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BBABABYBYBLLUESUESMANUMANUALOALOFLEGALCITFLEGALCITAATITIOONN

An Open Implementation ofA Uniform System of Citation

NOT AFFILIATED WITH OR AUTHORIZED BY THEHARVARD LAW REVIEW ASSOCIATION

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QnPfest

,tQtus

.hs docuient s n alpha release and was last iod_ed on January GD= D4 0e

are debuggng the iaterals and conductng revews as part of the publc ,equestfor %oiients4

*ublPsher Qnd LPcense

.hs _le was publshed by +ublc4,esource4#rg= Inc4= TA+ublc ,esource@U a

%alforna nonpro_t corporaton regstered under I4,4%4 [ DTcUTGU4 %ontact

nforiaton for +ublc ,esource s at https5]]publc4resource4org]about]4

+ublc ,esource does not charge for or restrct access to any iaterals we post4

.hs _le s lcensed under the %%D lcenseRA*o ,ghts ,eserved4@ 0e do herebywave all copyrght and related rghts n ths work to the fullest extent allowed4

$over !rt

.he cover art for ths docuient s courtesy of the Lbrary of %ongress 'gtal Fle

L%P'I&PpgaPDMM4 .he tei s a crca MK chroiolthograph froi L4 +rang

%o4 enttled A(aby In .rouble@ and depcts a siall chld holdng a spoon as a dog

eats froi the chld>s bowl4 .here are no known restrctons on publcaton of ths

tei4

,tQteOent of )onQlPQtPon

.hs docuient s not authorzed by nor n any way alated wth the Harvard

Law ,evew or .he (luebook " /nfori -ystei of %taton4

!ttrPbutPon%te as5 -prgian et anon4 al4=BVby BlueOs %VnuVl of $egVl CUtVtUon

T+ublc4,esource4#rg= DU4

BVby BlueOs %VnuVl of $egVl CUtVtUon

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-Qble of $ontents

!anfest

-tatus

+ublsher and Lcense%over "rt

-tateient of *onalaton

"ttrbuton

Foreword

Introducton

"4 ("%&,#/*' ,/LE-

,4 .wo .ypes of Legal 'ocuients,4 .ypeface -tandards

,G4 InP.ext %tatons

,4 -gnals

,4 %aptalzaton ,ules

,4 -gnals for -upportng "uthorty

,4 -gnals for %oiparson

,M4 -gnals for %ontradctory "uthorty

,K4 -gnals for (ackground !ateral

,D4 #rder of "uthortes 0thn Each -gnal ] -trength of "uthorty

(4 %"-E-

,4 Full ctaton

,4 %ourt 2ear

,G40eght of "uthorty and Explanatory +arenthetcal

,4 Hstory of the %ase

,4 -hort Fori %taton for %ases

%4 -."./.E-= ,/LE-= ,E&/L".I#*-= "*' #.HE, LE&I-L".I)E "'!I*I-.,".I)E !".E,I"L-

,4 Federal -tatutes

,4 -tate -tatutes

,M4 ,ules of +rocedure and Evdence= ,estateients= and /nfori "cts


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,K4"dinstratve ,ules and ,egulatons

,D4 Federal .axaton !aterals

,4 Legslatve !aterals

,4 -hort Fori %taton of Legslatve and "dinstratve !aterals

,G4 -ources and "uthortes5 %onsttutons'4 %#/,. LI.I&".I#* '#%/!E*.-

,4 %tng %ourt or Ltgaton 'ocuients froi 2our %ase

,4 %tng %ourt or Ltgaton 'ocuients froi "nother %ase

,4 -hort Fori %taton for %ourt 'ocuients

,4 %aptalzaton 0thn the .ext of %ourt 'ocuients and Legal!eioranda

E4 (##- *#*P+E,I#'I%"L-

,M4 Full %taton for (ooks *onP+erodcals

,K4 -hort Fori %taton for (ooks *onP+erodcals

F4J#/,*"L-= !"&"3I*E-= *E0-+"+E, ",.I%LE-

,GD4 Full %taton for Journals= !agaznes *ewspaper "rtcles

,G4 -hort Fori %taton for Journals= !agaznes *ewspaper "rtcles

&4 I*.E,*E. -#/,%E-

,G4 &eneral +rncples for Internet -ources

,GG4 (asc Foriula for Internet -ources

,G4 -hort Fori %tatons for Internet -ources

H4 E1+L"*".#,2 +",E*.HE.I%"L-

,G4 &eneral +rncples for Explanatory +arenthetcals

,G4 #rder of parenthetcals

I4 $/#.".I#*-

,G4 &eneral +rncples for $uotatons

,GM4"lteratons of $uotatons,GK4 #issons n $uotatons

,D4 -pecal ,ules for (lock $uotatons

J4 ."(LE-

.4 Federal Jursdctons

.44 Federal Judcal and Legslatve !aterals


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.44 Federal "dinstratve and Legslatve !aterals

.4 /4-4 -tates and #ther Jursdctons

.G4 ,equred "bbrevatons for %ourt *aies

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for Legslatve 'ocuients

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for "rbtral ,eporters

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for %ase *aies In %tatons

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for Intergoverniental #rganzatons

.44 /nted *atons and League of *atons

.44 Europe

.4G4 InterP"iercan and Internatonal .rbunal

.44 #ther Intergoverniental #rganzatons

.M4 ,equred "bbrevatons for -ervces

.M44 -ervce +ublsher *aies

.M44 -ervce "bbrevatons

.K4 ,equred "bbrevatons for .reaty -ources

.D4 ,equred "bbrevatons for &eographcal .eris

.D4 /4-4 -tates= %tes and .errtores

.D4"ustralan -tates and %anadan +rovnces and .errtores

.D4G %ountres and ,egons

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for .tles of Judges and #cals

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for !onth *aies

.G4 ,equred "bbrevatons for +erodcal *aies

.G44 ,equred "bbrevatons for Insttutons

.G44 ,equred "bbrevatons for %oiion 0ords /sed In+erodcal *aies

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for +ublshng .eris

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for Explanatory +hrases

.4 ,equred "bbrevatons for 'ocuient -ubdvsons

.4 .able of %taton &udes

4 %#'"%IL

L4 +,EP,ELE"-E ,E)IE0 V%#*%L/'E'W

!4 ,E$/E-. F#, %#!!E*.-


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ForewordIn D= Frank (ennett= a law professor at *agoya /nversty n Japan= wrote to ie

about open source soware he was developng that he now iantans under the

naie ofJursP!4 +rofessor (ennett>s work s an extended varant of an aiazngly

useful tool called 3otero that s created by developers around the world who wantto support scholars n ther eôrts to Aorganze= cte= and share research sources4@

Frank added features to 3otero that support legal wrtng4

+rofessor (ennett was two years nto work on hs project when he contacted the

Harvard Law ,evew "ssocaton concernng the use= n electronc fori= of

coiion abbrevatons for /4-4 sources as spec_ed n the (luebook4 He was

repeatedly rebuêd wth stern Akeep o^ the grass@ warnngs4 I exained those

abbrevatons= and they are clearly facts that could only be expressed n one way4

*ot only are these abbrevatons devod of creatvty= they are requred by ianylegal jursdctons n the /nted -tates before one can plead a case of law before

judges4 -o= I posted those abbrevatons on iy web ste= and proiptly receved

iy own Akeep o^ the grass@ issve froi an outsde law _ri hred by the

Harvard Law ,evew4

It s iportant to understand= when we are talkng about A.he (luebook= "

/nfori -ystei of %taton=@ that we are talkng about two dêrent thngs4 .here

s a product= a spralPbound booklet that sells for GM4D= whch s accoipaned by

a rudientary web ste avalable to purchasers of the product4/nderlyng that product= however= s soiethng iuch iore basc and

fundaiental= a unfori systei of ctaton4 /npad volunteers froi a dozen law

schools= under the stewardshp of four nonpro_t studentPrun law revews= have

labored ightly to reach a consensus standard for the ctaton of legal iaterals4

.hs open consensus standard was developed= wth no coipensaton to the

authors= for the greater bene_t of the legal systei of the /nted -tates4 (y clearly

and precsely referrng to priary legal iaterals= we are able to coiiuncate

our legal reasonng to others= ncludng pleadng a case n the courts= advocatngchanges n legal polcy n our legslatures or law revews= or siply

coiiuncatng the law to our fellow ctzens so that we iay be better nforied4

0e do not begrudge the Harvard Law ,evew "ssocaton one penny of the

revenue froi the sale of ther spralPbound book dressed n blue4 However= we

iust not confuse the book wth the systei4 .here can be no propretary clai

over knowledge and facts= and there s no ntellectual property rght n the systei


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and iethod of our legal iachnery4 .he nfrastructure of our legal systei s a

publc utlty= and belongs to all of us4

"s Harvard professor Lawrence Lessg has faiously stated= Acode s law4@ .he

systei of ctaton s code= an algorthi consstng of rules and a set of

enuieratons of text strngs and ther proper abbrevatons4 .hs s code about

law4

In thnkng of the (luebook= I have been reinded of (g (lue= the I(!

corporaton4 I(! iade a fortune sellng &enune I(! personal coiputers= but

ths dd not prevent others froi iakng clones that were able to exercse the

nstructons n the underlyng chpset4 0hen technology changed the nature of

the coiputer ndustry= I(! dd not spend ts days tryng to defend an outdated

iode of operaton and nstead ioved up the food chan4 .he coipany has

grown and prospered because of the coiputng revoluton and the Internet

nstead of tryng to preserve an outdated poston of econoic power that couldnot last4

