Bio Form 4 Chapter 6: Nutrition

7/17/2019 Bio Form 4 Chapter 6: Nutrition

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CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION

6.1 TYPE OF NUTRITION

Nutrition = process by which organisms obtain nutrients and energy from food.

Type of nutrition Definition Exap!e"

AutotrophicNutrition

Living organisms that are capable of producingits own food from simple inorganic compounds

• Plants

• Bacteria

PhotosynthesisOrganisms that synthesis food from inorganiccompounds such as water and carbon dioxideusing sunlight as source of energy

• reen plants

• Algae

!hemosynthesisOrganisms that synthesi"e food from simpleinorganic compounds using energy releasedfrom oxidi"ing minerals li#e nitrates$ carbondioxide and sulphides

• %ulphur bacteria

&eterotrophicNutrition

Living organisms that feed on other living things

&olo"oic Nutrition

%aprophytism

Parasitism

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6.# $A%ANCED DIET

'. A balanced diet contains the main nutrients which include carbohydrates$ fats$ proteins$vitamins$ minerals$ water and roughage in the correct proportions to meet the body(s dailyre)uirements.

*. +he importance of a balanced diet,-a to allow the organism to function efficiently by providing daily energy re)uirement-b for metabolism and maintain a healthy life-c for growth and repair damage tissues-d to supply essential nutrients

Dai!y ener&y re'uireent'. /nergy can be obtained from carbohydrates and fats. Proteins are only used if there is ashortage of carbohydrates and fats.

*. /nergy re)uirement vary according to,

-a Age 0 !hildren and teenagers re)uire more energy because they

have a higher metabolic rate

-b %ex 0 A male adult need more energy because they usually have

relatively less fatty tissues as heat insulator and a higher rate

-c Body si"e and weight 0 People with bigger body si"e and weight will re)uire more

energy for their basal metabolism

-d Occupation and

lifestyle

0 A person who does heavy wor# will need more energy than a

person who only moderately active$ and thus re)uires more

energy than a sedentary wor#er.

-e Pregnancy and

lactation

0 Pregnant women and breast0feeding mothers re)uire more

energy.

-f !limate 0 A person who lives in a cold country needs more energy to

maintain his body temperature than a person living in the

tropics.

Deterination of ener&y (a!ue in foo) "ap!e"

/nergy value of food = 1efined as the energy produced when ' gram of food is completely

burned. +he unit for energy value of food is 2oule per gram -34g or#ilo2oules per gram -#24g

• /nergy value if food can be measured through the use of either simple calorimeter or

bomb calorimeter.

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%imple calorimeter Bomb calorimeter

$a!an*e) Diet

1iet refers to the #ind of food that we eat and drin# regularly.

A balanced diet contains carbohydrates$ proteins$ fats$ vitamins$ minerals$ fibers and

water in the right proportions.

C!a"" of foo) Iportan*e

!arbohydrate

Protein

5at

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.

6. 7ater

• 7ater ma#es up 89: of total body mass.

• /ach day about *.;4<.9 litre of water is lost in the body through sweating$ excretion$

defecation and respiration.

• 5unctions of water includes,

a %olvent for various biochemical reactionsb +o transport hormones$ ingested food$ heat and gases.c !oolant that carries away heat to be eliminated.d Providing structure and supporte /ssential component of the blood$ digestive 2uices and lubricant in 2oints.

;. itamins and >inerals

Nae of t+e

(itain

,our*e" Fun*tion" Defi*ien*y )i"ea"e"

itamin ?A( reen leafy

vegetables$ carrot$

mil#$ mil# products$

fish$ fish liver oil.

@ncreases resistance

power against

diseases$ protects

the eyes from

infections$ helps in

seeing in dim light$

re)uired for ma#ing

rhodopsin.

etarded growth$

health of the s#in is

affected$ night

blindness leading to

erophthalmia.

itamin ?1( 5ish liver oil$ mil#$

butter$ eggs$manufactured by the

body in sunlight. @t is

caused sunshine

vitamin.

&elps the body

absorb calcium fromfood.

