1 Basic Immunology

Sales Training

Jesper Khnau, Ph.D.

Research Manager

Reagent Partnerships Division

Dako

Presentation I

Basic Immunology Update

Cells of the Immune System

RBCs & WBCs Morphology/Characteristics/Function

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Cellular Components of Peripheral Blood

Red Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells3.7-5.1 million/ul3,900-11,000 /ul

Basic Immunology

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)

Morphology & Characteristics

[http://clinicalcenter.nih.gov/about/news/newsletter/1999/nov99/index.html], specifically

-Round, bi-concave shape, size varies only slightly from cell to cell

-6-8 mm in diameter

-Red color of varying intensities

-Express CD55 59

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Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)

Function

-Carry O2 via Metalloprotein (Hemoglobin), accounts for 97% of the cells dry weight

-Hemoglobin consists of 4 Fe containing Heme groups

-Heme reflects light in red spectrum and binds oxygen in a unstable/reversible way

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Red Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells3.7-5.1 million/ul3,900-11,000 /ul

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Types of Mature White Blood Cells, WBCs

Granulocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

T CellsB CellsNK Cells

Plasma Cellsgdab

Helper CytotoxicBandsSegs

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Granulocytes Morphology & Characteristics

Neutrophils

-Segmented Form

- 35-72% of all WBCs in peripheral blood

- 9-16 um in diameter

- Nucleus has 2-5 lobes

(polymorophonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

- Cytoplasm is granular and abundant

- Express cell surface molecules

CD10,11b,15,16,33,45

-Band Form



- Nucleus U-shaped



CD10,11b,15,16,33,45

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Granulocytes Morphology & Characteristics

Basophils & Eosinophils

-Basophil



- Nucleus is unsegmented

- Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio is ~1:1


CD10,11b,15,16,33,45

-Eosinophil



- Nucleus has 1-3 lobes



CD10,11b,15,16,33,45

Basic Immunology

Neutrophil engulfing Bacillus anthracis". PLoS Pathogens 1 (3): Cover page. DOI:10.1371.

Retrieved on 2009-01-04.

5um

Granulocytes Function

- First cells at site of Inflammation

- Ingest pathogens by phagocytosis

- Ingested pathogens contained in

phagolysosomes

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3APhagocytosis.png here].

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http://www.ghorayeb.com/NECKABSCESS.html


Granulocyte Function

http://www.ghorayeb.com/NECKABSCESS.html

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Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils


Plasma Cellsgdab


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Monocyte Morphology & Characteristics

Monocytes



- Nucleus is horse-shoe shaped


- Vacuoles present


CD4,11b,14,16,33,45

- Tissue derived form called Macrophage

Macrophages from different anatomic

locations have different names but identical function

-Histiocytes Connective Tissue - Kupffer Cells Liver-Microglia Cells CNS - Langerhans Cells Skin-Alveolar Cells Lung

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Monocyte Function

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Macrophage.jpg)

- Major antigen presenting cell

-Ingest pathogens by phagocytosis

- Ingested pathogens contained in phagolysosomes


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Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils


Plasma Cellsgdab


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Lymphocytes Morphology & Characteristics

Lymphocytes



- Nucleus is round -> oval


- Three types B Cells, T Cells, NK Cells

B Lymphocyte T Lymphocyte NK Cells

5-20% 41-91% 2-13%

CD19,20,22,45 CD2,3,4,5,8,45 CD2,56,57,45

National Cancer Institute

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Lymphocyte Function

B Lymphocyte Antigen presenting cell

Immunoglobulin (antibody production)

Lymphocyte Type Major Immunologic Function

T Lymphocyte

Helper (CD4) Modulate immune response via cytokine production

Cytotoxic (CD8) Cytotoxic effect on viral infected cells

NK (Natural Killer) Cell Cytotoxic effect on viral infected cells

Cytotoxic effect on malignant cells

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Anatomic Locations of Immune Cells

Generative Organs

(Primary Lymphoid Organs) Where cellular components of the immune

system first express antigen receptors and

attain phenotypic and functional maturity

Peripheral Organs

(Secondary Lymphoid Organs) Where mature cellular components of the

immune system are exposed to antigens

and immune responses are elicited

Bone Marrow

Thymus

Lymph Nodes Tonsils

Peripheral Blood Appendix

Spleen Peyers Patches

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http://hawtaction.com/2008/09/07/BoneMarrow.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caput_femoris_cortex_medulla.jpg

-Where Stem Cells are found

-Generation of all blood

cells called Hematopoiesis

-Hematopoiesis takes place

in the flat bones:

Sternum

Vertebrae

Ribs

Iliac Crests


Primary Lymphoid Organs, Bone Marrow

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Primary Lymphoid Organs, Bone Marrow

http://www.news.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=4416 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/imagepages/1129.htm

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Bone Marrow: B cell development

http://www.news.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=4416 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/MEDLINEPLUS/ency/imagepages/1129.htm

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Primary Lymphoid Organs, Thymus

Age Mass

birth about 15 grams;

puberty about 35 grams

twenty-five years 25 grams

sixty years less than 15 grams

seventy years less than grams

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

-Bilobed organ slightly above aortic arch

-Cortex of the organ is a dense collection

of T lymphocytes

-Where T Lymphocyte ontogeny occurs

learn not to react to self and react tono-self antigens

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lymph_node_regions.jpg


Secondary Lymphoid Organs, Lymph Nodes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit8_2_lymph_compo1_nodes.html

-Nodular aggregates of lymphoid tissue

-Lymphatic vessels collect fluid (lymph) from interstitial

body spaces and return it to the blood via the lymph nodes

-Dense collection of both B and T lymphocytes

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Summary of Presentation I

Major cellular components of the immune system

What they look like (morphology)

What their functions are

Their anatomic locations

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Questions & Answers

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1 Basic Immunology

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