Lkewse= I wsh the Harvard Law ,evew "ssocaton and ther three coipanon

law revews the best n contnung to sell ther &enune (lue spralPbound book

and any assocated onPlne servces4 However= that cannot iean prohbtng an

open source developer froi usng coiion abbrevatons= and t certanly does

not iply any ownershp or control over how= n our deiocracy= we

coiiuncate the law wth our fellow ctzens4 I hope you wll enjoy (aby (lue>s

!anual of Legal %taton and that you wll jon ie n extendng iycongratulatons to +rofessor -prgian and hs students on the excellent job they

have perforied n rePcodng those rules4

%arl !alaiud

+ublc4,esource4#rg


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IntroductPon0elcoie to (aby(lueRa free= %reatve %oiionsPlcensed ipleientaton of

the (luebook>s /nfori -ystei of %taton4 (aby(lue was coipled by a teai of

students at the *ew 2ork /nversty -chool of Law= workng under the drecton

of +rofessor %hrstopher Jon -prgian4

(aby(lue sn>t the saie as the (luebook= but t does ipleient the saie

/nfori -ystei of %taton that the (luebook does4 .he scope of (aby(lue>s

coverage s roughly equvalent to the (luebook>s A(luepages@Rthat s= (aby(lue

covers legal ctaton for /4-4 legal iaterals= as well as books= perodcals= and

Internet and other electronc resources4 In addton= (aby(lue oêrs ctaton

gudance that s deeper than the (luebook>s (luepagesRfor exaiple= (aby(lue

has ctaton gudance for blls= and for legslatve hstory= that the (luepages lack4

For the iaterals that t covers= anyone usng (aby(lue wll produce brefs=ieioranda= law revew artcles= and other legal docuients wth ctatons that are

coipatble wth the /nfori -ystei of %taton4

*ote that (aby(lue>s scope does not extend to Tnow vrtually unusedU loosePleaf

reporters= nor to foregn legal iaterals or the publcatons of nternatonal

organzatons lke the /nted *atons4 !ost "iercan lawyers cte these iaterals

only rarely= and provdng ctaton rules for the enorious nuiber of

nternatonal jursdctons s part of what iakes the (luebook as unweldy as t

has becoie4(aby(lue oêrs a couple of iportant advantages to users= coipared wth the

(luebook4 /nlke the (luebook= (aby(lue s free4 Free n two dêrent ways that

are equally iportant4 Frst= (aby(lue s gven to you free of charge4 %onsderng

that the /nfori -ystei of %taton has becoie a basc pece of nfrastructure for

the "iercan systei of justce= t s vtal that pro se ltgants= prsoners= and others

seekng justce but who lack resources are gven eêctve access to the systei

lawyers use to cte to the law4 .hat nterest n access and basc farness s part of

what iotvated (aby(lue>s creaton4-econd= and perhaps even iore iportantly= (aby(lue s free of the restrctons

of copyrght4 2ou are free to copy and dstrbute ths work= andRiost

iportantlyRto iprove on t4 .hs s iportant= because we want people wth a

stake n our legal ctaton systei to help iake that systei sipler and better4 .o

acheve these goals= we are releasng (aby(lue under a %reatve %oiions A%%D@


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publc doian lcense that allows you to use t= copy t= dstrbute t= andRwe

hopeRiprove t4

-o= what sorts of iproveient do we hope forO .hs orgnal edton of (aby(lue

s coipatble wth the current= Dth edton of the (luebook4 0e wll adit=

however= that our decson to iake (aby(lue coipatble wth the (luebook>s

/nfori -ystei of %taton was iostly selfPnterested and strategcRwe want

people to adopt (aby(lue= and the best way to acheve that goal= we reasoned= was

to gve people a ctaton gude that they could use to produce docuients that look

as f they used the (luebook4

0e thnk ths s the rght path= at least ntally= but please understand that our

decson to iake (aby(lue (luebookPcoipatble doesn>t stopyou froi dong

otherwse4 .here are ways to iprove (aby(lue that nvolve breakng free of the

(luebook4 Indeed= n soie ways the recent edtons of the (luebook have adopted

an unhelpfully overPprescrptve approach to ctaton that has resulted n needlesscoiplexty4 It wasn>t always that way4 (ack n KK= the Dth edton of the

(luebook declared that AVtWhe priary purpose of a ctaton s to facltate _ndng

and dentfyng the authorty cted4 .he rules set forth n ths booklet should not

be consdered nvarable4 0henever clarty wll be served= the ctaton fori

should be altered wthout hestaton6 whenever a ctaton would not aiplfy the

dent_caton of the authorty referred to= no ctaton should be gven4@

.hat sounds rght to us4 %an we get back to a iore sensble= `exble systei of

legal ctatonO (aby(lue takes the _rst step by restatng the /nfori -ystei of%taton for /4-4 legal iaterals= and for books= perodcals= and Internet and other

electronc resources4 .he next step s up to you4 .ake (aby(lue= use t= enjoy t=

iprove tRiaybe you nternatonal lawyers out there wll add coverage of

foregn and nternatonal lawO .hen= consstent wth the sprt of our projectRgve

your iproveients to the world4

+rofessor %hrstopher Jon -prgian

*ew 2ork /nversty -chool of Law


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!3 '!$K%+".)& +.LE,

+:3 -wo -ypes of LegQl &ocuOents

.here are two basc varetes of legal docuients4 .he /nfori -ystei of %taton

iposes soiewhat d^erent ctaton rules for each4

-tandard Legal 'ocuients T-L'sU4 .hese are the docuients lawyers _le ncourts= agences= or other places where practcng lawyers do what they doTe4g4= brefs and iotonsU4 .hey also nclude the docuients lawyers wrte toone another or to the publc Te4g4= legal letters and legal ieiorandaU4

"cadeic Legal 'ocuients T"L'sU4 .hese are artcles for publcaton nlaw revews4

'!'1'L.E$L.EFor reasons that iake very lttle sense= the /nfori -ystei of %taton treats-L's and "L's d^erently4 If we were desgnng the systei froi scratch= weBdscrap ths dstncton4 (ut for the ioient= we>re stuck wth t4 In (aby(lue=we>ll state the rules for -L's4 0hen we need to refer to "L's spec_cally= weBlldo that4

+;3 -ypefQce ,tQndQrds

#nly the followng teis should be talczed5

%ase naiesRboth full and short case naies= and procedural phrasesTe4g4=!n re and ex pVrteU precedng the case naies Tbut note the specalgudance for "L's n ,ule 44GU6

(ook ttles

"rtcle ttles

Legslatve iaterals> ttles

Introductory sgnals Te4g4=see> cf= and VccordU

Explanatory phrases that ntroduce subsequent case hstory Te4g4= VOdor cert= denUedU

%ross references= Te4g4 UnfrV> suprV and Ud=U

0ords and phrases that ntroduce related authorty Te4g4= reprUnted Unand VvVUlVble UnU

,44

,44

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.he followng words should be UtVlUcUzed when used n the text of -L's5

+ublcaton ttles Te4g4 ,he 'nUonU

0ords that are talczed n the orgnal quotaton6 and

"ll words that would be talczed n the text Te4g4= foregn words that

are not coiionly used n Englsh language docuientsU4

'!'1'L.E$L.E.he typewrter was nvented around the MDs4 .he _rst edton of the(luebook s froi K4 .ypewrters of that era dd not support talcs orboldface4 If you wanted to eiphasze text= your sole opton was to underlne4.hroughout (aby(lue= youBll see us talczng text rather than underlnng=because that>s how we do t n the st %entury4 .he (luebook Dth Ed4 stllgves you the opton to do ether= but you know where we stand4

+s local rules4

In contrast to -L's= "L's rely on footnotes for ctatons4%tatons Followng -entences

!ost ctatons n -L's follow coiplete text sentences4 It s coiionto have several ctatons followng a sentence= wth each ctatonseparated by a seicolon Tknown as a Astrng ctaton@U4

It s also coiion to eiploy iore than one ntroductory sgnal= wthctatons ntroduced by d^erent sgnals arranged as separatesentences4 TFor the order n whch ntroductory sgnals are arranged=see ,ule 4= below4U /se ths ctaton iethod to cte to sources andauthortes that relate to the sentence as a whole4

ExQOple4 Even f the ieanng of the statute were not plan= the F%%>sconstructon of the KK "ct s reasonable and therefore enttled todeference4 +ee Chevron -=+=A=> !nc= v= &Vt= *es= Defense CouncUl> !nc= = /4-4 MG TKMU4 +ee Vlso &VtOl CVble K ,elecoTTs= Assn= v= BrVnd 0 !nternet+vcs== /4-4 K= DDD TDDU Tholdng that Chevron iandates thatcourts defer to the F%%>s reasonable nterpretaton of ts authorty

,44

,G44

,G44


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under the statutes that the agency adinsters= even where a currentF%% nterpretaton s nconsstent wth past practceU6oTe CVre Assn=of ATer= v= /eUl= *o4 PDM T'4%4 %r4 "ug4 = DU T_ndng the'epartient of Labor>s reasonable nterpretaton of a provson of theFar Labor -tandards "ct was enttled to deference under Chevron=even where t contravened prevous reasonable nterpretaton of saie

provsonU4

%tatons 0thn -entences

-oie ctatons n -L's are placed wthn sentences4 /se wthnPsentence ctatons to cte sources and authortes that relate toonly VsectUon of the sentence4 -eparate wthnPsentence ctatons froi thetext wth coiias4 .he ctaton clauses drectly follow the clai whchthey support4 'o not iodel thei aer norial sentences unless5

the clause opens wth a source that would be captalzed

anywayRths s the only case where the clause should begn wtha captal letter6 or

t s the sentence>s _nal clauseRths s the only case where theclause should end wth a perod4

ExQOple4 nowngly throwng underszed groupers overboard toavod federal agents nvestgatng a volaton of federal conservatonregulatons s not destructon of evdence wthn the ieanng of the-arbanesQ#xley "ct of DD=see 1Vtes v= -nUted +tVtes= G -4 %t4 D

TDU= even though the Eleventh %rcut _shly held just the opposte=-nUted +tVtes v= 1Vtes= GG F4Gd DK Tth %r4 DGU4