Brittle bone$

Osteomalacia inadults. ic#ets in

children. %mptoms 0

poor growth$

deformation of bones

resulting in bow legs

and defective ribs.

itamin ?/( >il#$ egg yol#$ wheat

germ$ green

vegetables$

vegetables oils$

Anti0oxidant$ protects

vitamins A$!$1 and C

and poly unsaturated

fatty acids.

Poorly understood in

humans. !auses

sterility in rats.

itamin ?C( reen vegetables

legumes$ mil#

products$ meat$ pig(s

livers$ egg yol#$

produced by bacteria

in the gut.

&elps in clotting of

blood

%pontaneous

bleeding$ blood ta#es

long time to clot.

itamin B' 7hole cereals$

wheat germ$ green

vegetables$ soya

bean$ yeast$ mil#$

meat$ seafood.Dnpolished rice.

&elps the body to

oxidi"e food to

release energy

Beri0beri affects

nervous system$

muscles become

wea# causing

cramps$ pain$numbness$ may lead

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to paralysis.

atarded growth in

children.

itamin B* Peas$ beans$ oil

seeds$ green

vegetables$ yeast$mil#$ liver$ meat$

eggs$ fish

Necessary for

healthy s#in$ eyes

and nerves

Photophobia E eyes

become sensitive to

sunlight. 1ry s#in$sores on corners of

mouth$ tongue and

lips.

itamin Niacin B<.

Nicotinic acid

!ereals$ yeast$ meat$

liver

Necessary for

en"yme activities

Pellagra E %#in

legions$ rashes$

diarrhoea

itamin BFFF 7hole grains$ green

vegetables$ fish$

meat$ groundnuts$

potato$ tomato

Necessary for amino

acid and fatty acid

metabolism

1ermatitis$

1iarrhoea$ 1ementia

-mental sic#ness

characteri"ed by <(1(symptoms.

itamin 5olic acid reen vegetables$

sprouted seeds$

cereals$ egg and

liver

Necessary for the

production of B!

and nucleoprotein

synthesis.

&aemoglobin content

of the blood will drop.

+he number of B!

is reduced.

itamin B'* >il#$ mil# products$

eggs$ fish$ meat and

liver

&elps in formation of

blood.

Acute anaemia

itamin ! !itrus fruits li#e

lemon and orange$

gooseberry-amia$guava$ green leafy

vegetables$ papaya$

tomato$ sprouted

grams

&elps to bind the

cells together and in

the use of calcium bybones and teeth.

Necessary for

production of strong

s#in and collagen

fibre synthesis.

%curvy E %ymptoms

E general wea#ness$

bleeding gums andinternal organs$

anaemia and swollen

legs.

FUNCTION, AND ,OURCE, OF -INERA%,

-inera! ,our*e Fun*tion" Effe*t" of )efi*ien*y

!alcium >il#$ cheese$

anchovies$

cereals

• 5orm strong G healthy

teeth G bones• Assists in blood clotting

• Necessary for muscle

contraction G

transmission of nerve

impulses

ic#ets

Osteoporosis

Prolonged bleeding

>agnesium !ereals$ green

vegetables$

mil#$ meat

• Necessary for muscle

contraction

• Necessary for


impulses

• As a cofactors for

various en"ymes

7ea# muscles

!onvulsion

-%awan

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Phosphorus >il#$ meat$

cereals$ eggs

• 5orms strong bones

and teeth

• 5orm A+P in cell

respiration

Brittleness of bones

+ooth decay

%odium +able salt$ meat$

eggs$ mil#

• >aintains the balance

of water in the body

• >aintains the osmotic

pressure in the body

• Needed for


impulses

>uscular cramps

Potassium >il#$ meat$

banana$ green

vegetables

• 5or transmission of

nerve impulses

• 5or muscle contraction

1isorder in the nervous

system

@odine Prawns$

coc#les$seafood$

seaweed

• Produces thyroxine

hormone

oitre

!retinism in children

@ron Liver$ spinach$

nuts$ egg yol#

• 5orms haemoglobin Anaemia

5luorine 1rin#ing water$

tea$ vegetables

• &arden enamel of teeth$

bones

1ental caries

H. 1ietary 5ibre -oughage-a stimulates peristalsis and assists the movement of food in the intestine

-b helps to prevent constipation-c may protect colon cancer -d contains less fat and cholesterol which may decreases the ris# of cardiovascular

diseases

,e!e*tion of an appropriate a!an*e) )iet:

