BASIC IMMUNOLOGY

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY

COMPILLATED BY CHANIF MAHDI

Outline of the talk

• Definition of Immunology• History of immunology• Innate and adaptive immunity• Humoral and cellular responses – B

and T cells (specific interactions)• Cancer• HIV/AIDS

SeminarWinter Semester 2002/2003

Pierre Dö[email protected]

Annette Hö[email protected]

Andreas [email protected]

Immunology

• Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them.

• Host – e.g. me!!!!• Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g.

virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in my body)





A Short History of Immunology

• ~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague – the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second time

• 15th centurry: Chinese and Turks use dried crusts of smallpox as ”vaccine”

• 1798: Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine





Jenner - Smallpox vaccine• Noticed that milkmades that had contracted cowpox did NOT get

smallpox• Test on an 8 year old boy, injected cowpox into him (NOT very

nice……)• Follwed by exposure to smallpox• Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”)





Immunology history cont.

• Since 1901 there have been 19 Nobel Prizes for immunological research.

• Examples: Discovery of human blood groups (1930) and Transplantation immunology(1991)





The immune systemImmune system

•Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes)

•Physological barriers (temperature, pH)

•Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders)

•Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain)

•Antigen specificity

•Diversity

•Immunological memory

•Self/nonself recognition

Innate (non-specific) immunityAdaptive (specific) immunity





Humoral and cellular immunity (antibody mediated or cellular)





B cells

B-cell

Antigen

Antibody secreting B cell

Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body

Surface bound antibody





B-cell

Antibody secreting B cell

Virus killed





T cells

• Two types:– Helper T cells (Th): activates other

cells– Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other

cells

• T cells can only recognize antigens associated with certain molecules (MHC)





Presentation of antigens to T cells

• Proteins (peptides) from inside the cell are presented by MHC I molecules to Tc cells.

• Proteins (peptides) from the outside of cells are presented by MHC II molecules to Th cells.

• MHC I on almost all cells• MHC II on specialized antigen-

presenting cells





Th

Tc

Virus infected cell, cancer cell

Antigen presentig cell

MHC II + peptide

MHC I + peptide





MHC molecules

• Important to study what parts of a protein that binds to MHC molecules.

• MHC I binds peptides with 8-10 aa• MHC II bind peptides with 12-25 aa• Potentials of peptide vaccines• Prediction of peptides is

important!!!!





Cancer

• The second ranking cause of death after heart disease in the Western world.

• most organs and tissues in an organism are in balance (death and renewal)

• cancer cells have no control in growth mechanisms, can expand to a large size producing a tumor





BASIC IMMUNOLOGY

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