'!'1'L.E$L.E-cholars have crtczed ths elaborate systei of strng ctatons= requrng thewrter to deterine not only the degrees of authortatveness of reledPuponworks but also to dsclose ther precse relevance= ncludng TperplexnglyUsources contrary to the wrter>s arguient4 #ne ight ask why the legalprofesson chose for tself such an odd and onerous ctaton systei4 #necoiientator descrbes the systei as derved froi an Aanxety ofauthortatveness4@ !chael (acchus= +trung 'ut? $egVl CUtVtUon> ,he Bluebook> Vndthe AnxUety of AuthorUty= / +enn4 L ,ev4 TDDU4

,G4G4


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+=3 ,PgnQls

" sgnal llustrates the relatonshp between the author>s asserton and thesource cted for that asserton4 .he sgnal begns the ctaton sentence orclause4

.here are four basc categores of sgnals5

$Qtegory ,PgnQls

TU V*o sgnalW

TU E4g4=

TGU "ccord

TU -ee

TU -ee "lso

-gnals for-upportng"uthorty

TU %f4

-gnals for%oiparson

TU %oipare wth

TMU %ontra

TKU (ut see

-gnals for%ontradctory"uthorty

TDU (ut cf4

-gnals for(ackground!ateral

TU -ee generally

0hen iore than one authorty s used n the saie ctaton= they should beordered _rst accordng to herarchy of ntroductory sgnals Tsee tableaboveU= and then wthn each sgnal by strength of authorty usng aseicolon n between each one Tsee ,ule D below5 "rder of !uthorPtPes

/PthPn EQch ,PgnQl ,trength of !uthorPtyU4

,44

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,4G4


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'!'1'L.E$L.EFor ctaton sentences= sgnals n the saie category are lsted wthn a snglectaton sentence= each one iarked o^ by seicolons6 sgnals n separatecategores= however= should be lsted n separate ctaton sentences4

Z ExQOple4 ALegal professonals love to hate strng ctatons= and crtcshave no shortage of reasons to vew thei wth conteipt4@ !ark %ooney=+trUngUng *eVders Along= !ch4 (4J4 T'ec4 DDU4 +ee Vlso &erald Lebovts=/rUte the CUtes *Ught(Vrt !!= *424 -t4 (4J4 T'ec4 DDU6 !ark +4 +anter=63 ,Ups to !Tprove *eVdVbUlUty Un BrUefs Vnd $egVl DocuTents 'r> ow to /rUtefor "udges> not lUke "udges= G !ont4 Law T"pr4 DDU4But cf= ,he Bluebook? A-nUforT +ysteT of CUtVtUon T%oluiba Law ,evew "ss>n et al4 eds4= Dth ed4DU Tcreatng and iantanng a coiplcated systei of ctaton sgnalswhch iay encourage ths knd of behavorU4 +ee generVlly ,chard "4+osner=AgVUnst Footnotes= GM %t4 ,ev4 TDDU4

'!'1'L.E$L.EFor ctaton clauses= all sgnals Trrespectve of categoryU are lsted wthn asngle ctaton clause and separated by seicolons4

Z ExQOple4 'espte the popularty of apple cder vnegar= the -upreie%ourt questoned the use of dred apples n place of fresh by rulng that

such a change resulted n islabelng=see -nUted +tVtes v= &UnetyFUveBVrrels= /4-4 GM TKU6 cf= -nUted +tVtes v= ,hUrty BVrrels of Apple BrVndy=MD /4-4 'st LE1I- MD T'4 y4 MDU6 but cf= !d4 "grc4 %ode "nn4 [DPMD4

+>3 $QpPtQlPzQtPon +ules

.he sgnal s captalzed at the begnnng of a ctaton sentence4

ExQOple4 /nbelevable as t iay be= the -upreie %ourt has weghedn on the ssue of whether a toiato s a frut or vegetable4 +ee &Ux v=eden= K /4-4 GD TMKGU4

.he sgnal s le n lowercase at the begnnng of a ctaton clause4

ExQOple4 Even seeingly trval ssues=see= e=g==&Ux v= eden= K /4-4GD TMKGU Taddressng the queston of whether toiatoes are fruts orvegetablesU= can soieties iert nput froi the -upreie %ourt4

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+?3 ,PgnQls for ,upportPng !uthorPty

5 " ctaton does not need a sgnal fPP

.he source iakes the saie asserton6 or

ExQOple4 .o ipose the death penalty on an ndvdual who s

crinally nsane s unconsttutonal4Ford v= /VUnwrUght= /4-4GKK= D TKMU4

.he asserton s a drect quotaton froi the source6 or

ExQOple4 -tates are prohbted Afroi n`ctng the penalty ofdeath upon a prsoner who s nsane4@Ford v= /VUnwrUght= /4-4GKK= D TKMU4

.he source s referred to n the asserton4

ExQOple4 In cases lke*oper=AtkUns= andFord= the -upreie %ourt

has establshed certan classes of ndvduals upon whch thedeath penalty iay not be iposed4*oper v= +UTTons= G /4-4 = TDDU6AtkUns v= .UrgUnUV= G /4-4 GD= G TDDU6Ford v=/VUnwrUght= /4-4 GKK= D TKMU4

E=g==

/se Ae=g==@ f the cted source s one of iultple sources to iake thesaie asserton4 .he ctaton iay nclude however iany sources theauthor _nds to be helpful4 *ote that the coiia n the sgnal Ae=g==@

should *#. be talczed4 ExQOple4 In a crinal case= the state bears the burden of

provng the defendant>s gult Abeyond a reasonable doubt4@E=g==+tVte v= (urrUer= GG +4Gd = T#r4 %t4 "pp4 DU4

ExQOple4 +ror to the -upreie %ourt>s decson n*Uley v=CVlUfornUV= G -4 %t4 G TDU= several crcuts had generallyallowed the polce to conduct warrantless searches of cell phonesof ndvduals under arrest4E=g== -=+= v= %urphy= F4Gd D= Tth %r4 DDKU6 -=+= v= FUnley= F4Gd D= D Tth %r4 DDU4

AE=g==@ iay also be used followng any other sgnal= n whch case antalczed coiia should separate the two sgnals4 *ote5 .he coiian the sgnal Ae=g==@ should *#. be talczed4

ExQOple4 -everal states have enacted legslaton requrngwtnesses to report certan cries to authortes4 +ee> e=g== %olo4,ev4 -tat4 "nn4 [ MPMP T0est DU6 !ass4 &en4 Laws "nn4 ch4M= [ D T0est DU6 #ho ,ev4 %ode "nn4 [ K4 T0est DU4

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ExQOple4 !ost states have not enacted legslaton requrngwtnesses to report cries to authortes4But see> e=g== %olo4 ,ev4-tat4 "nn4 [ MPMP T0est DU6 !ass4 &en4 Laws "nn4 ch4 M= [D T0est DU6 #ho ,ev4 %ode "nn4 [ K4 T0est DU4

Accord

Accord s used when iore than one source substantates a proposton=but the text quotes just one of thei4 /se Vccord as the ntroductorysgnal for the nonPquoted sources4 "lso= Vccord iay be used as thentroductory sgnal for ndcatng that the law of one jursdcton sconsstent wth the law of another4

ExQOple4Justn (eber ight be one of the iost Awdelydespsed _gures n pop iusc VwhoW stll iantans a foridablefan base4@ eth &rard="ustUn BUeber +eeks to %Vke ATends> "uTp+tVrt CVreer on Ellen= .heIiproper !agazne TJan4 = DU=

http5]]www4theiproper4coi]MGD]justnPbeberPseeksPaiendsPjuipstartPcareerPellenPwatch]6 Vccord %hrssy !akkas="ustUn BUeber Fronts . %VgVzUneOs %usUc !ssue ForuT Buzz= .heFashon -pot TJan4 = DU= http5]]www4thefashonspot4coi]buzzPnews]foruiPbuzz]DGPjustnPbeberPfrontsPvPiagaznesPiuscPssuePforuiPbuzz] TAJustn (eber s apolarzng _gure 4 4 4 4@U4

+ee

+ee s used when an authorty does not drectly state but clearlysupports the proposton4 +ee s used nstead of when annferental step s requred to connect the proposton to the authortycted4

ExQOple4 .he defendant n a crinal case cannot be forced totestfy aganst hiself or herself4 +ee /4-4 %onst4 aiend4 )4

+ee Vlso

+ee Vlso s used for addtonal sources that support a proposton4 /sesee Vlso when authorty that states or clearly supports the propostonhas already been cted or dscussed4 .he use of a parenthetcal srecoiiended when usngsee Vlso4

ExQOple4 -low and steady wns the race4 +ee 'on 'aly= ,heClVssUc ,reVsury of AesopOs FVbles GP TKKKU6see Vlso ,he +hVwshVnk*edeTptUon T%astle ,ock Entertanient KKU Tprsoner tunnelsout of a prson by reiovng a few stones per dayU4

Cf=

,4G4

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Cf= s used for supportng authorty that s analogous to yourproposton= or whch s related but whch requres soie nterpretvework to connect to your proposton4 "lways use a parenthetcal wthcf= to explan the logcal connecton requred for the arguient4

ExQOple4 In the legal reali= there s a need for an easyPtoPuse=

standard set of ctaton rules4 Cf= ,he Bluebook? A -nUforT +ysteT ofCUtVtUon T%oluiba Law ,evew "ss>n et al4 eds4= Dth ed4 DUTdeionstratng= by vrtue of D edtons= the need for such asystei= but producng a systei that s overly coiplexU4

+A3 ,PgnQls for $oOpQrPson

CoTpVre = wUth

CoTpVre = = = s used when the relatonshp of iultple authortes wlldeionstrate or o^er support for the proposton4 It s hghlyrecoiiended that each authorty n the coiparson be explanedwth a parenthetcal n order to iake the relatonshp and arguientclear to the reader4 Each porton of the coTpVre = = = sgnal iay contaniultple sources6 separate these sources usng coiias and talczedAVnd@ as follows4

