Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. What are nucleic acids?
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BIOMOLECULES
Ms. Bosse – Fall 2015
• Biology is the
study of the living
world.
Bio = life
Biology
Major Molecules of Life
◦Macromolecules –
giant molecules
found in living cells;
made from
thousands of
smaller molecules.
• Macromolecules are formed
by a process known as
polymerization, in which large
compounds are built by
joining smaller ones together.
The smaller units are called
monomers. Monomers join
together to form polymers.
◦Dehydration Synthesis is the process of removing a H2O molecule from
two reactants (monomers) to create
bonds thus forming a single, larger
molecule (polymer).
◦Hydrolysis is the process of
adding a H2O to a reactant
to break bonds forming two
separate molecules.
Four categories of biomolecules:
◦Carbohydrates
◦ Lipids
◦ Proteins
◦Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules have 4 common characteristics:1. All are carbon based….meaning they all contain carbon.
2. They are formed from just a few elements which join together
to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form
large molecules.
Common Characteristics
3. Each kind of biomolecule is built from a
single type of building block.
EXAMPLES:
Carbohydrate - monosaccharide
Lipid - fatty acid
Protein - amino acid
Nucleic Acid - nucleotide
◦ 4. The last common characteristic of all
biomolecules is that their form determines their
function. That means that their shape
determines how they will behave and how
they will react with other molecules.
Common Characteristics
Carbohydrates
• Living things use carbohydrates
as their main source of energy
• Plants use carbohydrates for
structural purposes
• Carbohydrates are sugars and
starches
Carbohydrates
◦ They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen .
◦ The carbon forms a carbon ring.
◦Single sugar molecules are
called monosaccharide. These
are the monomers.
◦Monosaccharides include
glucose, fructose and
galactose.
NOTE: Glucose and fructose join
to form sucrose in the above
picture. Glucose and fructose are
monomers. Once they join, a
molecule of water is lost, and the
polymer, sucrose is formed.
glucose fructose sucrose
A monosaccharide –
-Mono = “one or single”
-saccharide = “sugar”
building block of all
carbohydrates
Main energy molecules
of living things
=
•Large macromolecules formed from
many monosaccharides are known as
polysaccharides; they are made in a
process called polymerization.
Polysaccharides are the polymer.
Poly = “many”
saccharide = “sugar”
macro = “very large”
Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides bonded together.
POLYSACCHARIDE
◦Polysaccharides include:
starches ,cellulose and
glycogen.
Starch
Starch is a carbohydrate that is used in
food storage of plants. Potatoes, pasta
and rice are rich in starch. Starches are
very valuable because they provide a
quick form of energy for the body.
Glycogen
◦Glycogen is used for food storage in
animals. It is stored in the liver and
muscles of animals.
Cellulose
◦Cellulose is used for structural support
in plants…..mainly the stems and
leaves. It is found in the cell walls of
plants.
Monosaccharide(ONE simple sugar)
Polysaccharide(Many simple sugars)
LIPIDS
◦ Lipids are composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. However the
carbon is arranged in a chain…not a
ring or circle like the carbohydrate.
Lipids
o Fats, oils and waxes
o Do not dissolve in water (insoluble)
o Long term storage of energy….not
quick energy like carbohydrates
Lipids are formed from a glycerol
molecule and several fatty acids
Lipids are found in:
◦ Cell membranes
◦ Vitamins
◦ Enzymes
◦ Hormones
LIPIDS
Examples; fats, phospholipids,
steroids
◦Saturated fats join carbon to
carbon with a single bond.
◦Unsaturated fats join at least
one carbon atom to another
carbon atom with a double
bond
◦Polyunsaturated fats have more
than one carbon to carbon
double bond.
◦ FATS:
◦ Saturated: solid at room temp. (butter)
◦Unsaturated: oils at room temp. (olive oil)
◦ PHOSPHOLIPIDS:
◦ found in the cell membrane
◦ STEROIDS:
◦estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol (hormones)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
◦ Nucleic Acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and phosphorus.
◦ Nucleic acids involve genetic materials, like DNA and RNA. DNA
is the blueprint of life because it contains the instructions on how
to make proteins in the body.
Nucleic Acids◦ Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information
◦ The individual molecules in nucleic acids are called nucleotides and are made
of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
◦ The two kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
◦ The order of the individual nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule determine
the traits in an organism
PROTEINS
◦ Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen.
◦ The building block of a protein is an amino acid.
PROTEINS
◦ Proteins are organic molecules that form muscles, transport
oxygen (hemoglobin), and act as hormones and enzymes. Most
importantly, proteins determine how our bodies look and
function.
◦ Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by a peptide
bond.
Proteins
◦There are 20 different amino acids
found on our planet
◦Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins.
◦Different combinations of amino
acids form different proteins
◦Each protein has a specific role or
job in an organism
◦Some proteins control the rate of
reactions and regulate cell
processes
◦Some proteins are used to form
bones and muscles
◦Some proteins transport substances
into or out of cells and fight disease
Just like any tool, a protein’s function is
determined by its shape.
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
◦A chemical reaction is a process
that changes one set of chemicals
into another set of chemicals
◦Reactant: the chemicals entering
the reaction
◦Product: the chemicals made from
the reaction
Many chemical reactions require
energy in order for them to occur;
humans eat food in order to supply
energy for these chemical reactions
Energy needed to
start a chemical
reaction is
activation energy.
A Catalyst is a
substance that
speeds up the
rate of a chemical
reaction.
Activation Energy
w/o Catalyst
Activation Energy
with catalyst
Enzymes
◦Enzymes are proteins that act as
biological catalysts in chemical
reactions that occur in cells
◦Enzymes are tools; they are NOT
part of the chemical reaction and
are the same after the reaction as
they were before the reaction
◦Enzymes lower the activation
energies, allowing the
chemical reaction to occur
without needing so much
energy to get started
◦The reactants of enzyme-
catalyzed reactions are called
substrates
◦Enzymes are
very specific
to a particular
substrate;
they will only
“fit” that
particular
molecule
◦Enzymes can
be affected
by pH and
temperature
ENZYME EXAMPLE
◦ Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose in the body.
Lactose is a major type of sugar found in milk.
◦ Salivary amylase is the enzyme that breaks down food in your
mouth before it enters your digestive tract.
How enzymes get their name:◦ Enzymes are usually named by using the name of the substrate
with ---ase added.
◦ EX: lactase
ENZYMES
◦ Enzymes are NOT used up or changed in the reaction.
◦ The place where the enzyme attaches to the substrate is the
active site.