Biochemistry & Cytology 1

Multiple Choice

When water dissolves a substance, weak charges carried by water molecules attract the substances oppositely charged atoms and pull them away from their molecules. This is a function of which property of water?pHpolaritycohesionsurface tension

ANS: B

In classifying life-forms from cells to ecosystems, what form would follow animal cells?tissuessocieties organisms populations

ANS: A

Plant cells have an additional structure beyond their plasma membranes that animal cells lack. One function of this additional structure is toperform active transport.provide structure and protection.enable the cell to undergo phagocytosis. trap sunlight in order to convert it to energy.

ANS: B

What is one way in which all eukaryotic cells and all prokaryotic cells are similar?They reproduce sexually.They are roughly the same size.They are contained in a cell membrane. They share the same kinds of organelles.

ANS: C

A cell nucleus sends out molecules that carry instructions for protein synthesis. What is the destination of these molecules?enzymesribosomescytoskeletoncell membrane

ANS: B

Which structural component do DNA and RNA have in common?uracildeoxyribose sugarphosphate moleculedouble-stranded backbone

ANS: C

Which organic molecule is part of an enzyme?fatty acidnucleotideamino acidmonosaccharide

ANS: C

What is the smallest biological unit?cellorganmoleculeorganism

ANS: A

In the 19th century, scientists observed that plants and animals were composed of cells, and from this derived the cell theory. Today, cell biologists are making many new discoveries about cells at the molecular level. What technology do both groups have in common?the telescopesonic imagingthe microscopex-ray photography

ANS: C

What do the cell wall of a plant cell and the plasma membrane of an animal cell have in common?They both are strong and rigid.They both perform active transport. They both consist of double layers of lipids.They both allow particles to enter and exit the cell.

ANS: DARBS06N1401NXXX-482A Which statement best describes a stem cells ability to change into specialized cell types?Metabolism occurs in cells.Some organisms are unicellular.Stem cells result from viral infections of healthy cells.All cells in an organism have the same hereditary material.

ANS: D

What do the structure and function of a cell membrane most resemble?water permeating a tea baga tea bag that does not allow water to permeategrains of tea that break through a tea bag and float into the cup of watera tea bag that is permeated by water but does not allow grains of tea to be released

ANS: D

This figure below shows an animal cell.

Which number corresponds to the organelle that produces cellular energy?1234

ANS: A

What is an example of the human body achieving homeostasis through thermoregulation?Sweat is produced when exercising to expel excess water.Sweat is produced when exercising to keep the body cool.In order to lower body temperature, extra melanin is produced in the skin.In order to keep the body warm in the winter, extra blood flows out to the fingers and toes.

ANS: B

Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?Water expands as it freezes.Water is an excellent solvent.Water exhibits cohesive behavior.Water is able to moderate temperatures.

ANS: C

An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent cells with semipermeable membranes. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how much water diffused into or out of the eggs. The eggs were first soaked in vinegar to dissolve the shell. Each egg was then placed in one of three different solutions for 24 hours. The table below shows the results of the investigation.

OSMOSIS IN CELLS

SolutionAverage Mass of Eggs Before Soaking (grams)Average Mass of Eggs After Soaking (grams)Difference in Average Mass (grams)

Percent Change in Average MassVinegar(95% water)

71.2

98.6

27.4

+38.5Corn syrup(5% water)

98.6

64.5

34.1

34.6Distilled water(100% water)

64.5

105.3

40.8

+63.3Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred about cells with semipermeable membranes?Substances other than water may also cross the cell membrane.Substances other than water may block pores in the cell membrane.Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water potential / concentration.Water leaves the cell when placed in environments with a low concentration of solutes.

ANS: CNarrbegin: 1Figure 1A cell membrane is composed of a double layer of lipids in which many kinds of proteins are embedded. Many of these proteins act like gates, allowing only certain particles to enter or leave the cell.

When a particle has to go against its concentration gradient through one of these gates, energy is supplied by the cell to the correct protein to move the particle through the membrane. A sodiumpotassium ion pump is an example of a type of carrier protein that uses a large portion of the cells energy to move sodium ions through the cell membrane.Narrend

Use Figure 1 to answer this question.

The sodiumpotassium ion pump found in some cell membranes is made of which of the following basic structural components?amino acidsfatty acidsmonosaccharides nucleotides

ANS: ANar: 1

Use Figure 1 to answer this question.

What is a primary function of the cell membrane?determining genetic traitsdefending against foreign particlesbreaking down proteins for energygenerating energy from mineral nutrients

ANS: BNar: 1

Use Figure 1 to answer this question.