ExQOple4 .he Dth %entury saw sweepng changes n thede_nton and scope of the 'ue +rocess %lause4 CoTpVre $ochnerv= &ew 1ork= KM /4-4 TKDU Tshowng the -upreie %ourt>s

hstorcal nterpretaton of the 'ue +rocess %lause as solelyprotectng an ndvdual>s rght to contractU= wUth %cDonVld v=ChUcVgo= /4-4 TDDU Tncorporatng the -econd"iendient usng the 'ue +rocess %lauseU=B%/ of &orthATerUcV> !nc= v= Gore= /4-4 K TKKU Tutlzng the 'ue +rocess%lause to reduce puntve daiagesU= Vnd DolVn v= CUty of ,UgVrd= /4-4 G TKKU Tlitng the zonng and ordnance powers oflocal governients under the 'ue +rocess %lauseU4

+B3 ,PgnQls for $ontrQdPctory !uthorPtyContrV

ContrV s used when a cted authorty drectly con`cts wth theproposton t follows4 ContrV s the opposte sgnal to 4

ExQOple4 .he (luebook s an exaiple of absolute ecency nthe foriulaton and expresson of the rules of legal ctaton4

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ContrV ,chard "4 +osner= ,he Bluebook Blues= D 2ale L4J4 KDTDU4

But see

But see s used for authorty that= whle not drectly contradctng theian proposton= nonetheless clearly opposes t4But see s the

opposte sgnal tosee4

ExQOple4 I have the rght to falsely shout AFreN@ n a crowdedtheater4But see +chenck v= -nUted +tVtes= K /4-4 TKKU4

But cf=

But cf= s used to ndcate that an authorty supports a proposton thats silar to the opposte of the author>s ian proposton4But cf= sthe opposte sgnal to cf="lways use a parenthetcal wth but cf= toexplan the logcal connecton requred for the arguient4 .hs s the

weakest sgnal for contrary authorty4

ExQOple4 ,estaurant coiiercals sell a vson of dnner as acornerstone daly ieal4But cf4 8 ,hUngs to #now About %cDonVldsAll DVy BreVkfVst= .I!E= T#ct4 = DU= http5]]tie4coi]ioney]D]icdonaldsPallPdayPbreakfast]4

+@3 ,PgnQls for 'Qckground QterPQl

+ee generVlly

+ee generVlly s used for useful background iateral4 It srecoiiended that you use a parenthetcal wthsee generVlly n orderto explan the authorty>s relevance to the proposton4

ExQOple4 -oie coiientators have argued that the -upreie%ourt does iore than Acall balls and strkes=@ and that poltcsiay even be nvolved n soie decsoniakng4 +ee generVllyJe^rey .oobn= ,he &Une? !nsUde the +ecret /orld of the +upreTe CourtTDDU Targung that the work of the -upreie %ourt oennvolves the Justces iposng values and even poltcal

preferencesU4

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+:93 "rder of !uthorPtPes /PthPn EQch ,PgnQl ,trength of!uthorPty

'!'1'L.E$L.EFollow the order below for ctng authortes wthn a sgnal4 However= there s

one excepton5 f an authorty s iore helpful than others cted wthn a sgnal=t should be cted _rst4

%onsttutons4 #rder consttutons froi the saie jursdcton froi iostrecent to oldest4

4 Federal

4 -tate Talphabetze accordng to stateU

G4 Foregn Talphabetze accordng to jursdctonU

4 Foundatonal 'ocuients of Internatonal &roups T/nted *atons=the League of *atons= and the European /non= n that orderU

-tatutes

Federal5

4 -tatutes n /4-4%4= /4-4%4"4= or /4-4%4-4 Tn ascendng order by/4-4%4 .tleU

4 %urrent statutes that are not n /4-4%4= /4-4%4"4= or /4-4%4-4

Tfroi iost recently enacted to oldestU

G4 ,ules of Evdence and +rocedure

4 ,epealed -tatutes Tfroi iost recently enacted to oldestU

-tate Talphabetze accordng to stateU5

4 -tatutes currently cod_ed Tn ascendng order wthn thecod_catonU

4 -tatutes currently n force but not currently cod_ed Tfroi

iost recently enacted to oldestUG4 ,ules of Evdence and +rocedure

4 ,epealed -tatutes Tfroi iost recently enacted to oldestU

Foregn Talphabetze accordng to jursdctonU5

4 %odes or -tatutes currently cod_ed Tn ascendng order nthe cod_catonU

,D44

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,D444

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4 -tatutes currently n force but not currently cod_ed Tfroiiost recently enacted to oldestU

G4 ,epealed -tatutes Tfroi iost recently enacted to oldestU

.reates and #ther Internatonal "greeients Tother than those aboveU arected froi iost recently rat_ed]sgned to oldest4

%ases4 #rder cases froi the saie court froi iost recent to oldest=wthout regard to pror or subsequent hstory4 .here>s no d^erencebetween Federal %rcut %ourt of "ppeals or Federal 'strct %ourts4

Federal5

4 -upreie %ourt

4 %ourt of "ppeals= Eiergency %ourt of "ppeals= and.eiporary Eiergency %ourt of "ppeals

G4 %ourt of %lais= %ourt of %ustois= and +atent "ppeals and(ankruptcy "ppellate +anels

4 'strct %ourts= Judcal +anel on !ultdstrct Ltgaton= and%ourt of Internatonal .rade Tforierly the %ustois %ourtU

4 'strct (ankruptcy %ourts and ,alroad ,eorganzaton%ourt

4 %ourt of Federal %lais Tforierly the .ral 'vson for the%ourt of %laisU= %ourt of "ppeals for the "ried -ervces

Tforierly the %ourt of !ltary "ppealsU= and .ax %ourtTforierly the (oard of .ax "ppealsU

4 "dinstratve "gences Talphabetze accordng to agencyU

-tate5

4 %ourts Talphabetze accordng to state= then by herarchy ndescendng orderU

4 "gences Talphabetze accordng to state= then by agencyU

Foregn54 %ourts Talphabetze accordng to jursdcton= then by

herarchy n descendng orderU

4 "gences Talphabetze accordng to jursdcton= then byagencyU

Internatonal5

,D4G4

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4 Internatonal %ourt of Justce= +erianent %ourt ofInternatonal Justce

4 #ther Internatonal .rbunals and "rbtral +anels Tnalphabetcal orderU

Legslatve !aterals Talways cte federal iaterals _rstU

4 (lls and ,esolutons Tiost recent to oldestU

4 %oiittee Hearngs Tiost recent to oldestU

G4 ,eports= 'ocuients= and %oiittee +rnts Tiost recent to oldestU

4 Floor 'ebates Tiost recent to oldestU

"dinstratve and Executve !aterals

Federal5

4 Executve #rders4 %urrent .reasury ,egulatons= +roposed .reasury

,egulatons

G4 "ll #ther ,egulatons currently n force Tnuiercally by%4F4,4 ttle n ascendng orderU

4 +roposed ,ules not yet n force Tnuiercally by future %4F4,4ttles= f any= n ascendng order6 otherwse froi iostrecently proposed to oldestU

4 "ll !aterals repealed Tfroi iost recently proiulgated tooldestU

-tate5

4 -tate Talphabetze accordng to stateU= currently n force= thenrepealed

Foregn5

4 Foregn Talphabetze accordng to jursdctonU= currently n

force= then repealed,esolutons= 'ecsons= and ,egulatons of Intergoverniental#rganzatons

4 /nted *atons and League of *atons Tfroi iost recent to oldestby ssung body= lstng &eneral "sseibly _rst= then -ecurty%ouncl= then other organs alphabetcallyU

4 #ther #rganzatons Tn alphabetcal order by naieU

,D44

,D44

,D444

,D444

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,ecords= (refs= and +ettons are cted n the saie order as dscussed n,ule D44 (refs froi the saie case and court are ordered5 TU plant^]pettoner6 TU defendant]respondent6 TU aicus curae Talphabetzeaccordng to aicus partyU

-econdary !aterals

4 /nfori %odes= !odel %odes= and ,estateients= n that orderTfroi iost recent to oldest wthn each categoryU

4 (ooks= +aiphlets= and -horter 0orks n a collecton of sngleauthor>s works Tn alphabetcal order by author>s last naie6 whenthere s no author= by the ttle>s _rst wordU

G4 Journal +eces Texcludng iagaznes= newspapers= and studentPwrtten iateralsU= ncludng Forthcoing 0orks and -horter0orks n a collecton of varous authors> works Tn alphabetcal

order by _rst author>s last naieU4 (ook ,evews not wrtten by students Talphabetze accordng to

revewer>s last naieU

4 -tudentP0rtten Law ,evew +eces ncludng (ook ,evews Tnalphabetcal order by author>s last naie6 f there s no author= by thettle>s _rst word6 f there s no ttle= alphabetcally by the perodcal>sabbrevatonU

4 "nnotatons Tfroi iost recently publshed to oldestU

4 !agazne and *ewspaper "rtcles Tn alphabetcal order by author>slast naie6 f there s no author= by the ttle>s _rst wordU

M4 0orkng +apers Tn alphabetcal order by author>s last naie6 f theres no author= by the ttle>s _rst wordU

K4 /npublshed !aterals not forthcoing Tn alphabetcal order byauthor>s last naie6 f there s no author= by the ttle>s _rst wordU

D4 Electronc -ources= ncludng Internet -ources Tn alphabetcal orderby author>s last naie6 f there s no author= by the ttle>s _rst wordU

%rossPreferences to the author>s own text or footnotes4

,D4M4

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'3 $!,E,

'!'1'L.E$L.E"lthough the (luebook encourages ctatons to Lexs or 0estlaw whenapproprate= note that iany of the states have adopted publc doian or

ieda neutral ctaton of cases= as shown n .able 4 (aby (lue encourages theuse of publc doian or ieda neutral ctatons4

+::3 Full cPtQtPon

Eleients of a full ctaton4 0hen provdng a full ctaton to a case= youshould generally nclude the followng5

