspaper)

Discovery of KatipunanDiscovery of Katipunan

• Teodoro Patino• Apolonio dela Cruz• Honoria• Madre Portera• Father Mariano Gil

Cry of PugadlawinCry of Pugadlawin

• Tearing of cedula• “Long live teh Philippines!”• Marked the start of revolution

against the Spain in 1896

Battle of San JuanBattle of San Juan

• San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896• Battle of the Pinaglabanan• 153 Katipuneros died, about 200 were

taken as prisoners

Period of Mass Arrest and ExecutionPeriod of Mass Arrest and Execution

• Gov. Ramon Blanco• Martial law• Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija,

Bulacan and Pampanga• “any person accused of treachery and those against

the present form of gov’t would be arrested and tried in military court”

• Promised pardon to those who will surrender within 48hrs after the declaration of martial law

• Valenzuela and others surrender but Spaniards did not honor the promise and tortured those who were caught and those who surrendered

Period of Mass Arrest and ExecutionPeriod of Mass Arrest and Execution

• Those suspected as members of Katipunan were impriosned in Fort Santiago, others were exiled in the Carolines or in Africa.

• Bulacan- rebels were massacered• Sept 4, 1896- 4 rebel leaders captured in the battle of

Pinaglabanan were executed by firing squad at luneta• Sept 12, 1896- “The 13 martyrs of Cavite”• Dec 30, 1896- execution of Jose Rizal• Jan 4, 1897- “12 Martyrs of Bicol”• Week later- “13 Martyrs of Bagumbayan”• Visayas- “19 Martyrs of Aklan”

The Rebel Factions in CaviteThe Rebel Factions in Cavite

• 2 factions of Katipunan– MAGDALO• Baldomero Aguinaldo• Based in Kawit, Cavite• Believed in the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo

– MAGDIWANG• Mariano Alvares• HQ in Noveleta, Cavite• Followers of Andres Bonifacio

Imus ConventionImus Convention

• Issue: type of government they would establish

• Aguinaldo: Katipunan was no longer effective as the gov’t during the revolution– Revolutionary Government

• Bonifacio: Katipunan to remain as the gov’t• Imus convention: failed

Tejeros ConventionTejeros Convention

• March 22, 1897• Agreed to establish a revolutionary gov’t +

election• President: EMILIO AGUINALDO Vice President: MARIANO TRIAS Capt. Gen: ARTEMIO RICARTE Director of War: EMILIO REIGO DE DIOS Director of Interior: ANDRES BONIFACIO

Tejeros ConventionTejeros Convention

• Daniel Tirona– Protested Bonifacio’s election as Director of the

Interior

• Bonifacio felt insulted and declared the election null and void, and as Supremo he dissolved the newly established revolutionary gov’t

Naik DeclarationNaik Declaration

• Acta de Tejeros– Document expalining the reasons why they

nullified the elections held in Tejeros• Naik military agreement– Establish an independent gov’t and separate from

the gov’t of Aguinaldo. An army of this gov’t was to be organized and Pio del Pilar was designated as the military commander

– Signed: Andres Bonofacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas

The Trial and Execution of BonifacioThe Trial and Execution of Bonifacio

• Aguinaldo learned of the Naik declaration and ordered the arrets of Bonifacio and his men

• Charges: sedition and treason• Pedro Lipana- Judge advocate• Jose Elises- Fiscal/ prosecutor• Teodoro Gonzales and Placido Martinez- defense counsels for

Bonifacio brothers• Council of War

– Chairman: Mariano Noel– Gen. Tomas Mascardo– Esteban Infante– Crisostomo Riel– Sulficio Antonio– Placido Martinez– Mariano Riego de Dios

The Trial and Execution of BonifacioThe Trial and Execution of Bonifacio

• Lasted from April 29-May 4 1897• Guilty and sentence to death• May 8- aguinaldo converted the death

punishment to banishment but military advisers persuded to pursue the original verdict

• May10- Bonifacio and his brother Procorpio were shot at Mount Tala in Cavite

Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato RepublicRepublic

• Cavite was retaken by the Spaniards• Aguinaldo and his men was forced to transfer to

Talisay, Batangas where he joine dforces with Gen. Miguel malvar

• Battle of Puray– Reinforced by Gen. Licerio Geronimo– After, the Departamental Governemnt of Central

Luzon (manila, Morong, Bulacan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Tarlac and Pangasinan) was established headed by Fr. Pedro Dandan

Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato Establishment of the Biak-na-Bato RepublicRepublic

• He then went to Bulacan and established his HQ in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Payumo

• Nov 1, 1897- they ratified the consitution written by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho copied from the Cuban Constitution of 1895.