Why does the study of cell membranes lead to a better understanding of cell function?All cell functions occur in the cell membrane.All energy transfers occur at the cell membrane.All cell membranes contain the information for making proteins.All materials needed for cell functions must pass through the cell membrane.

ANS: DNar: 1

The cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific investigations resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the original cell theory that was removed because of the new scientific knowledge?All living things are made of cells.All cells come from other preexisting cells.Cells form through spontaneous generation.Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.

ANS: C

There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?lysosomemitochondrionnucleusribosome

ANS: D

Organisms classified as fungi have unique characteristics. Which of the following characteristics is found only in organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi?single cells without a nucleusmulticellular with chloroplastsmulticellular filaments that absorb nutrientscolonies of single, photosynthetic cells that reproduce asexually

ANS: C

Which of the following best describes a result of the polar nature of water molecules? Ionic compounds dissolve easily in water. The volume of water decreases by nearly half when it is frozen. Water molecules repel each other. Water molecules repel most other substances.

ANS: A

Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead? Flooding would occur and animals would be forced to migrate. Harmful organisms living in water would reproduce at a rapid rate. Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die. Plants would not have enough water to effectively carry out photosynthesis.

ANS: C

Which of the following best compares the structures of lipids and carbohydrates? Both are made up of monomers containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but lipids are hydrophobic and carbohydrates are hydrophilic. Both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but carbohydrates have repeating structural units and lipids do not. Both contain carbon and hydrogen, but carbohydrates also contain oxygen and lipids contain nitrogen. Both have a carbon backbone, but lipids also have an amino group and carbohydrates have a carboxylic acid group.

ANS: A

Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?

Nucleic acids are used as the building blocks of proteins, while enzymes are used as the building blocks of phospholipids. Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions. Nucleic acids inhibit biochemical reactions, while enzymes provide structural support in cells. Nucleic acids transmit signals that begin biochemical processes, while enzymes convert carbohydrates into lipids and proteins.

ANS: B

Which of the following best summarizes why the technological invention of microscopes was important to biology? It allowed for development of the cell theory. It created a means of funding for cell research. It created public interest and support for research. It proved that cells could form spontaneously.

ANS: A

Which statement best compares a eukaryote and a prokaryote? Eukaryotes have a cell wall, while prokaryotes have a cell membrane. Eukaryotes have membranebound organelles, while prokaryotes have few specialized structures. Eukaryotes use active transport to move substances across the cell membrane, while prokaryotes use facilitated diffusion. Eukaryotes use flagella to move themselves through substances, while prokaryotes are not able to move.

ANS: B

Which of the following best compares the structures found in plant cells and animal cells? Animal cells contain cell walls and a large central vacuole while plant cells contain cell membranes and many small vacuoles. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts, cell walls, or a large central vacuole while plant cells do. Plant cells contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus while animal cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by lysosomes. Plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not contain mitochondria or ribosomes while animal cells do.

ANS: B

Which of the following best compares the membranes found in different types of cells? Animal cells have cell membranes and cell walls, but plant cells do not have cell membranes. Animal cells have membrane-bound organelles, while plant cells carry out the functions necessary for life in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have only cell membranes, while eukaryotes have both cell walls and cell membranes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell membranes, but eukaryotes also have membrane bound organelles.

ANS: D

Cells use passive and active transport to move materials across cell membranes in order to maintain a constant internal environment. What is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment called?diffusionevolutionhomeostasisrespiration

ANS: C

Which of these is a beneficial effect of prokaryotes?the breakdown of cellulosesurvival in hot, acidic environmentsproduction of billions of offspring per dayconjugation as a means of sexual reproduction

ANS: A

Of the following, which is considered a living organism?bacteriummitochondrionnucleussperm

ANS: A

Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.

ANS: A

If placed in a hypertonic solution, a plant cell willswellburstshrink in sizeremain constant in size

ANS: C

Which of the following organisms is considered to be an exception to the cell theory?bacteria viruses amoeba yeast

ANS: B

The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy.

What is the name of this organelle? Golgi apparatusmitochondrionnucleusribosome

ANS: B

Athletes are often concerned with the question of how much protein they need in their diets because of the requirement of growing muscles for protein. Just as muscles need the basic building block of protein, protein itself has basic building blocks also. Which of the following are the basic building blocks of protein?nitratesamino acidsmonosaccharidesnucleotides

ANS: B

Sodium chloride (table salt) is an example of which of the following?an elementa radioactive isotope a chemical compound a chemical formula

ANS: C

The drawing below illustrates a small portion of the molecules that make up a cell membrane.

