BEHAVIORISMReporter: Maricris L. Colima

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors”. (Watson, 1924, p. 104)

OUTLINE Introduction Proponents Behaviorism defined Conditioning: Classical and Operant Key features in classical and operant

conditioninh Classroom implications

PROPONENTS Albert Bandura-his social learning theory

points out the importance of observational learning

B. F. Skinner-coined the term operant conditioning

Clark L. Hull- wanted to explain learning and motivation by observing one’s behavior; famous for the drive-reduction theory

Ivan Pavlov-discovered classical conditioning John B. Watson-known as the father of

behaviorism

WHAT IS BEHAVIORISM? This theory implies that the learner responds

to environmental stimuli without his/her mental state being a factor in the learner’s behavior.

Individuals learn to behave through conditioning:Two types of conditioning-Classical and Operant

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Ivan Pavlov  (also Pavlovian

conditioning or respondent conditioning) is a kind of learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and through constant pairing it will elicits a (CR) conditioned response.

A classic experiment by Pavlov exemplifies the standard procedure used in classical conditioning. First Pavlov observed the UR (salivation) produced when meat powder (US) was placed in the dog's mouth. He then rang a bell (CS) before giving the meat powder. After some repetitions of this pairing of bell and meat the dog salivated to the bell alone, demonstrating what Pavlov called a "conditional" response, now commonly termed "conditioned response" or CR.

OPERANT CONDITIONING Proponent: B.F. Skinner Learner is able to make a connection with

the consequences associated with his/her behavior through punishmenSkinner (1948) studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box.

ts and reinforcements

THIS CREATES A TOTAL OF FIVE BASIC CONSEQUENCES : Positive reinforcement.  (Reinforcement):

Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding, increasing the frequency of that behavior. 

Negative reinforcement. (Escape): Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversivestimulus, thereby increasing that behavior's frequency.

Positive punishment. (Punishment) (also called "Punishment by contingent stimulation"): Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior. Positive punishment is sometimes a confusing term, as it denotes the "addition" of a stimulus or increase in the intensity of a stimulus that is aversive (such as spanking or an electric shock). This procedure is usually called simply punishment.

Negative punishment. (Penalty) (also called "Punishment by contingent withdrawal"): Occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.

Extinction. Occurs when a behavior (response) that had previously been reinforced is no longer effective.

CLASSROOM IMPLICATIONS WHAT THE TEACHER DOES UNDER THIS

THEORY? A teacher uses behaviorism to manage

his/her classroom. Teacher could use operant conditioning to reward or punish his/her students -When a student does well on a test, the teacher could use candy as an incentive to continue do well on a test (positive reinforcement) -Whenever a student misbehaves, the teacher may prevent the student from going outside during recess (punishment).

WHAT THE STUDENTS DO UNDER THIS THEORY? Under this theory, a student learns what

behaviors are or are not appropriate -A student received a bad behavior mark for talking during class. The bad behavior mark (or punishment) will teach the student that talking while the teacher is talking is not an appropriate behavior.

A student could also be classically conditioned to behave a certain way in a classroom -If students realize that they always have pop quizzes when their teacher is carrying an orange-colored folder, they will learn to prepare for a pop quiz at the sight of the orange-colored folder, even if there is not a pop quiz.

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