• According to the consitution, a Supreme Council would be formed– President: EMILIO AGUINALDO– VP: MARIANO TRIAS– Sec of Foreign Affairs: ANTONIO MONTENEGRO– Sec of Interior: ISABELO ARTACHO– Sec of War: EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS– Sec of Treasury: BALDOMERO AGUINALDO

Pact of Biak-na-BatoPact of Biak-na-Bato

• Pedro Paterno– Acted as mediator between revolutionaries and

the Spanish authoritiees

• Pact provided for cessation of revolution.


• The pact provided the ff:1. Aguinaldo was free to live in HK with

companions who might wish to follow him2. Aguinaldo be paid P800,000 indeminty in three

payments:• P400K upon receipt of all firearms there were in B-n-B

(as soon as Aguinaldo and company left the country)• P200K when num of arms reached 800 (majority of the

arms were surrendered)• P200K when all arms surrendered be completed to 1k

arms (after all hostilities ceased and gen amnesty was proclaimed)


– Gov.-Gen Primo de Rivera should send Aguinaldo 2 Gen of the Spanish Army, who should remain hostages until Aguinaldo and company reached HK and the firts payment recieved

– Gov-Gen would pay the additional sum of P900K to the families of non-combatant Fil who suffered during the war

PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War• American took the side of Cuba (revolted against

their colonizers, Spain)• On Feb. 15, 1898 the American battleship USS

Maine exploded at Havana Harbor in Cuba, Spain was blamed for the mishap

• US passed several resolutions demanding Spain to leave Cuba

• April 24, Spain declared war on the US• April 25, US declared war against Spain• US intentions: to colonize all Spanish territories in

case a war broke out bet US and Spain (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam and Phil)

Battle of Manila BayBattle of Manila Bay

• May 1, 1898• Commodore George Dewey (USS Olympia) VS.

Admiral Patricio Montojo (Reina Cristina)• American won without losing a single ship or life.• Spaniards lost 167 men with 214 others wounded• This signalled the end of the political glory of

Spain and ushered the entry of US as a world power.

Fil-Am AllianceFil-Am Alliance

• US consul in Singapore (Spencer Pratt) assured Aguinaldo that the US would recognize Phil independence

• Aguinaldo believed and pledge to cooperate with Americans in case war broke out bet US and Spain

• Rounseville Wildman (US consul in HK) advised Aguinaldo to return to the Phil and establish a dictatorial govt

Resumption of the RevolutionResumption of the Revolution

• Aguinaldo with 13 others returned to the Phil aboard the McCulloch, Dewey’s dispatch vessel

• He urged Fil to resume the sturggle for independence and help US against Spain

• In a short period, Aguinaldo was able to consolidate all the revolutionary forces under his command

Battle of ManilaBattle of Manila

• Spaniards enter into a secret negotiation with the Americans regarding the surrender of Manila

• Through the intercession of the Belgian Consul, a secret negotiation bet. Dewey, Gen Wesely Merritt and Gov-Gen Fermin Jaudness was made such that after a “mock battle”, while Fil were kept out of the scene, Manial would be surrendered to the Americans

• The “battle” took place on Aug 13, 1898• The American flag was hoisted over fort Snatiago and

the Spanish flag was brought down, signifying the end of 333 years of Spainsh domination. Also amrked the beginning of the American rule.