The phospholipid molecules serve tohelp cells recognize each otherallow glucose molecules into the cellprevent the passage of certain molecules into the cellline up amino acids for protein synthesis

ANS: C

What is the main function of a selectively permeable cell membrane? storage of water storage of chemicals breaks down molecules within the cell regulates what enters and leaves the cell

ANS: D

A population of salamanders that live in a river require clear, fresh water to survive. A flood causes tons of sediment to be suspended in the river. Which of these most likely will happen to the salamander population? The salamanders will adapt to life on land. The salamanders will move to another river. The salamanders will adapt to living in the muddy water. The salamanders will decrease in number because of the water quality.

ANS: D

A strand of DNA is exposed to intense heat. Which of these best describes what will happen to the strand of DNA? The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be broken. More nitrogen base pairs will add on to the DNA molecule. The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be strengthened. The nitrogen base pairs in the DNA molecule will switch places.

ANS: A

Which structure is primarily responsible for directing all processes of a plant cell? chloroplast lysosome mitochondria nucleus

ANS: D

The following cell structures are located within cells that make proteins. Which description best explains the relationship among these cell structures in making a protein? nucleus ribosome endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

nucleus makes protein; protein winds through the ER;protein folds into its active shape nucleus directs ER to assemble the protein; ribosomes surround protein; protein folds into its active shape ER creates protein; DNA in the nucleus codes for ribosomes to surround protein; protein folds into its active shape DNA in nucleus codes for protein; protein assembled in ribosomes and moves to ER; protein folds into its active shape

ANS: D

Which of these would be least likely to diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane? water oxygen sodium ions carbon dioxide

ANS: C

A molecule can easily pass through the selectively permeable membrane of an animal cell. Which of these most likely describes the molecule? The molecule is very small and charged. The molecule is very large and charged. The molecule is very small and not charged. The molecule is very large and not charged.

ANS: C

What will happen if an animal cell that has a solute concentration of 1% is placed in a 5% saltwater solution? It will shrink because there is less water outside of the cell than there is on the inside. It will burst because there is more water on the outside of the cell than there is on the inside. It will burst because there is more water on the inside of the cell than there is on the outside. It will remain the same size because there is an equal amount of water on the inside and outside of the cell.

ANS: A

Enzymes are classified as which of the following biological organic compounds?carbohydrateslipids

C. nucleic acidsD. proteinsANS: D

Some organelles have their own DNA that is distinct from the cells nuclear DNA. This is true of which organelle?

A. cell wallB. mitochondrionC. plasma membraneD .vacuoleANS: B

Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown below?

A. IB. IIC. IIID. IVANS: C

Why do cells need buffering agents?to maintain constant internal environment at a pH of 10

B. to function properly in an extremely basic internal environmentC. to function properly in an extremely acid internal environmentD. to minimize the changes in pH of the internal environmentANS: D

Consider this graph:

Which statement best summarizes the information in the graph?The cells survive best under acidic conditions.The cells survive best under basic conditions.These cells would survive better in distilled water.The survival of these cells does not affect.

ANS: A

Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make it crisp again. Which statement best describes what happens to restore the lettuce to its original condition?

A. Water left the lettuce cells by diffusion.B. Water entered the cells of the lettuce by osmosis.C. Osmosis caused salts to enter the lettuce cells.D. Salts in the leaf caused water to leave the cells.ANS: B

Which cell process will move substances against a concentration gradient?diffusionfacilitated diffusionosmosisactive transport

ANS: D

The structure of the digestive tube in the grasshopper and earthworm consists of many folds. The folds affect the efficiency of food absorption by which of the following functions?increasing surface areareducing transpirationincreasing hormone secretionreducing storage of sugar

ANS: A

An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a potato. Within seconds, a blue-black color appears. What is most likely occurring?

a positive test for proteins a positive test for starches a negative test for proteins a negative test for starches

ANS: B

A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which has occurred?The swollen gums have absorbed the saltwater solution.The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums.The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient.The water in the gums has moved from a high to a low concentration of water.

ANS: D

This diagram represents a cell.

Which organelle is the site where amino acids are synthesized into proteins? 1234

ANS: B

RNA and DNA are which type of organic compound?carbohydratelipidnucleic acidprotein

ANS: C

A scientist treats a cell with a chemical that destroys the ribosomes. As a result, which cell process will be stopped?osmosisphotosynthesisprotein synthesisrespiration

ANS: C

Which is an example of osmosis?potassium ions moving in and out of an animal cellcarbon dioxide moving into the leaf cells of a plantoxygen moving into the bloodstream from the lungswater moving into the root cells of a plant

ANS: D

Sandworms are annelid worms that live on the sea floor. They absorb oxygen and excrete wastes through their skin. Which characteristic will best help the worm carry out these functions?Large number of heartslarge diameter blood vesselslargemouth compared to body volumelarge surface area compared to body volume

ANS: D

A scientist performs an experiment to see if acids have an effect on the health of a particular type of plant. Three sets of plants were treated with acidic solutions of known pH while the control set was treated with a solution of neutral pH 7.

