Thyroid cytology
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Transcript of Thyroid cytology
Thyroid CytologyThyroid Cytology
Teresa Alasio, MDTeresa Alasio, MD
FNA of ThyroidFNA of Thyroid
Indications:Indications:– Solitary nodule or dominant noduleSolitary nodule or dominant nodule– Radionuclide studies (not specific for Radionuclide studies (not specific for
malignancy): malignancy): Cold nodule (non-functioning)Cold nodule (non-functioning)
Hot nodules are almost always benign (toxic Hot nodules are almost always benign (toxic adenomas)adenomas)
AdequacyAdequacy
Number of passes performed variesNumber of passes performed varies
Presence of cytopathologist or Presence of cytopathologist or cytotechnologist can decrease number of cytotechnologist can decrease number of passes because accuracy is improvedpasses because accuracy is improved
Direct smears and LBP are performedDirect smears and LBP are performed– Diff-quikDiff-quik– Pap stainPap stain– Ultrafast Pap stainUltrafast Pap stain
Evaluation of SmearsEvaluation of Smears
Non-diagnostic:Non-diagnostic:– Blood, thick smears, air driedBlood, thick smears, air dried
Counting groups of benign follicular cellsCounting groups of benign follicular cells– At least 6 groups of 10 cells each required by At least 6 groups of 10 cells each required by
some cytopathologistssome cytopathologists– ExceptionsExceptions
Groups can be broken up (macrofollicles)Groups can be broken up (macrofollicles)Abundance of colloidAbundance of colloidSpecific diagnosis can be rendered (e.g. Specific diagnosis can be rendered (e.g. Hashimoto’s)Hashimoto’s)
Normal Thyroid Gland: Normal Thyroid Gland: Follicular CellsFollicular Cells
UniformUniform
Orderly honeycomb sheetsOrderly honeycomb sheets
Single cells are sparseSingle cells are sparse
Intact follicles can be aspiratedIntact follicles can be aspirated
Benign follicular cells
Normal Thyroid Gland: Normal Thyroid Gland: Flame CellsFlame Cells
Aka “flare cells”Aka “flare cells”
Follicular cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles Follicular cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles containing metachromatic materialcontaining metachromatic material
Flame cell change indicates that the Flame cell change indicates that the individual cells are hyperfunctioningindividual cells are hyperfunctioning
Numerous in toxic goiters but can also be Numerous in toxic goiters but can also be seen in nontoxic goiters, Hashimoto seen in nontoxic goiters, Hashimoto thyroiditis, neoplasmsthyroiditis, neoplasms
Flame Cells
Normal Thyroid Gland:Normal Thyroid Gland:Hurthle CellsHurthle Cells
Aka oncocytesAka oncocytesAbundant, dense, finely granular Abundant, dense, finely granular cytoplasmcytoplasmEnlarged nucleiEnlarged nucleiProminent nuceoli Prominent nuceoli Binucleation and multinucleation are Binucleation and multinucleation are commoncommonAssociated with Hashimoto’s, goiters and Associated with Hashimoto’s, goiters and neoplasmsneoplasms
Hurthle CellsHurthle Cells
Diff-Quik Pap
Miscellaneous CellsMiscellaneous Cells
Ciliated cells (respiratory epithelial cells)Ciliated cells (respiratory epithelial cells)– Trachea was enteredTrachea was entered
FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle
SkinSkin
Adipose tissueAdipose tissue
Cystic ChangeCystic ChangeDiff-Quik
Pap
H&E
Clinical Features Favoring Clinical Features Favoring MalignancyMalignancy
Young (<20) or old (>70)Young (<20) or old (>70)
MaleMale
History of external neck irradiation during History of external neck irradiation during childhoodchildhood
Recent changes in breathing, speaking or Recent changes in breathing, speaking or swallowingswallowing
Family history of thyroid cancer or MEN2Family history of thyroid cancer or MEN2
Firm, irregularly shaped or fixed thyroid glandFirm, irregularly shaped or fixed thyroid gland
Cervical lymphadenopathyCervical lymphadenopathy
Clinical Features Favoring a Benign Clinical Features Favoring a Benign NoduleNodule
Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidismHypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Family history of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Family history of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or other benign thyroid diseaseother benign thyroid disease
Sudden increase in size with pain or Sudden increase in size with pain or tendernesstenderness– s/o spontaneous infarction and hemorrhages/o spontaneous infarction and hemorrhage
Normal Thyroid Gland: ColloidNormal Thyroid Gland: Colloid
Two basic forms:Two basic forms:
Watery colloidWatery colloid– Seen in Diff-Quik stainSeen in Diff-Quik stain– Blood serum can mimic watery colloid microscopicallyBlood serum can mimic watery colloid microscopically
Dense colloidDense colloid– Irregular chips of translucent homogenous materialIrregular chips of translucent homogenous material– Deep purple on Diff-Quik, blue on Papanicolaou stainDeep purple on Diff-Quik, blue on Papanicolaou stain
ColloidColloid
Thin Thick
Amyoid GoiterAmyoid Goiter
Focal or diffuse enlargement of the thyroid Focal or diffuse enlargement of the thyroid glandgland
Rapid growth, dyspnea, dysphagia, Rapid growth, dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarsenesshoarseness
Chronic illness predisposing patient to Chronic illness predisposing patient to systemic amyloidosissystemic amyloidosis
Amyoid vs. ColloidAmyoid vs. Colloid
Thyroid Pathology: Thyroid Pathology: InflammatoryInflammatory
Inflammatory DiseaseInflammatory Disease– Acute thyroiditisAcute thyroiditis– Granulomatous (deQuervain or subacute) Granulomatous (deQuervain or subacute)
thyroiditisthyroiditis– Hashimoto thyroiditisHashimoto thyroiditis
Acute ThyroiditisAcute Thyroiditis
Immunosuppressed patientsImmunosuppressed patients
Usually bacterial in originUsually bacterial in origin– Strep pyogenes, Staph aureus, Strep pneumoStrep pyogenes, Staph aureus, Strep pneumo
Numerous neutrophils and histiocytes are Numerous neutrophils and histiocytes are characteristiccharacteristic
Granulation tissue, necrosis and debris Granulation tissue, necrosis and debris may be presentmay be present
Granulomatous ThyroiditisGranulomatous Thyroiditis
Aka deQuervain or Subacute ThyroiditisAka deQuervain or Subacute Thyroiditis
Postviral syndromePostviral syndrome
Classic cause of painful thyroidClassic cause of painful thyroid
Young womenYoung women– Fever, chills, fatigueFever, chills, fatigue
Rarely aspirated because clinically apparent Rarely aspirated because clinically apparent without biopsywithout biopsy
If no pain and forms a nodule, then may be If no pain and forms a nodule, then may be subject to aspiration biopsysubject to aspiration biopsy
Granulomatous ThyroiditisGranulomatous Thyroiditis
Scanty aspirateScanty aspirate
Not well toleratedNot well tolerated
Giant cellsGiant cells
Noncaseating granulomasNoncaseating granulomas
Chronic inflammationChronic inflammation
Hurthle cells are unusualHurthle cells are unusual
Hashimoto ThyroiditisHashimoto Thyroiditis
Diagnosis is usually clinically apparent and Diagnosis is usually clinically apparent and patients don’t get FNApatients don’t get FNA
Some patients with non-classic findings Some patients with non-classic findings may get FNAmay get FNA
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Black ThyroidBlack Thyroid
Dark brown pigmentation of thyroid Dark brown pigmentation of thyroid follicular cells in patients who take follicular cells in patients who take antibiotics of the tetracycline groupantibiotics of the tetracycline group
Thyroid gland appears black grosslyThyroid gland appears black grossly
Benign condition – no treatment necessaryBenign condition – no treatment necessary
Thyroid Pathology: Thyroid Pathology: Follicular LesionsFollicular Lesions
GoiterGoiter
Follicular neoplasmsFollicular neoplasms– Follicular adenomaFollicular adenoma– Follicular carcinomaFollicular carcinoma
Adenoma vs. GoiterAdenoma vs. Goiter