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

• Dec 10, 1898• Treaty provided:

1. Cession of the Phil to US by Spain2. Payment of $20M to Spain by US for

improvements the former made in the colony3. Cession of Guam and Puerto Rico to US by Spain4. Withdrawal of Spanish sovereignity from Cuba5. The determination by Congress of the civil and

political rights of the inhabitants of the ceded territories

Dictatorial GovernmentDictatorial Government• While in HK, Aguinaldo advised Mariano Ponce to write a

consitution for the new gov’t– Revolutionary form

• When he brought back the constitution to the Phil, his political adviser Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista urged him instead to establish a dictatorial gov’t

• May 24, 1898- Aguinaldo formally declared the establishment of a dictatorial gov’t

• Temprary in nature--- only until “peace and liberty be attained”

• Aguinaldo’s Circular on May 29, 1898- – One of the first official acts– Urging the humane treatment of Spanish POW– All crimes must be prosecuted by military courts

Proclamation of Phil IndependenceProclamation of Phil Independence

• June 12, 1898• Kawit, Cavite• The Act of the Declaration of Independence

was read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista• Official unfurling of thhe Phil flag sewn by

Marcela Agoncillo assisted by Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza

• Playing of the Phil National Anthem composed by Julian Felipe

Revolutionary GovernementRevolutionary Governement

• 10 days after the declaration of Phil (June 23)• upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini• Dictatorial Revolutionary• Dictator President• July 15– first Cabinet:– Sec of war: BALDOMERO AGUINALDO– Sec of Finance: MARIANO TRIAS– Sec of interior: LEANDRO IBARRA– Later, Sec of FA: APOLINARIO MABINI

Hong Kong JuntaHong Kong Junta• Recognition by foreign powers is necessary for the

Revolutionary gov’t of the Phil to be considered legitimate

• 2 separate decrees--- Aug 24 and Aug 10, 1898– Created the Executive Board of the Hong Kong

Revolutionary committee or the HK Junta• Subcommittees based in foreign countries were also

created• Tasks:– Direct all propaganda campaigns abroad– Take charge of all diplomatic negotiations with foregn

gov’t– Prepare and organize expeditions necessary to the success

of the revolution

Hong Kong JuntaHong Kong Junta

• Diplomatic Representatives:– FELIPE AGONCILLO- US– MARIANO PONCE and FAUSTINO LICHAUCO-

Japan– ANTONIO REGIDOR- England– JUAN LUNA and PEDRO ROXAS- France– ERIBERTO ZARCAL- Australia

**forerunners of the present day DFA~

Malolos CongressMalolos Congress

• Sept 15, 1898 at Barasoain Church• Felipe Calderon- chosen by the delegates to

write the constitution• Elected officers of th eMalolos Congress:– President: PEDRO PATERNO– VP: BENITO LEGARDA– Sec: PABLO OCAMPO & GREGORIO ARANETA

Malolos CongressMalolos Congress

• Accomplished– Issues pertaining to governance, finance, educ and

FA– Ratified Phil Independence (Sept 29)– Enacted several laws designed to solve the

financial prob of the govt– Providing for the establishment of schools in the

elem, 2ndary and collegiate level– Appropriated P20M for govt expenditures– Drafting of the Malolos COnstitution

Malolos ConstitutionMalolos Constitution

• Felipe Calderon headed a committee composed of 19 members to draft a constitution

• 3 Constitutional Plans:– Mabini: Constitutional plan of the Phil Republic was

overruled first by Congress then by the consti committee

– Paterno: Consti plan based from the Spanish-Republicna Consti of 1898. was alos set-aside

– Calderon: chosen by the committee and submitten to congress for approval


• Jan 21, 1899• Patterened after some European and Latin

American countries• Consisted of a preamble, 14 titles and 101

articles• Republican form of govt


• Emodies the following principle:1. Separation of the Church and State2. Recognition of individual rights3. Free elementray education4. Executive and judicial powers5. Protection of life, abode and propertyCollection

of taxes in accordance with law


• Recognized the principle of separation of powers of 3 branches of govt:– EXECUTIVE• Exercised by the president of teh Phil with assistance

from 7 cabinet members – LEGISLATIVE• Vested in the heands of an assembly of representatives

elected by the people– JUDICIAL• Vested in the Supreme Court and otehr lower courts


• Legislative, however was superior to either the executive and judicial due to the creation of Permanent Legislative Commission to cont. Enacting laws even when congress was in recess

• Consti also provided for the Bill of Rights for Fil and aliens and instituded safeguard against abuses and rights