Which is the best conclusion for this experiment?A.Acid has no effect on the health of this typeof plant. B.High acidity is helpful to this type of plant.C. Low acidity is harmful to this type of plant.D. High acidity is harmful to this type of plant.ANS: D

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?carbohydrateslipidsnucleicacidsproteins

ANS: C

Which is the most likely function of a group of cells that contains a high number of chloroplasts?respirationtranspirationfermentationphotosynthesis

ANS: D

In humans, glucose is kept in balance in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best illustrate?adaptationhomeostasis metabolism organization

ANS: B

Some insects can stand on the surface of the water because:water has a high specific heatwater has a high boiling pointwater is a good evaporative coolantwaters molecules are cohesive and adhesive

ANS: D

Proteins are formed from monomers (subunits) calledamino acidsfatty acidsnucleic acidsribonucleic acids

ANS: A

An animal cell surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causeswater to move into the cellsolutes to move into the cellwater to move out of the cellsolutes to move out of the cell

ANS: A

A student adds an unknown solution to a slide containing an animal cell. The student observes a decrease in the volume of the cell. This unknown solution isisotonicosmotichypotonichypertonic

ANS: D

The information was collected in the field while studying the effect of pH on the growth of the duckweed plant. The data shows that duckweed has optimum growth at a pH of

46812

ANS: C

Which cell process will move substances against a concentration gradient?osmosisdiffusionactive transportfacilitated diffusion

ANS: C

Certain poisons are toxic to organisms because they interfere with the function of enzymes in mitochondria. This results directly in the inability of the cell tobuild proteinsstore informationdispose of metabolic wastesrelease energy from nutrients

ANS: D

The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have no organellesprokaryotic cells are always much largerprokaryotic cells do not have a plasma membraneeukaryotic cells have a more advanced cellular organization

ANS: D

What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a 20.0% salt solution?there will be a net movement of water out of the cell and the cell will shrinkthere will be a net movement of water into the cell and the cell will burstthere will not be any net movement of waterthere will be a net movement of salt into the cell

ANS: A

According to this label, which nutrient is obtained mainly from the cereal?

CalciumNiacinProteinCarbohydrate

ANS: D

Which organelle has the most control over a cells functions?Cell membraneRibosomesNucleusVacuole

ANS: C

The human body uses carbohydrates as a source of energymaterial for muscle productioncarrier of oxygencoenzyme of metabolism

ANS: A

Which technology contributed most to the development of the cell theory?Organic stainsCompound microscopesHeat-resistant glasswareAdjustable gas burners

ANS: B

According to this label, one serving of this product would provide about 1/3 of the average daily value of

fatcholesterolcarbohydratesprotein

ANS: C

Which of these is highest in calories and lowest in vitamins and minerals?2 ounces of apple juice2 ounces of powdered sugar 2 ounces of mashed potatoes 2 ounces of mustard

ANS: C

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is credited with developing the first microscope. Which theory of biology was a direct result of Leeuwenhoeks work?The theory of natural selectionThe Gaia theoryThe theory of independent assortmentThe cell theory

ANS: D

Which molecule resembles the shape of a twisted ladder?DNA Sugar ATP

D .LipidANS: A

Loriciferans are microscopic multicellular animals that live in various marine sediments. Scientists have discovered genera of Loriciferans in a deep-sea habitat that lacks oxygen. Before this discovery, some prokaryotes and some unicellular eukaryotes were known to inhabit anaerobic environments. Among the newly discovered Loriciferans is Spinoloricus sp. nov., which is pictured below.

Spinoloricus sp. nov.Scientists determined that organisms of the genus Spinoloricus were eukaryotes and not prokaryotes because Spinoloricus cells have flagella hereditary material cell walls nuclear membranes

ANS: D

The diagram below shows how a paramecium maintains homeostasis. A paramecium normally lives in a hypotonic environment in which water continually diffuses into the cell. To maintain homeostasis, the paramecium must pump out large amounts of water using its contractile vacuole.

If the paramecium is then placed in a hypertonic environment, which of the following will occur?Water will diffuse into the paramecium. Water will diffuse out of the paramecium. Salt will be pumped out of the paramecium by the vacuole. Salt will be pumped into the paramecium by the vacuole.