Follicular AdenomaFollicular Adenoma– Single noduleSingle nodule– Complete Complete
encapsulationencapsulation– Uniform folliclesUniform follicles– Different inside from Different inside from
outsideoutside– PreservationPreservation– No invasion, no No invasion, no
metastasismetastasis
GoiterGoiter– Multiple nodulesMultiple nodules– Variable encapsulationVariable encapsulation– Variable folliclesVariable follicles– Same or different Same or different
inside vs. outsideinside vs. outside– Degeneration Degeneration
/regeneration/regeneration– No invasion, no No invasion, no
metastasismetastasis
Zone IZone I Zone IIZone II Zone IIIZone III
Cytologic DiagnosisCytologic Diagnosis Colloid NoduleColloid Nodule Cellular NoduleCellular Nodule Follicular NoduleFollicular Nodule
More diagnostic More diagnostic cluesclues
Multiple nodules, Multiple nodules, honeycomb patter, honeycomb patter, favor goiterfavor goiter
See Zones I and IISee Zones I and II Solitary nodule; Solitary nodule; microfollicular microfollicular pattern, favor pattern, favor neoplasmneoplasm
Risk of neoplasmRisk of neoplasm Low (<10%)Low (<10%) Moderate (20%)Moderate (20%) High (40%)High (40%)
Risk of cancerRisk of cancer Very lowVery low LowLow ModerateModerate
III
III
Colloid Cells
C06-6739
S07-670
Architecture and BackgroundArchitecture and Background
Degenerative and regenerative changes Degenerative and regenerative changes favor goiter over neoplasmfavor goiter over neoplasm– Hemorrhage, fibrosis, cystic degeneration, Hemorrhage, fibrosis, cystic degeneration,
foam cells, macrophages, cholesterol crystalsfoam cells, macrophages, cholesterol crystals
Overlapping and crowding of nuclei with Overlapping and crowding of nuclei with pleomorphism favors neoplasm over goiterpleomorphism favors neoplasm over goiter
CytologyCytology
Many well-differentiated follicular Many well-differentiated follicular carcinomas look cytologically benigncarcinomas look cytologically benign
A few benign but atypical adenomas look A few benign but atypical adenomas look cytologically malignantcytologically malignant
Often it is not possible to distinguish Often it is not possible to distinguish follicular adenomas and follicular follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas by cytology alonecarcinomas by cytology alone
Carcinoma: Cytologic FeaturesCarcinoma: Cytologic Features
High cellularityHigh cellularityMarkedly crowded, irregular folliclesMarkedly crowded, irregular folliclesNumerous single cellsNumerous single cellsLarge pleomorphic nuclei (3-4X normal)Large pleomorphic nuclei (3-4X normal)Abnormal chromatinAbnormal chromatinEtc.Etc.Marked cytologic atypia = suspicious for Marked cytologic atypia = suspicious for follicular carcinomafollicular carcinoma
Goiter vs. Follicular NeoplasmGoiter vs. Follicular Neoplasm
GoiterGoiter Follicular NeoplasmFollicular Neoplasm
ColloidColloid AbundantAbundant ScantyScanty
CellularityCellularity LowLow HighHigh
Cell typesCell types MultipleMultiple SingleSingle
NucleiNuclei SmallSmall LargeLarge
NucleoliNucleoli InconspicuousInconspicuous VariableVariable
FolliclesFollicles
SizeSize
MicrofolliclesMicrofollicles
VariableVariable
Less commonLess common
UniformUniform
More commonMore common
HoneycombHoneycomb MaintainedMaintained LostLost
DegenerationDegeneration CommonCommon UncommonUncommon
Clinical NodulesClinical Nodules MultipleMultiple SolitarySolitary
Patient HistoryPatient History
79 year old female79 year old female
Co-morbidities: diabetes, hypertension, Co-morbidities: diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidismhypothyroidism
Right thyroid noduleRight thyroid nodule
Nuclear changes in PTC
Fischer AH, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (RET/PTC) alters the nuclear envelope and chromatin structure. Am J Pathology 1998; 153:1443-50.Viral injection of RET/PTC oncogene to follicular cells in tissue cultureDisorganization of nuclear lamins A, B, CNuclei of cultured cells changed from follicular to papillary.