• The First Philippine Republic

FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR

Benevolent AssimilationBenevolent Assimilation

• President McKinley• Fil found out that the were decieved through

the ff. Facts:– Fil troops ere barred by the Americans from

enetring the city after Spain’s surrender– Fil reps were not allowed to attend to the peace

conference in Paris– US did not recognize Phil independence

Outbreak of WarOutbreak of War

• Feb 4, 1899• San Juan Bridge• Fil soldier was shot by an American sentry,

William W. Grayson• The Filipinos answered with rifle fire & the

Philippine American War begun. Within an hour, all American units were effectively deployed & mobilized throughout Manila & the Suburbs

Americans VS FilipinosAmericans VS Filipinos

• Americans won:– Battle of La loma (McArthur vs Major jose Torres

Bugallon)– Battle of Caloocan (McArthur vs Antonio Luna)

• Fil won:– Battle of Pulo – On March 25, 1899, Major Bell of the

American cavalry was killed in the combat.– Battle of Quingua (now Plaridel) – On April 23, 1899.

Colonel Stotsemberg was killed– Battle of San Mateo – December 18, 1899, General

Lawton was killed in the battle.

Americans VS FilipinosAmericans VS Filipinos• Antonio Luna• Gen. Gregorio del Pilar– Battle of Tirad Pass

• Del Pilar was tasked to intercept the Americans who were tracking Aguinaldo.

• After the departure of Aguinaldo, Del Pilar chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, only one narrow trail leading to it that only one man at time could climb.

• At first American had no recourse but retreat• An Igorot guide help the Americans slowly & quietly went up

to trail & surprised the Filipino Troops. • A fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that

passed through his neck.• The American soldiers rushed to his body & looted his

personal belonging for souvenirs.• The Americans left the body there & for two days it remained

unburied,on the 3rd day, the Igorots buried his remains in a shallow grave.

Kiram-Bates TreatyKiram-Bates Treaty

• The American dealt with the Muslim in a diplomatic way in order to neutralize their offensive.

• General John C. Bates tried to win the friendship of the Muslim by negotiating with them & treating them as equals.

• Aug. 20, 1899 an agreement was signed by Genneral Bates (representing the US) & Datu Kiram (Sultan of Jolo) & his datus (representing the Sulu Sultanate)

Kiram-Bates TreatyKiram-Bates Treaty• Sovereignty of the United States over the whole

archipelago of Sulu & its dependencies is declared acknowledged

• The right & dignities of His Highness, the Sultan & his datus shall be fully respected

• The Americans promised not to interfere in religious matter & not to persecute anybody on account of his religious belief

• Americans also agreed to pay the Sultan & his leading datus monthly salaries

American CrueltyAmerican Cruelty• Americans used cruel methods to persuade the

Filipinos to cooperate with them.• Done by forcing water into the stomach of a

person until it gets filled. The person would be ask to lie on his back & an American soldier would jump on his stomach

• Another form of torture was placing a rope around a person’s neck & then twisting it to choke him

• Another form of torture was beating the victim until he become blue in the face.

American CrueltyAmerican Cruelty

• In Samar, the Americans also resorted to massacre to avenge the death of their comrades who were killed by the Filipino guerillas under the command of General Vicente Lukban.

• The Americans also burned down the whole town of Balangiga & killed all men & even boys over 10 years old.

• The Americans burned houses, blockaded food from getting to the guerillas.

• Many surrendered because they could not take any more of these brutalities.

Capture of AguinaldoCapture of Aguinaldo

• Lazaro Segovia (Spaniard who joined the Filipino) helped the Americans to capture Aguinaldo.

• Segovia pretended that he had captured American soldiers.

• When they arrived at the house where Aguinaldo was staying, he & his men signalled to their comrades to start firing.

• Aguinaldo was rushed to the windows and the Americans told Aguinaldo to surrender.

Capture of AguinaldoCapture of Aguinaldo

• Aguinaldo was brought to Manila on April 1, 1901 & took an oath of allegiance to the government of the United States.

• On April 19 he appealed to the Filipino people to accept the “sovereignty of the United States”

Birth of Filipino Nationalsm and the Struggle For Nationhood

Documents

Transcript of Birth of Filipino Nationalsm and the Struggle For Nationhood