ANS: B

Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are biomolecules that serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the following?Polymers of smaller subunits Sequences of sugars Lipids of large molecules Nucleotides of DNA

ANS: A

The diagram above shows a model of species divergence among some primates. If this model is correct, the greatest genetic differences would be found in the DNA sequences of which two species?

Tarsius bancanus and Cebus albifrons Macaca sylvanus and Macaca mulatta Hylobates lar and Pongo pygmaeusPan troglodytes and Lemur catta

ANS: D

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A student wrote this description of a cell after looking at it under a microscope. Which type of cell was the student most likely describing?Plant cellBacterium cellAnimal cellFungus cell

ANS: A

Which of these statements is supported by the data shown in the table?Most kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells.All cells have nuclei for control of cell functions.Eukaryotic cells vary in covering and in food production.Each of the kingdoms has different organelles for metabolism.

ANS: C

The picture shows a coverslip correctly being lowered onto a slide. This method is used because it allows microorganisms to move freely in the waterreduces the possibility of air bubbles on the slideprevents the escape of microorganisms found in the waterprevents the coverslip from moving

ANS: B

A microorganism which releases water into its environment to regulate its salinity during osmosis is undergoing a process that is similar to a human being who releases moisture on a hot day. This process that helps keep both the microorganism and the human body fluids in balance is known as heredityhomeostasiscell divisionmutation

ANS: B

\The above diagram shows the process of osmosis. Only the water molecules could enter the cell because water molecules have more energy than the protein moleculesare more numerous than the protein moleculesare smaller than the protein moleculescontain more hydrogen atoms than the protein molecules

ANS: C

ANS: D

According to this simplified water cycle, the process of transpiration is the process that speeds the evaporation of waterincreases the rate of the water cyclecauses photosynthesis in plantsreleases water vapor from plants

ANS: D

Which of these statements best summarizes the cell theory?Cells contain a nucleus and other parts.Cells can be seen through a microscope.Cells come in different shapes and sizes.Cells are the building blocks of living things.

ANS: D

Which of these functions most like the brain of a cell?The smooth endoplasmic reticulumThe nucleusThe mitochondrionThe Golgi apparatus

ANS: B

ANS: B

It has ribosomes to make proteins.It has a cell membrane.It has no membrane-bound nucleus.It stores its genetic information in DNA.

ANS: C

Cells are the functional units that make up tissues. Tissues then become the functional units that make up

enzymesDNAother cellsOrgans

ANS: D

The concentration of glucose must be maintained within a fairly narrow range in most vertebrates. This statement is an example of

excretionfermentationhomeostasisglycolysis

ANS: C

Bacteria are tremendously successful unicellular organisms, yet all large organisms are multicellular. Unicellular organisms cannot grow very large because the

energy expenditures would be too greatdiffusion of nutrients into the cells interior would be too slowlocomotion of the organisms would be too slowrespiratory rate would be too high

ANS: B

AttachmentCatching preyMovementCirculation

ANS: C

Which characteristic do viruses possess in common with living cells?

They make their own food.They contain a nucleus and organelles.They are inactive outside the body of living cells.They contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA.

ANS: D

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In 1665 Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork under a microscope and presented a drawing similar to the one shown. Hooke called the structures he observed

Chloroplastsroot hairsstomatacells

ANS: D

In a typical animal cell, which component contains the greatest amount of water?Cell membraneCytoplasmRibosomes Nucleus

ANS: B

Students in a biology class thought that salt water would affect the movements of planaria. They put 25 planaria in salt water and recorded their observations. Which flaw was present in the design of their experiment?

There was no hypothesis.There was no control.The sample was too big.The procedure was too complicated.

ANS: B

The diagram shows a section of a cell membrane that includes a channel protein. The function of this protein is to

strengthen the outer boundary of the cellconnect reproductive cells during fertilizationallow certain substances to enter or leave the cellexchange organelles or chromosomes between specialized cells

ANS: C

Which set of materials would be best to use to prepare a wet mount slide of onion skin cells?

ANS: D

Under a microscope, a series of cells are observed that lack membrane-bound internal organelles. Which of these is the most likely cell type?

A.Plant cellB.Animal cellC.Eukaryotic cellD.Prokaryotic cellANS: D

Which of these supports the cell theory as it is stated today?

New cells are produced by division of existing cells. All organisms are composed of more than one cell. Cells must contain a nucleus.Not all cells are alive.

ANS: A

As represented in the diagram below, bacteria have cell walls like plant cells do.

Unlike the plant cell walls, however, the bacterial cell wall is made of which of the following?cellulose and starcheschitin and fatssugars and amino acidscellulose and sugars

ANS: C