Follow upFollow up
Patient had a total thyroidectomy one Patient had a total thyroidectomy one month later…month later…
Right thyroid lobe – 5.5cm circumscribed nodule
Inclusions
Nuclear clearing
Grooves
PTCPTC
Most frequent primary malignancy of the Most frequent primary malignancy of the thyroid (60%)thyroid (60%)
Most are slow growing neoplasmsMost are slow growing neoplasms
Metastasize via lymphatics to regional Metastasize via lymphatics to regional lymph nodeslymph nodes
Cytologic Diagnosis of PTCCytologic Diagnosis of PTC
Smears are usually cellularSmears are usually cellular
Papillary fronds with columnar and Papillary fronds with columnar and cuboidal epithelium predominatecuboidal epithelium predominate
Can undergo cystic change, which can Can undergo cystic change, which can cause one to mistake it for a cystic goiter cause one to mistake it for a cystic goiter (9% of cases in one study)(9% of cases in one study)
Papillary fronds Chewing gum colloid
Nuclear grooves/clearing Inclusions
PTC – other cytologic featuresPTC – other cytologic features
Psammoma bodiesPsammoma bodies
MNGsMNGs
Oncocytic (Hurthle cell) changeOncocytic (Hurthle cell) change
Diagnosis of PTC cannot be established Diagnosis of PTC cannot be established on the basis of any single feature, but on on the basis of any single feature, but on several features in the appropriate clinical several features in the appropriate clinical setting.setting.
Medullary CarcinomaMedullary Carcinoma
Numerous single cellsNumerous single cellsLoose clustersLoose clustersEpithelioid, plasmacytoid and/or spindle shaped Epithelioid, plasmacytoid and/or spindle shaped cellscellsNucleiNuclei– Round or elongatedRound or elongated– Finely or coarsely granular chromatinFinely or coarsely granular chromatin– Inconspicuous nucleiInconspicuous nuclei– PseudoinclusionsPseudoinclusions
Red cytoplasmic granulesRed cytoplasmic granulesAmyloidAmyloid
Medullary CarcinomaMedullary Carcinoma
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma, Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma, Including Insular CarcinomaIncluding Insular Carcinoma
Carcinomas which are neither well Carcinomas which are neither well differentiated nor anaplasticdifferentiated nor anaplastic
Cannot fit into any category (follicular, Cannot fit into any category (follicular, Hurthle cell, papillary)Hurthle cell, papillary)
Mixed patterns can be seenMixed patterns can be seen
4-7% of all thyroid carcinomas4-7% of all thyroid carcinomas
Poor prognosisPoor prognosis– Not as poor as anaplastic thoughNot as poor as anaplastic though
Insular CarcinomaInsular Carcinoma
Highly cellularHighly cellularMostly single cellsMostly single cellsSome microfollicles, trabeculae, spheresSome microfollicles, trabeculae, spheresMonomorphous round nucleiMonomorphous round nucleiCan have grooves, INCIsCan have grooves, INCIsMay have features of papillary carcinoma or May have features of papillary carcinoma or medullary carcinomamedullary carcinomaThyroglobulin positiveThyroglobulin positiveCalcitonin negativeCalcitonin negative
Poorly Differentiated PTCPoorly Differentiated PTC
Greater degree of atypia than classic PTCGreater degree of atypia than classic PTC
Nucler changes, including grooving and Nucler changes, including grooving and pseudoinclusions, are still seenpseudoinclusions, are still seen
Insular CarcinomaInsular Carcinoma
Hypercellular pattern, may think about follicular Hypercellular pattern, may think about follicular lesionlesion
Single cells resemble medullary carcinomaSingle cells resemble medullary carcinoma– Calcitonin negativeCalcitonin negative
Anaplastic CarcinomaAnaplastic Carcinoma
Mostly single cellsMostly single cells
Marked nuclear pleomorphismMarked nuclear pleomorphism
Large cellsLarge cells
Epithelioid or spindle shapedEpithelioid or spindle shaped
Squamous differentiationSquamous differentiation
Giant cellsGiant cells– Tumor typeTumor type– Osteoclast typeOsteoclast type
Anaplastic CarcinomaAnaplastic Carcinoma
Isolated large cellsIsolated large cells
Keratinization can be seenKeratinization can be seen
Other NeoplasmsOther Neoplasms
LymphomaLymphoma– Primary thyroid NHLs – 2% of all thyroid cancersPrimary thyroid NHLs – 2% of all thyroid cancers– Arise in setting of Hashimoto’sArise in setting of Hashimoto’s
20-30 years after 20-30 years after
– Can be large tumorsCan be large tumors– MZL and DLBLMZL and DLBL
Metastatic carcinomaMetastatic carcinoma– 0.1-0.3% of thyroid aspirates0.1-0.3% of thyroid aspirates– Breast, lung, kidney most commonBreast, lung, kidney most common