4 case naie6

4 voluie nuiber= reporter= _rst page6

G4 pncte Tthe exact page nuiber you are referrng to= f necessaryU6

4 court= year Tsee specal nstructons below for pendng andunreported casesU6

4 explanatory parenthetcal Tf necessaryU6

4 pror or subsequent hstory of the case Tf anyU4

ExQOples4

$eonVrd v= (epsUco> !nc== MM F4 -upp4 d = T-4'4*424 KKKUTA+lant^>s understandng of the coiiercal as an o^er iust also berejected because the %ourt _nds that no objectve person couldreasonably have concluded that the coiiercal actually o^eredconsuiers a Harrer Jet4@U= VOd= D F4Gd MM Td %r4 DDDU4

,oolson v= &=1= 1Vnkees> !nc== G /4-4 G TKGU Tper curaiU Taringbaseball>s exeipton froi the scope of federal anttrust lawsU4

%ase *aie4 %ase naies are oen lengthy4 .herefore when ctng to a case=

do not always nclude the case naie n full4

0hen referrng to a case wth an ndvdual>s naie n the case

naie= use the person>s full faily naie T4e4= ther last naieU4 'elete

_rst naie and ntals= except when the full naie of the person s n

a language that lsts the surnaie _rst= or when referrng to the naie

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of a busness or where the court has abbrevated the party>s

surnaie4

ExQOple4 .Vn $eeuwen v= +outo de %ourV

ExQOple4"VTes ,= #Urk K Assocs= v= $uke +=

$orrect4 +TUth v= "onesIncorrect4"onVthVn = +TUth v= AllUson ,= "ones

$orrect40u $VntUng v= /ong

Incorrect40u $VntUng v= "VTes /ong

#nly nclude the last naie of the _rst lsted party of the plant^sand the _rst lsted party of the defendants4

Italcze everythng n the case naie= but don>t talcze the coiia

at the end of the case naie4 Excepton for "L's5 do not talcze casenaies n "L' full ctatons= but do talcze case naies n "L' shortfori ctatons and procedural phrases such as A!n re=@

'elete Aet al4@= ncknaies= and alases4

$orrect4"Vckson v= $evUston

Incorrect4 CurtUs "VTes "Vckson !!!> pMkMV 83 Cent v= $VstonUV $evUston

,eplace procedural phrases= and oit all besdes the _rst proceduralphrase4

4 0hen you see Aon the relaton of=@ Aon behalf of=@ and silar

expressons= replace wth Aex rel=@

$orrect4AJeck ex rel= DVTon v= #UTTel

Incorrect4Ben AJeck> on behVlf of %Vtt DVTon v= "UTTy #UTTel>

et Vl=

4 0hen you see An the iatter of=@ Apetton of=@ and silar

expressons= replace wth A!n re@= except do not use A!n re@= or

any procedural phrases besdes Aex rel=@ when the case naie

contans the naie of an adversary4

$orrect4!n re &VtUonVl FootbVll $eVgue (lVyersO ConcussUon !njury

$UtUgVtUon

Incorrect4!n the %Vtter of &VtUonVl FootbVll $eVgue (lVyersO

ConcussUon !njury $UtUgVtUon

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$orrect4EstVte of "ones v= +TUth

Incorrect4!n re EstVte of "ones v= +TUth

"bbrevate words n case naies accordng to .able .4 If the

resultng abbrevaton s not aibguous= words of eght or iore

letters iay be abbrevated to save substantal space4 "lso oit terissuch as AL4L4%4@ and AInc4@ that ndcate the party s a busness when

that fact s iade clear because the party naie ncludes a word such

as A%o4@ or AIns4@

$orrect4 ContOl (Vper BVg Co= v= E= (Vper BVg Co=

Incorrect4 ContUnentVl (Vper BVg CoTpVny v= EVstern (Vper BVg Co=

ExceptPon4 do not abbrevate f the ctaton appears n a textual

sentence as explaned n ,ule 44K= below

"bbrevate countres= states= and other geographcal places

accordng to .able D4

$orrect4 Church of +cUentology of CVl= v= BlVckTVn

Incorrect4 Church of +cUentology of CVlUfornUV v= BlVckTVn

ExceptPon4 f the geographcal place s one of the partes n the case=

do not abbrevate t

$orrect4 +outh DVkotV v= FUSeen !Tpounded CVts

Incorrect4 +=D= v= FUSeen !Tpounded CVts

ExceptPon4 do not abbrevate f the geographcal place s part of a

ctaton that appears n a textual sentence as explaned n ,ule

44K= below

-pell out A/nted -tates@ when t s a naied party4

$orrect4 -nUted +tVtes v= &Unety FUve BVrrels> %ore or $ess

Incorrect4 -=+= v= &Unety FUve BVrrels> %ore or $ess

#it A+eople of=@ A-tate of=@ and A%oiionwealth of=@ unless ctng a

court located n that state= n whch case retan only A+eople=@ A-tate=@

or A%oiionwealth4@

$orrect4$essUg v= ColorVdo= /4-4 D TKKMU4

Incorrect4$essUg v= +tVte of ColorVdo= /4-4 D TKKMU4

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$orrect4$essUg v= +tVte= DK +4Gd T%olo4 KKU4

Incorrect4$essUg v= +tVte of ColorVdo= DK +4Gd T%olo4 KKU4

#it phrases such as A.own of@ and A%ty of@ f the expresson does

not coiprse the _rst part of the naie of a party4

$orrect4"VTes v= .UllVge of "VTestownIncorrect4"VTes v= "VTestown

$orrect4"VTes v= #Ung of "VTestown

Incorrect4"VTes v= #Ung of the .UllVge of "VTestown

'o not nclude a prepostonal phrase ndcatng locaton= unless the

resultng party naie would have only one word= or the phrase s

part of a busness> full naie4

$orrect4 +tevenson v= BoVrd of ,rVdeIncorrect4 +tevenson v= BoVrd of ,rVde of ColorVdo

$orrect4AC$- of &=D= v= "ones

Incorrect4AC$- v= "ones

$orrect4DVT ,hUngs froT DenTVrk v= *uss BerrUe K Co=

Incorrect4DVT ,hUngs v= *uss BerrUe K Co=

Include geographcal desgnatons ntroduced by a preposton= but

oit those that follow a coiia4 /se A/nted -tates@ nstead ofA/nted -tates of "ierca=@ but otherwse oit desgnatons of

natonal or larger geographcal areas4

$orrect4 CVlUfornUV BoVrd of CoTTerce v= CUty of +VcrVTento

Incorrect4 CVlUfornUV BoVrd of CoTTerce v= CUty of +VcrVTento>

CVlUfornUV

'elete Athe@ as the _rst word of a party>s naie= unless the party s

A,he )ueen@ or the A,he #Ung=@ or when referrng to the establshedpopular naie n a ctaton or ctaton clause4

ExQOple4 ,he *VUlroVd CoTTUssUon CVses

$orrect4!ntOl +ocOy for #rUshnV ConscUousness of CVl=> !nc= v= CUty of $os

Angeles

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Incorrect4!ntOl +ocOy for #rUshnV ConscUousness of CVl=> !nc= v= ,he CUty of

$os Angeles

ExceptPon4 retan Athe@ f t s part of the naie of the object of an Un

reT acton4

$orrect4!n re the +nug VrborIncorrect4!n re +nug Vrbor

.he %oiissoner of Internal ,evenue should be cted asA%oiissoner@ Tabbrevated as A%oii>r@ n ctatonsU4$orrect4(lVUnHeld-nUon /Vter Co= v= CoTTOr

Incorrect4(lVUnHeld-nUon /Vter Co= v= CoTTUssUoner of !nternVl

*evenue

For cases wth iultple dspostons= nclude an talczed dent_erf useful4 In future ctatons of that case= the dent_er can replace

the full case naie4

ExQOple4$UrUVno v= obVrt Corp= $UrUVno !!= K *424d G TKKMU4

$UrUVno v= obVrt Corp= $UrVUno !!!= D F4Gd = Td

%r4 KKKU Tctng$UrUVno !!= K *424d at GQGU4

If a iandaius acton s known by the naie of the judge aganst

whoi the wrt s sought= that naie can be ndcated n an talczedparenthetcal4

ExQOple4"ones v= -nUted +tVtes DUstrUct Court +TUth= MK /4-4 GG

TDU4

If a case s known both by the reported naie and a dstnct short

fori naie= always nclude the reported naie n a full ctaton4 .he

short naie iay be ncluded n talcs n a parenthetcal4

ExQOple4!ndus= -nUon DepOt> AF$C!' v= AT= (etroleuT !nst= ,heBenzene CVse= M /4-4 D= D TKMDU4

"bbrevate any coiionly recognzed organzatons= such as the

-E% and the "%L/4

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$orrect4*ed $Uon BroVdcVstUng Co= v= FCC= GK /4-4 G TKKU4

Incorrect4*ed $Uon BroVdcVstUng Co= v= FederVl CoTTunUcVtUons

CoTTUssUon= GK /4-4 G TKKU4

If you>re ncludng the case naie n the iddle of the sentence

Tnstead of at the end of a sentence or a footnoteU do *#.abbrevate words lsted n the tables referenced n ,ule 44 and

,ule 44 above4

$orrect4"ccordng to ,exVs DepVrtTent of CoTTunUty AVUrs v=

BurdUne= once the plant^ has establshed aprUTV fVcUe case= there s a

rebuttable presuipton of unlawful dscrinaton4 D /4-4 M=

TKMU4

Incorrect4"ccordng to ,exVs DepOt of CTty= AVUrs v= BurdUne= once

the plant^ has establshed aprUTV fVcUe case= there s a rebuttablepresuipton of unlawful dscrinaton4 D /4-4 M= TKMU4

