Biochips & microarray technology

Seminar Coordinators:Dr. G N RAMESHAIAHMr. SOUMEN PANDA Presented by:

SHALINI H N (1BM14BCE09)

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Contents

Introduction

Components and working principle

AdvantagesLimitations

Applications

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Introduction

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Biosensors are analytical devices which converts a biological response into an electrical signal.

What are biosensors?

Working principle of biosensors

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Biochips are essentially miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or thousands of simultaneous biochemical reactions.

Biochips enable researchers to quickly screen large numbers of biological analytes for a variety of purposes, from disease diagnosis to detection of bioterrorism agents.

One of the first commercial biochips was introduced by Affymetrix. Their "GeneChip" products contain thousands of individual DNA sensors for use in sensing defects.

What are biochips?

Working principle of biochip Biochip

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Components

Components

Biochip consists of transponder and reader. The biochip-transponder consists of four parts; computer

microchip, antenna coil, capacitor, glass capsule.

Components of a Biochip

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Applications

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Genomics

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Proteomics

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Every living creature is made up of cells, the basic building blocks of life. Cells are used widely for several applications including study of drug cell interactions for drug discovery, as well as in biosensing.

Cellomics

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Bio-diagnostics

Biodiagnostics or biosensing is the field of sensing biological molecules based on electrochemical, biochemical, optical, luminometric methods. The use of biochip facilitates development of sensors which involves optimization of the platform, reduction in detection time and improving the signal-to-noise ratio.

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Advantages

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Small in size.

Faster & powerful.

Perform thousand of biological reactions in a few seconds.

Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.

Ability to detect multiple viral agent in parallel.

Ease of use.

ADVANTAGES

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Limitations

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These methods have problem that a DNA chip cannot be

fabricated at high density and mass production is

limited.

A key challenge to the biochip industry is standardization.

The glass capsule may break and cause damage to other

organs.

LIMITATIONS

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CONCLUSION

Biochips promises to bring genomics, the study of all the genes in existing organisms, out of the research laboratory and into the everyday practice of medicine. If genomics delivers on its promise, health care will shift from a focus on detection and treatment to a process of prediction and prevention. The biochip space lies at the intersection between high technology chip manufacturing, signal processing, software skills and more traditional molecular biology and genomics. The market for biosensors and biochips is interdisciplinary and growing and has applications in a number of core research areas.

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References

Biochip Technology –A Gigantic Innovation; Prof. T.Venkat Narayana Rao, Sai Sukruthi.G, Gloria Raj, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hyderabad Institute of Technology; SSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2012.

Biochip Technology and Applications; Mr. Chaithanya Kadari, Mr. Saidulu Yalagandula, Miss. Padma Koutarapu; International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB), Volume (5): Issue (2): May / June 2011.

Advances in biosensors: principle, architecture and applications; Veeradasan Perumal, Uda Hashim Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.

The making of microarray; Peter Gwynne, Gary Heebner; DNA and BioChips.

Invention of the "Biochip": True Semiconductor-to-Life Symbioses; R.E. Baier, 13Dec99.

Biochip implantation - When humans get tagged; Renjith VP, SiliconIndia (http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Biochip_implantation__When_humans_get_tagged-nid-74531-cid-2.html).

Nature Biotechnology 18, IT43 - IT44 (2000); doi:10.1038/80082.

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Thank you !!