Tar&et &roup Appropriate a!an*e) )iet

Pregnant women • Ade)uate nutrients are needed for her own self G the foetus in

the womb

•

>ore calcium and phosphorus are needed to form strongbones and teeth for the baby.

• >ore iron0to build red blood cells to prevent anemia

• Avoid nicotine$ caffeine and alcohol

@nfants • apid growth E need more protein

• >ore calcium and phosphorus

• >other(s mil# contains all the nutrients and antibodies.

!hildren • &ave slower growth rate compared to babies

• Need more protein for growth$ should be more than their body

mass

• Need more carbohydrates and fats to supply energy because

they are very active.• Need extra vitamin 1

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• >inerals such as iodine is needed to produce thyroxine E for

physical and mental development

• >ore calcium and phosphorus.

+eenagers • Between the ages '*0'I

• row very fast

• 5or girls$ puberty begins at '* yearsJ rapid growth• 5or boys$ puberty begins at '6 yearsJ rapid growth

• Need a lot of protein to build new protoplasm as well as

calcium and phosphorus.

• ery active$ hence need more energy through carbohydrates.

• 5emale teenagers need more iron as they lose blood during

menstruation.

Athletes • @nclude more carbohydrates to supply energy to carry out the

vigorous activities in sports.

• >ore protein to build and replace damaged tissue.

• !alcium$ sodium and potassium are needed to strengthen

bones and to prevent muscular cramps.

+he aged • ;; years and above E undergo the process of aging and slow

growth.

• Lose their appetite and are less active

• 1iet should be rich in proteins$ vitamins and minerals to

maintain good health and repair tissues.

• &ave wea#er and more brittles bones$ need more calcium

and phosphorus.

• Less activeJ need less carbohydrates and fats.

• Avoid food that contains high amount of fats$ sugar and salt.

•

egetables and fruits to replenish water in their body.egetarians • &as to rely on alternative source of proteins since diet lac#s

animal source of protein.

• %hould consume more nuts and grains.

People withspecific diseases

• 1epends on the disease

• /x, osteoporosis, need more phosphorus$ calcium and

vitamin 1.

Foo) Te"t

Te"t For Foo) te"t O"er(ation

%tarch @odine test

educingsugar

Benedict(s test

Protein >illon(s test

Biuret(s test

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Lipid /thanol0emulsion test

rease spot test

%udan @@@ test

itamin ! 1!P@P test Percentage of itamin ! in fruit 2uice

=

!oncentration of itamin ! in fruit 2uice

=

6./ -A%NUTRITION

'. >alnutrition is failing health that results from not eating a balanced diet over a longperiod of time.

*. >alnutrition refers to,-a undernutrition, resulting from inade)uate consumption or excessive loss of nutrients-b overnutrition, resulting form overeating or excessive inta#e of specific nutrients

<. /ffects on malnutrition

-a Cwashior#or

• caused by protein deficiency

• symptoms,

-i swelling legs-ii underweight-iii ?moon face(-iv swollen abdomen-v thin muscles but fat present-vi dry$ sparse$ thin hair -vii apathetic$ little interest in his surrounding

-viiistunted growth

-b >arasmus

• caused by deficiency of energy and protein foods in children

• symptoms,

-i underweight-ii ?old man face(-iii thin muscles$ thin fat-iv stunted growth

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Effe*t" of Ex*e""i(e Inta0e an) Defi*ien*y in Nutrient" on Hea!t+

Nutrient Effe*t" of ex*e""i(e inta0e Effe*t" of )efi*ien*y

!arbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

itamins

>inerals

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Bio Form 4 Chapter 6: Nutrition

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