ExceptPon4 -horten wellPknown acronyis and the followng eght

words5 A=@ A"ss>n=@ A(ros4=@ A%o4=@ A%orp4=@ AInc4=@ ALtd4=@ and A*o4@

$orrect4 In%cDonnell DouglVs Corp= v= Green= the -upreie %ourt

held that n a dsparate treatient case= the plant^ bears the ntal

burden of establshng aprUTV fVcUe case of eiployient

dscrinaton4 /4-4 K TKGU4

Incorrect4 In%cDonnell DouglVs CorporVtUon v= Green= the -upreie%ourt held that n a dsparate treatient case= the plant^ bears the

ntal burden of establshng aprUTV fVcUe case of eiployient

dscrinaton4 /4-4 K TKGU4

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'!'1'L.E$L.E.here are iultple ways to ncorporate a case ctaton n the text of an artcle=bref= or other wrtten work4 In the prevous exaiple Treproduced belowU= thecase naie s stated n the text and the rest of the ctaton s ncluded as aseparate sentence4 .here s no strct rule here= so choose whchever iethod

wll be clearer to the reader4In%cDonnell DouglVs Corp= v= Green= the -upreie %ourt held that n a dsparatetreatient case= the plant^ bears the ntal burden of establshng aprUTV fVcUecase of eiployient dscrinaton4 /4-4 K TKGU

"lternatvely= one can nclude the entre ctaton nPtext as follows5

In%cDonnell DouglVs Corp= v= Green= /4-4 K TKGU= the -upreie %ourt heldthat n a dsparate treatient case= the plant^ bears the ntal burden ofestablshng aprUTV fVcUe case of eiployient dscrinaton4

)oluie *uiber= ,eporter= Frst page4 .he ctaton should nclude5 voluienuiber of the reporter= abbrevated naie of the reporter Tlsted byjursdcton n accordance wth .able .U= _rst page of the case4

ExQOple4 ,errUble v= ,errUble= G +4d KK T*ev4 KU Tdenyng exPhusband>s petton to splt up property he and exPwfe owned astenants n coiionU4

.hs s how you decode case ctatons4 .he le coluin shows what your

ctaton should look lke4 .he rght coluin shows what the ctaton ieans

for soieone lookng for the case4

$PtQtPon +eporter

DeTosthenes v= BVVl= K /4-4 G TKKDU4 )ol4 K= p4 G of /nted -tates ,eports

-nUted +tVtes v= L457>8:3 -=+= Currency= MG F4d DTKth %r4 KMKU4

)ol4 MG= p4 D of Federal ,eporter=-econd -eres

GuccU ATerUcV> !nc= v= Guess@> !nc== MG F4 -upp4 d GT-4'4*424 DU4

)ol4 MG= p4 G of Federal -uppleient=-econd -eres

VTburger v= Fry= GGM +4d DMM T#kla4 KMU4 )ol4 GGM= p4 DMM of +ac_c ,eporter=-econd -eres

CVTp v= +uperTVn= K )t4 T)t4 KU4 )ol4 K= p4 of )eriont ,eports

+ncte4 .o drect the reader to the spec_c page you are referrng to= youiust nclude a pPncPte aer you lst the _rst page where the case s foundn the reporter4

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ExQOple4%Vttel> !nc= v= %CA *ecords> !nc== K F4Gd MK= KDM TKth %r4DDU TA.he partes are advsed to chll4@U

ExQOple4Brown v= +tVte= -4E4d G= G T&a4 %t4 "pp4 KU TA.he'4 "4 was ready4 Hs case was redPhot4 'efendant was present= Hswtness was not4@U4

'!'1'L.E$L.EIf the pncte s the _rst page of the opnon= be sure to stll nclude t by justrepeatng the nuiber4

+ncte referencng iultple pages or a page range5

4 !ultple pages5 Gordon v= +ecretVry of +tVte of &ew "ersey= D F4 -upp4D= D= DM T'4*4J4 KMU Tdsissng a coiplant chargng that

plant^= by reason of hs llegal ncarceraton n jal= had beendeprved of the oce of the +resdent of the /nted -tatesU4

4 +age range5elton v= +tVte= G -o4 d GM= GMQM TFla4 'st4 %t4 "pp4KU Trectng the prosecutor>s closng arguients n a parody ofAO,wVs the &Ught Before ChrUstTVs@U4

G4 +assi4 If your proposton appears n iany locatons n theopnon= or f you are referrng to a general dea that pervades asource= feel free to append the word Apassi@ nstead of a pncte4

ExQOple4"nyone alve n the eghteenth century would have knownthat the problei of deterinng a shp>s longtude at sea was one ofthe iost proinent scent_c quests of the day4 'ava -obel=$ongUtude?,he ,rue +tory of V $one GenUus /ho +olved the GreVtest +cUentUHc (robleTof Us ,UTe T*ew 2ork5 +engun= KKU= passi4

'!'1'L.E$L.EFor page ranges consstng of page nuibers DD or greater= you need onlyprovde the last two dgts of the second nuiber n the page range= provdngthat the precedng dgts are dentcal between the two nuibers Te4g4= MQMK6MQU4 #therwse= nclude both nuibers n ther entrety Te4g4= KKQGU4

Z ExQOple4 +elTon v= Vsbro BrVdley> !nc== K F4 -upp4 = PG T-4'4*424KMU Tcoiparng a ALeoPLaio@ Ta hybrd lon]laib anial characterU= to aA(uiblelon@ Ta hybrd buiblebee]lon toy anialU n the context of acopyrght nfrngeient claiU4

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'!'1'L.E$L.ELearn to d^erentate between hyphens= en dashes= and ei dashes4 .hese threeiarks all coiprse short= horzontal lnes that wth the help of glasses and]or aiagnfyng glass= you wll see have icroscopcally varyng lengths4

Z Hyphens Tshortest n lengthU are used for5 phrasal adjectves Te4g4= AlaserPsharp focus=@ AlargerPthanPlfe character=@ and coipound words Te4g4=AdaughterPnPlaw=@ AoverPthePcounter@U4

Z En dQshes Tlonger than hyphens= shorter than ei dashesU are used for5ranges of values Te4g4= page rangesU and contrastng or connected pars ofwords Te4g4= -arbanesQ#xley "ctU4

Z EO dQshes Tlongest n lengthU are used for5 nsertng a break n a thought6solatng a concludng phrase6 settng on a parenthetcal explanaton oraipl_caton6 and sgnalng a collecton of deas4 Te4g4= 0hen her new

)olkswagen was _nally delveredRnearly three ionths aer t wasordered and followng the revelaton of )0Bs iassve scheie ofeissons control fraudR"lce decded she ddnBt want t4U

%tng a footnote4 .o cte a footnote= provde a page nuiber followediiedately wth a footnote nuiber= usng An4@ to show footnote nuiber4.here s no space between An4@ and the footnote nuiber5

ExQOple4DVvUs v= CUty of &ew 1ork= KD F4 -upp4 d D= n4

T-4'4*424 DU T'escrbng how JayP3 Ashowcased hs knowledge ofthese Fourth "iendient rghts@ n hs song;; (robleTs4U

+:;3 $ourt M 1eQr

%tatons should nclude both the decdng court and the year of decsonn parentheses4

-ee .able . for how to abbrevate the naies of all /4-4 federal and statecourts4

-ee the chart below for coiion exaiples5

$ourt +ule ExQOple

/nted-tates-upreie%ourt

/se /4-4 f the opnon s publshed n the/nted -tates ,eports4 If not= use -4 %t4

,wo (esos> !nc= v= ,Vco CVbVnV> !nc== D/4-4 G TKKU4

Brown v= EntTOt %erchs= AssOn= G -4 %t4K= GM TDU Tnotng that Justce "lto

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$ourt +ule ExQOple

YYY0hen ctng to a -upreie %ourtdecson= just cte the year and oit thecourt>s naie4

has done Aconsderable ndependentresearch@ on volent vdeo gaies for hsdssentU4

Federal%ourts

of"ppeals

Ether F4= F4d= or F4Gd= dependng on thedecson4

BVtTVn v= CoTTUssUoner= MK F4d D Tth%r4 KU4

&Vnce v= -nUted +tVtes= KK F4d = T'4%4 %r4 KU TAHow do you know t wasie= when I had a handkerchef over iyfaceO@U4

Federal'strct%ourts

Ether F4 -upp4 or F4 -upp4 d dependngon the decson4

FrUgVlUTent !TportUng Co= v= B=&=+=!nternVtUonVl +Vles Corp== KD F4 -upp4 = T-4'4*424 KDU TA.he ssue s= what schckenO@U4

CVrtUer v= AVron FVber !nc== F4 -upp4 d T-4'4*424 DDU4

-tateHgh%ourts

%te to the regonal reporter for the regonn whch the court sts= f the opnonappears there4 If not= cte to the state>socal reporter= as lsted n .able .4

*ote5 If ctng an ocal reporter thatpublshes only decsons of the state>shghest court Te4g4= A%al4@ for the %alforna-upreie %ourt>s reporterU= do not ncludethe court>s naie n parentheses4

,errUble v= ,errUble= G +4d KK T*ev4KU4

+tVte v= 'ne 4;:3 5Door +edVn *VTbler=G *404 K T*eb4 KU4

#ther-tate%ourts

%te to the regonal reporter for the regonn whch the court sts= f the opnonappears there4 If not= cte to the state>socal reporter n .able .4*ote5 'o )"- nclude the departient ordstrct of nteriedate state courts4

Brown v= +wUndell= KM -o4 d G= G TLa4%t4 "pp4 KU Tholdng plant^ could notrecover daiages for eiotonal dstressallegedly due to eibarrassient ofownng a threePlegged dogU4

+tVte v= +troud= GD 0ash4 "pp4 GK TKMU4

'!'1'L.E$L.E-ee .able .D for the correct abbrevaton for each stateReven though soieiay not be consstent Te4g4= *ew 2ork s *424= whereas !chgan s !ch4U4 "lso=be indful of spacng4

+arallel %taton n -tate %ourt 'ocuients

0hen subittng docuients to state courts= follow the local rulesfor ctatons n .able .D4

-tate courts> local rules oen requre a parallel ctaton5 4e4= actaton to both the ocal state reporter Vnd the unocal regonaland]or statePspec_c reporter= the latter followng the forier4

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.wo iportant notes5

/se one pncte per reporter ctaton4

0hen the ocal reporter ttle iakes the state or court naieapparent= then don>t nclude t agan n parentheses4

