Beattie decarb course

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of TechnologyCRICOS Provider Code 00301J

Decarbonising Cities & Regions

Decarbonising Our Energy SupplyColin Beattie 13th August 2013

Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute

FRAMEWORK

… our precincts and neighbourhoods as the building blocks of our cities

Contribution to CO2-e: Emissions by sector;

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

31%energyto the grid


66% energy loss 7% energy loss

coal fired power generation.... 69%energ

y lost

ENERGY & GREENHOUSE

“THE DENSITY TRADE-OFF: Does High Rise Living Contribute More than Living in Detached Dwellings to Greenhouse Gas Emissions?”

Beattie & Newman

National ConferenceTuesday, 29 November – Friday, 2 December, 2011SOAC

EMISSIONS & URBAN FORM

ReferenceTaper, B. et. al, (2010), Urban Planning, Information Technology and Evidence Based Decision Making for Emission Reductions in our Cities

EMISSIONS & URBAN FORM




coal fired power generation.... 69%energ

y lost

ENERGY & GREENHOUSE

COGENERATION

Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhattan

50% of steam from cogeneration plants provides heating & cooling

Offsets 350MWe of power from grid

COGENERATION

PEP Building

DANDENONG

Precinct Energy Project (PEP)

Includes;•The PEP Energy Centre Building•6MWe Capacity•Reticulation Network

Objectives•To significantly reduce GHGe generated by the built environment at a precinct level•To attract development to Dandenong by easier achievement of Green Buildings•To be self funding, providing services at market competitive rates

DANDENONG

Precinct Energy Project (PEP)

Includes;•The PEP Energy Centre Building•6MWe Capacity•Reticulation Network

Objectives•To significantly reduce GHGe generated by the built environment at a precinct level•To attract development to Dandenong by easier achievement of Green Buildings•To be self funding, providing services at market competitive rates

DANDENONG

Key Facts

Stage 1Stage 2

2MW4MW

Hours of operation 7am to 11pm(Mon to Fri)

Annual Operation Approx. 3,800 hrs/pa

Annual CO2-e Abatement 22,000 tones

Key Facts and Figures

PEP Building

Carine Tafe

• 7.92 Ha Total

Precinct AMixed use with commercial, retail, medical, resi and child care

Precinct BRetirement village and Residential aged care

Precinct CR30/60 Townhouses and apartments

Precinct DR80 apartments up to 7 storeys

RESULTS

Transport

Embodied CO2

Energy

Water

Affordability

-100% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

52% better

64% better

82% better

53% better

8% better

Reference

BetterWorse

LSP (R30/60 & R80)

Reference Model

LSP Low Carbon -

200 400 600 800

1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,447

699

Transport Emissions

GH

Ge (

t/year)

ADDITIONAL Transit Transit, OPC Trans, 1 PB Trans, 1 PB, CS

Trans, 0.75 PB Trans, 0.75 PB, CS

Trans, 0.5 PB Trans 0.5 PB, CS

Trans 0.5 PB, CS, OPC

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1.800

2.000

0.000 0.033 0.033

0.6260.736

1.1631.281

1.4051.535

1.750

GHGe Savings (t CO2/pp/yr)

Op. Energy GHGe

Transport GHGe

Embodied GHGe

Losses (

-ve)/

Savin

gs

(+ve)

TRANSPORT

LSP Low Carbon LSP (R30/60 & R80)Reference Model

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

6511,945

1,319

4,555

750

1,013

2,720

7,513

Embodied Emissions

Multi-Apartments

Compact Dwellings

Detached Dwellings

GH

Ge (

tota

l to

nn

es)

Model Reference0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.913.05

4.47

7.151.59

1.59

7.97

11.80

Embodied GHG

t(CO

2-e)/person

Savings in GHG from Selection of Low-Carbon

Building Assemblies

Model Reference0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.023.05

2.26

7.15

1.18

1.59

4.46

11.80

Embodied GHG

Model Reference-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.51

3.05-0.80

7.15

1.18

1.59

0.89

11.80

Embodied GHGMulti-Apartments

Compact Dwellings

Detached Dwellings

Additional GHG Reduction from Choosing Low-

Carbon/Recycled MaterialsAdditional GHG Reduction including

Carbon Sequestered in Timber

EMBODIED ENERGY

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

LSP (R30/60 & R80)

Reference Model

LSP Low Carbon -

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500 2,223

409

Energy (Gas & Elect.) Emissions

GH

Ge (

t/year)

LSP (R30/60 &

R80)Reference

Model

7-Star 8-Star 9-Star H and C Resi

HW Resi Appliances 1,050

1,100

1,150

1,200

1,250

1,300

1,350 1,324

1,267

1,208

1,149

1,262

1,303

1,143

Residential Emissions

GH

Ge (

t/year)

LSP (R30/60 & R80)

Reference Model

NR(Li and BF)

H and C All HW All -

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

899

716 717

892

Non-Residential Emissions

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

5 6 90kVA100kVA

110kVA140kVA200kVA320kVA

320kVA320kVA 90kVA100kVA

110kVA

140kVA200kVA

2,223

1,591 1,464

1,343

1,121 1,106 1,092 943

831 843 791 751

1,084 1,079 1,028 943

785

468 409

Supply Side StrategiesRenewables Tri-generation Options Tri-generation Options

EXPORTING ELECTRICITYc/w Solar

Boost

NON-RESI MIXED USE NON-RESI MIXED USE

ENERGY SUPPLY

LSP (R30/60 & R80)

Reference Model

LSP Low Carbon -

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500 2,223

409

Energy (Gas & Elect.) Emissions

GH

Ge (

t/year)