ExQOple4Vrden v= (lVyboy EnterprUses> !nc== Ill4 "pp4 Gd G=GG *4E4d TKKGU4

-pecal *ote on +endng and /nreported %ases5 -oie cases or opnonsare not assgned to reporters4 .hey generally can be found n one of thefollowng three sources5

LE0I, Qnd /estlQw cQses4 %tatons to these electronc databases

are silar to regular ctatons= except that they TaU replace the case

code wth a docket nuiber Vnd a database code suppled by LE1I-

or 0estlaw= and TbU nclude the full date of the decson n thefollowng parenthetcal= not just the year4

%tatons to these electronc databases should be foriatted as

follows5 = = = at Y 4

ExQOple4 1Vtes v= -nUted +tVtes= *o4 GQ= D /4-4 LE1I-DG= at YD TFeb4 = DU Tctng 'r4 -euss= Justce agan

explaned= A" _sh s= of course= a dscrete thng that possessesphyscal fori4@U4

ExQOple4 +tVte v= Green= *o4 D"+P%,= DG 0L M=at Y T0s4 %t4 "pp4 #ct4 GD= DGU Trejectng &reen>s arguientthat there was a reversble error due to bal^>s dstrbuton ofleover halloween candy to the juryU4

-lp opnons5 " slp opnon s a publshed decson by a court thathas not yet been ncluded n a reporter4 If there s a slp opnon foran unreported case= but t>s not n LE1I- or 0estlaw= nclude thedocket nuiber= the court= and the full date of the iost recent iajordsposton of the case5

ExQOple4BeVstUe Boys v= %onster Energy Co== *o4 %v4 DT-4'4*424 'ec4 = DU4

#pnons only avalable onlne= but not n an electronc database5-oie cases= partcularly ones that are pendng= iay be accessedonly through a court>s webste4 If so= nclude the /,L4

,4G4G4

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ExQOple4%VcyOs !nc= v= %VrthV +tewVrt $UvUng 'TnUTedUV> !nc==*o4 M= slp op4 at T*424 "pp4 'v4 Feb4 = DU=http5]]www4nycourts4gov]reporter]Gdseres]D]DSDM4hti4

'!'1'L.E$L.E'^erent courts and publshers use d^erent acronyis to dentfy cvl andcrinal docket nuibers Te4g4= %I)P"= %v4 "4= %v4= *o4= etc4U4 %te to the casedocket nuiber exactly as t appears4 If a case has iore than one docketnuiber= these acronyis do not need to be ncluded aer the _rst reference5

Z ExQOple4!n re +VloTon !nc= +ec= $UtUg== *os4 K %v4 T,++U= K %v4 =KK 0L D T-4'4*424 *ov4 G= KKU4

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(eople v= ForVnyUc= %al4 "pp4 th M= KD TKKMU Tpolce have probablecause to detan soieone they see rdng a bke at G a4i4= carryng anaxeU4

+:=3 HPstory of the $Qse

0hen ctng a case= nclude the pror or subsequent hstory of the case=subject to several exceptons4 ,efer to .able . for how to abbrevateexplanatory phrases when ntroducng case hstory4 Italcze theexplanatory phrase4

'!'1'L.E$L.E.he /nted -tates s a coiion law systei= where court decsons play aniportant role n de_nng what the law s4 -iply put= there>s good case lawand bad case law4 .o _gure out the d^erence= we have to look at the case>s

pror and subsequent hstory= because our vew of what s good law iay evolveas a case ioves through the appeals process4

"lways use the followng explanatory phrases when applcable and talcze

thei5

VOd

VOg

cert= denUed Tbut drop ths explanatory phrase when the -upreie%ourt>s cert denal s iore than two years n the pastU

cert= grVnted

revOd

revOd on other grounds

ExQOples4

-nUted +tVtes v= +Ungleton= F4Gd GG TDth %r4 KKMU= revOd en bVnc=

F4Gd K TDth %r4 KKKU= cert= denUed= /4-4 D TKKKU4 !n re .erUzon !nternet +ervs=> !nc== F4 -upp4 d T'4'4%4 DDGU= revOd

on other grounds=*ecordUng !ndus= AssOn of ATerUcV> !nc= v= .erUzon !nternet+ervs=> !nc== G F4Gd K T'4%4 %r4 DDGU4

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'!'1'L.E$L.E*ote that n the above exaiples= the relevant explanatory phrases precede thesubsequent hstory4 Explanatory parenthetcal nforiaton about theprecedng case should be ncluded before any subsequent hstory4

0hen the case has a d^erent naie n the subsequent hstory= provde the

new case naie aer the talczed phrase Asub noT=@ TAunder the naie of@U4

ExQOple4$erTVn v= CoTTUssUoner= KGK F4d TGd %r4 KKU= revOd sub noT=

orn v= CoTTUssUoner= KM F4d K T'4%4 %r4 KKU4

ExceptPon4 'o not provde the new case naie f ether the partes> naies

are ierely reversed or f the subsequent hstory s siply a denal of

certorar or rehearng5

$orrect4 -nUted +tVtes v= +chTuck= MD F4d GM Tth %r4 KMMU= VOd MK /4-4D TKMKU4

Incorrect4 -nUted +tVtes v= +chTuck= MD F4d GM Tth %r4 KMMU= VOd +chTuck

v= -nUted +tVtes= MK /4-4 D TKMKU4

+:>3 ,hort ForO $PtQtPon for $Qses

In .ext

.he _rst tie a case s ientoned n the text= nclude a full ctatonas shown here5

ExQOple4 InFenton v= )uVboVg Country Club= the court holdsthat the house owners were enttled to an abateient of thetrespasses by `yng golf balls4 GG *4E4d = K T!ass4 KMU4

ExQOple4 InFenton v= )uVboVg Country Club= GG *4E4d = KT!ass4 KMU= the court holds that the house owners wereenttled to an abateient of the trespasses by `yng golf balls4

For subsequent ctes n text= refer to one party>s naie Tor anunaibguous reference to the case naieU= as well as a short forictaton n the fori of at =as shown here5

ExQOple4 .he court nFenton also holds that there was error nthe award of daiages based on loss of far iarket value ofproperty due to the `yng balls4 GG *4E4d at K4

,4G4

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In %tatons

If the reference s unaibguous and the full ctaton s easlyaccessble elsewhere= then you iay use a short fori ctaton4

For cases= a short fori ctaton usually ncludes5 = at 4

ExQOple4%VlletUer v= Dooney K Bourke> !nc== DD F4 -upp4 d =K T-4'4*424 DDU becoies%VlletUer= DD F4 -upp4 d at M4

'on>t use the _rst party of the case naie f that party ether s ageographcal or governiental unt or a party naie that s used foriultple cases4 #therwse= t iay confuse the reader4

ExQOple4 -nUted +tVtes v= CVrTel= M F4Gd Tth %r4 DDMUbecoies CVrTel= M F4Gd at G4

ExQOple4 GonzVlez v= *VUch= /4-4 TDDU becoies*VUch= /4-4 at M4

-horten a long party naie 4 4 4 but only f the reference reiansclear4

ExQOple4A Book &VTed N"ohn ClevelVndOs %eToUrs of V /oTVn of(leVsureN v= Attorney Gen= of CoT= of %Vss== GMG /4-4 G= M TKUcan becoie%eToUrs= GMG /4-4 at M4

'!'1'L.E$L.EIn the absence of a clear rule on ths iatter= a Aprecedng _ve@ nori hasdeveloped wheren one iay contnue to use a short fori ctaton as long asthe full ctaton appears n one of the prevous _ve footnotes4

.here has been soie varaton n the applcaton of ths rule6 for exaiple=soie practtoners wll contnue to use the short fori throughout an entreartcle or bref unless they need to use A!d=@ repeatedly= n whch event theyfollow the Aprecedng _ve@ rule to avod potental aibguty4 However= none ofthese conventons are absolute4

/sng!d=

If you are ctng to the saie case referenced n the iiedatelyprecedng ctaton= use!d= as the short fori ctaton4

!d= should be used only f the precedng ctaton ctes to one source4

$orrect4 In exainng the thrd factorRthe proxity of thepartes> products n the iarketplaceRcourts assess whether the

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partes occupy Adstnct ierchandsng iarkets4@orTel FoodsCorp= v= "UT enson (rods=> !nc== G F4Gd K= D Td %r4 KKU6&Vked Cowboy v= CB+= M F4 -upp4 d D= PM T-4'4*424 DU4For exaiple= would an unsophstcated vewer confuse thesource of the longPrunnng daytie televson seres wthanother party>s street perforiances or hs souvenrsO&VkedCowboy v= CB+= M F4 -upp4 d D= PM T-4'4*424 DU4

Incorrect4 In exainng the thrd factorRthe proxity of thepartes> products n the iarketplaceRcourts assess whether thepartes occupy Adstnct ierchandsng iarkets4@orTel FoodsCorp= v= "UT enson (rods=> !nc== G F4Gd K= D Td %r4 KKU6&Vked Cowboy v= CB+= M F4 -upp4 d D= PM T-4'4*424 DU4For exaiple= would an unsophstcated vewer confuse thesource of the longPrunnng daytie televson seres wthanother party>s street perforiances or hs souvenrsO!d=

If you are referrng to the iiedately precedng case= but to ad^erent page= use!d= at 4

ExQOple4 In addton to sung all the federal judges n the-outhern 'strct of &eorga= the plant^ also requested thegovernient to fund a sex change for hi4 /VshUngton v= AlVUTo=KG F4 -upp4 GK= GKM T-4'4 &a4 KKU4 "ccordngly= the courtordered plant^ to show cause why he should not besanctoned for C_lng a ioton for iproper purposes=C such as

those hnted at n the ttle of the pleadng= C!oton to ss !y"ss4C!d= at D4

!d= can be used for all types of authortesRnot only for cases4

ExQOple4"er conductng research on the use of 2ddshwords n law= the authors found that the word Achutzpah@ hadappeared n D cases snce KMD4 "lex oznsk Eugene)olokh=$VwsuUt +hTVwsuUt= DG 2ale L4J4 G= G TKKGU4 .hersearch for the use of Aschiuck@ was ipeded Aby the fact thatiany people are actually naied -chiuck4@!d= at Q4