Building Scale

• Fixtures Efficiency

• Appliance Efficiency

• Rainwater tanks

• Greywater Treatment

WATER & GREENHOUS

E

WATER & GREENHOUS

ECommunity Scale

Source: GHD, Cockburn Coast DWMS

Demand Side (efficiency) Strategies

Rainwater Tank Options

Recycled (Purple Pipe) Water Options

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 40.97

19.16

Total Water Consumption

ResidentialNon-Res-idential

ML/y

ear

-0.25

-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.0000.005

0.0630.0830.0820.0830.0820.083

-0.042-0.042-0.056

-0.142-0.145-0.172-0.172

-0.149-0.169

GHGe Savings (t CO2/person/yr)

Embodied GHGe

Transport GHGeLosses (

-ve)/

Savin

gs

(+ve)

WATER & GREENHOUS

E

LSP (R30/60 & R80

)Ref-er-ence Model

Irri-gation

Fix-ture

s

Ap-pli-an-ces

Fix-ture

s (NR

)

Irri-gation

Irr, WC

Irr, WC,

L

Irr, WC, L,

HW

RW to

Irri-gation

RW to ITL

RW to

ITL, HW

RWSW to

Irri-gation

RWSW to ITL

RWSW to

ITL, HW

RWSWWW to Irr.

LSP Low Carbon

RWSWWW to

ITL, HW

19. RWT-PP Hy-brid

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17. PP RWSWWW to ITL

Wa-ter Savings

0 3.2339089481946

6

9.4191522762951

3

13.799058084772

4

13.799058084772

4

17.032967032967

19.952904238618

5

21.208791208791

2

23.500784929356

4

15.510204081632

7

18.116169544741

20.392464678179

15.541601255887

18.257456828885

4

20.737833594976

5

21.365777080062

8

32.182103610675

42.888540031397

2

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

GHGe

0 0.0047249650584793

9

0.0627570565072211

0.0833551256597364

0.0829631105704902

0.0823145558021212

0.0830375216125914

0.0820499266976531

0.0827376113636102

-0.0422731528152054

-0.041601455039993

-0.0558618459987

2

-0.141997737063004

-0.1450095303415

6

-0.171854731087254

-0.1718365932343

7

-0.1485207239388

-0.168675089356573

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

-2.5

2.5

7.5

12.5

17.5

22.5

27.5

32.5

37.5

42.5

-0.3

0.3

0.8

1.3

1.8

2.3

2.8

3.3

3.8

4.3

Potable Water Savings & GHGeWater Savings GHGe

WA

TER

SA

VIN

GS

kl/

(p

erson

.yr)

RES

I G

HG

e

t(S

avin

gs (

+ve)/L

osses (

-ve))

Demand Side (effi-ciency) Strategies

Rainwater Tank Op-tions

Recycled (Purple Pipe) Water Options

WATER CONSUMPTIO

N

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 40.97

19.16

Total Water Consumption

ResidentialNon-Res-idential

ML/y

ear

LSP Low Carbon LSP (R30/60 & R80)Reference Model

$0

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600

$1,800 Annual Household Expen-diture

Water usageEnergy usage

AFFORDABILITY & COST

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL

COSTS $/dwelling total $ Env. Saving Units

NatHERS Upgrade from 6-star $ 2,966 $ 768,256

350 tonnes CO2/yr

Solar hot water $ 579 $ 149,886

Private solar PV $ 3,440 $ 891,000 377 tonnes CO2/yr

Rain tanks $ 1,720 $ 445,912 21.2 kilolitres PP/yr

Precinct or Neighbourhood Interventions

Precinct solar PV $ 1,485 $ 384,526 153 tonnes CO2/yr

Cogeneration $ 2,469 $ 639,360 412 tonnes CO2/yr

Recycled water scheme $ 566 $ 146,684 32.2 kilolitres PP/yr

Area (ha)

Energy/GHG Reductions Transport Cap. Cost

Comment

Technologies & Practices Adopted

Low Carbon (Trigeneration)

Renewables

Building energy Efficiency

Renewable Fuel

SUB-TOTAL

Reduced Private Vehicle Use

City of Sydney 2600 20% 19% 20% 6% 65% n/a n/aThe City of Sydney is based on a number of existing precincts - the results shown are combined.

Cockburn Coast 332 55% 0% 55%35%

(GHGe)

$5,600/Dwelling or $44/m2 of fl.

area

Based on the District Structure Plan developed by Landcorp

Stirling City Centre 215 21% 5% 17% 0% 43% 34% (VKT)$76/m2 of fl.

areaBased on the Structure Plan developed by the Stirling Alliance

North Port Quay 245 0 111% 19% 47% 177%13%

(GHGe)$200/m2 of

fl. area

Hypothetical model pushing boundaries of RE to achieve a zero carbon outcome

“IN CONCLUSION”

Looking at energy alone we can only achieve a reduction in emissions of 45% as opposed to 82% IF precinct scale interventions are pursued.

• There are significant regulatory barriers

• Cost reflective pricing

• Is the market ready?

Transport

Embodied CO2

Energy

Water

Affordability

-100% -50% 0% 50% 100%

52% better

64% better

82% better

53% better

8% better

ReferenceBetterWorse

CAPITAL COSTS

Building Scale $/dwelling total $

Total $ 8,700 $ 2,250,000

Precinct Scale

Total $ 4,500 $ 1,170,000

Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of TechnologyCRICOS Provider Code 00301J

13.08.2013

Thanks to the following for their support;

• Curtin University• AHURI• Australian Research Council• Cedar Woods• Horizon Power• North Port Quay

Colin Beattie Contact Details:

m | +61 423 373993 e | [email protected] twitter | @ColBeattie www | sustainability.curtin.edu.au

Thank you

Decarbonising Our Energy Supply

Beattie decarb course

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