ExQOple4 .he -upreie %ourt has consstently proven hostleto any statute that could be nterpreted as iposng prorrestrant on publcatons4 +ee> e=g==&eVr v= %UnnesotV ex rel= 'lson=MG /4-4 K TKGU Tholdng that a statute that enabled the stateto close down newspapers on grounds they contrbuted topublc nusance volated the Fourteenth "iendientU4 .heconspcuous absence of pror restrant laws n our naton>s

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hstory are ndcatve of a consstent belef they volateconsttutonal rghts4!d= at M4

'!'1'L.E$L.EIf there s an explanatory parenthetcal or phrase n the precedng ctaton= t s

not ncorporated wth the use of!d=

$3 ,-!-.-E,5 +.LE,5 +E%.L!-I"),5 !)& "-HE+LE%I,L!-I(E M !&I)I,-+!-I(E !-E+I!L,

+:?3 FederQl ,tQtutes

'!'1'L.E$L.E

'onBt talcze anythng n a statute ctaton4 .he syibol A[@ ieans Asecton=@and A[[@ s the plural fori4

(asc ctaton fori

" full ctaton to a federal statute ncludes three thngs5 TU the ocalnaie of the statute6 TU the publshed source where the act iay befound6 and TGU ndcaton of ether TU the source publcaton date orTU the year the statute was passed4

/4-4 %ode5 For ctatons to the /4-4 %ode Tthe preferred ctatonU5= /4-4%4 [ 4

4 .he /4-4%4 s cod_ed once every sx years4 .herefore=ctatons to the /4-4%4 should be to the approprate codfyngyear Te=g= DDD= DD= DU4

4 -uppleients5 If you are ctng to a statute that iay havebeen aiended aer the iost recent ocal cod_caton= be

sure to consult the suppleients= whch are publshed eachyear between cod_catons and are cuiulatve4

ExQOples4

Federal Food= 'rug= and %osietc "ct= /4-4%4 [ GM TDU4

Lanhai T.radeiarkU "ct= /4-4%4 [[ DPn TDDU4

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%oiiuncatons "ct of KG= /4-4%4 [ G TD -upp4 IDGU4

/4-4 %ode "nnotated5 If the /4-4%4 cte s not avalable= then cte tothe /4-4 %ode "nnotated4 .he ctaton fori s = /4-4%4"4 [ T

U44 *ote5 Electronc databases lke 0estlaw or LE1I- generally

refer to the iost recent unocal code= such as A/4-4%4"@T/nted -tates %ode "nnotatedU= and should be ctedaccordngly4

4 Lst of coiion unocal codes4 /4-4%4"4 s preferred4

/nted -tates %ode "nnotated= A/4-4%4"4@ Tpublshed by0estU4

/nted -tates %ode -ervce= A/4-4%4-4@ Tpublshed byLE1I-U4

&ould>s /nted -tates %ode /nannotated= A/4-4%4/4@Tpublshed by &ouldU4

ExQOples4

-tored %oiiuncatons "ct= M /4-4%4"4 [[ DP T0estDDDU4

!neral Leasng "ct of KD= GD /4-4%4-4 [[ MPM TLE1I-DU4

+npont ctatons5 .o cte to an ndvdual provson wthn a statute=use the followng fori5 = [ T U

4 Include the orgnal secton nuiber of the provson aer thestatute naie4

4 A#rgnal secton nuiber@ refers to the secton n the orgnalact= whereas Asecton nuiber@ refers to the equvalent sectonas cod_ed n the code4

ExQOples4

'rug +rce %oipetton and +atent .eri ,estoraton "ct [D= /4-4%4 [ TeU TDDU4

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'gtal !llennui %opyrght "ct of KKM [ DG= /4-4%4"4 [D T0est DDMU4

#cal -esson Laws5 If nether a /4-4 %ode or /4-4 %ode "nnotatedctaton s avalable= then cte to ocal sesson laws= usng thefollowng foris5

4 %te wthout pnpont5 +ub4 L4 *o4= -tat4 4

4 %te wth pnpont5 +ub4 L4 *o4 == -tat4 = 4

ExQOples4

Faily -ponsor Iiigraton "ct of DD= +ub4 L4 *o4 DPD=

-tat4 4 +atent +rotecton and "^ordable %are "ct= +ub4 L4 *o4 PM=

[ D= -tat4 K= PG TDDU4

'!'1'L.E$L.EA-esson laws@ are a bound collecton of all statutes enacted by a gvenlegslature= each voluie collectng statutes chronologcally n the year theywere passed4

Z .he -tatutes at Large TA-tat4@U s the ocal coiplaton for federal sessonlaws4

Z &enerally= only cte to sesson laws f the ocal or unocal code sunavalable or nsucent= or f f you need to refer to the hstorcal fact ofthe statute>s enactient4

Z If the statute naie ncludes the year t was passed= the date parenthetcals unnecessary4

+:A3 ,tQte ,tQtutes

#cal state codes5 2ou should cte state statutes to ocal codes f at allpossble4 -tate code coiplatons are ranked by order of preference Tn aianner that seeis arbtraryU6 those rankngs are avalable n .able .4

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.he eleients of a ctaton to a state code nclude5 [

ExQOples4

"la4 %ode [ G"PPTaUTU TDDDU TA" person coiits the o^ense ofunlawful bear explotaton f he or she knowngly 4 4 4 VpWroiotes=engages n= or s eiployed at a bear wrestlng iatch4@U4

*424 "rts %ult4 "^4 Law [ D4DG T!cnney DDDU Tprohbtng thesale of knowngly forged sports personalty autographsU4

'!'1'L.E$L.E'onBt worry about the year the statute was passedRthe only year that iatters

s the edton of the code4If you canBt _nd the ocal code= nclude the naie of the publsher n the dateparenthetcal= precedng the year4

+:B3 +ules of *rocedure Qnd EvPdence5 +estQteOents5 Qnd .nPforO!cts

,ules of Evdence and +rocedure

%te current or unfori rules of evdence or procedure by

ndcatng the abbrevaton of the source= followed by the rule

nuiber Tno coiia n betweenU4

ExQOples4

Fed4 ,4 %v4 +4 TbUTU4

Fed4 ,4 "pp4 +4 4

/nf4 ,4 Evd4 D4

0e do not iandate spec_c abbrevatons= but here are severalsuggestons5

Federal ,ules of %vl +rocedure5 Fed4 ,4 %v4 +4

Federal ,ules of %rinal +rocedure5 Fed4 ,4 %ri4 +4

Federal ,ules of "ppellate +rocedure5 Fed4 ,4 "pp4 +4

Federal ,ules of Evdence5 Fed4 ,4 Evd4

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,estateients

%te ,estateients by ndcatng the ttle of the partcular,estateient cted= followed by the nuiber of the sectoncontanng the iateral you are referencng= followed by the yearpublshed n parentheses4

'o not use a coiia n between ttle and secton nuiber= orbetween the secton nuiber and the year parenthetcal4

2ou iay n addton refer to a coiient by ts letterdesgnaton f the iateral you are ctng s contaned n acoiient4

%oiients are abbrevated Acit4@

ExQOples4

,estateient T-econdU of .rusts [ TKKU4 ,estateient T.hrdU of .he Law &overnng Lawyers [ cit4 e

TDDDU4

,estateient T.hrdU of +rop45 -ervtudes [ 4 TDDDU4

'!'1'L.E$L.EIt s unclear whether the (luebook requres ctaton to d^erent voluies4 Inpractce= t iakes lttle d^erence snce the secton nuiber wll drect the

reader to the approprate voluie4

/nfori %oiiercal %ode5 %tes to the /nfori %oiiercal code takethe followng fori5 /4%4%4 [ 4

ExQOple4 /4%4% [ KPD TDDU4

/nfori Laws "nnotated5 %tatons to the /nfori Laws "nnotated takethe followng fori5 [ = /4L4"4 4

4 /se the abbrevatons spec_ed n .able .6 thus= A/nfori@becoies A/nf4@

4 %te the ttle of the act n full= ncludng year of enactient where t

s ncluded n the ttle4

ExQOples4

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'!'1'L.E$L.E.here aren>t spec_c rules for state agency ctatonsRjust cte thei usngapproxiately the saie fori as you would the federal rules4

+;93 FederQl -QxQtPon QterPQlsInternal ,evenue %ode5 %tatons to the Internal ,evenue %ode take etherof two foris5

%tatons to the code tself take the followng fori5 I4,4%4 [ 4

%tatons to .tle of the /4-4 %ode= whch s where the Internal

,evenue %ode s cod_ed= take the followng fori5 /4-4%4 [

4

ExQOples4

I4,4%4 [ G TDU4

/4-4%4 [ G TDU4

.reasury ,egulatons

.he 'epartient of the .reasury ssues .reasury ,egulatons pursuant

to [ MD of the Internal ,evenue %ode4 .reasury ,egulatons are

cod_ed n .tle of the %ode of Federal ,egulatons TA%4F4,4@U= butshould be cted as A.reas4 ,eg4@ accordng to the followng fori5 .reas4

,eg4 [ 4 If the regulaton s

teiporary= then begn the ctaton wth .eip4 .reas4 ,eg4 nstead4

ExQOples4

.reas4 ,eg4 [ 4TrUPM TKKU4

.eip4 .reas4 ,eg4 [ 4P.TU TKMU4

.reasury 'eterinatons

%te ,evenue ,ulngs TA,ev4 ,ul4@U= ,evenue +rocedures TA,ev4 +roc4@U=and .reasury 'ecsons TA.4'4@U to the followng sources= n thefollowng order of preference5

%uiulatve (ulletn TA%4(4@U

Internal ,evenue (ulletn TAI4,4(4@U

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.reasury 'ecsons /nder Internal ,evenue Laws TA.reas4 'ec4Int4 ,ev4@U4

ExQOples4

,ev4 ,ul4 MP= KMP %4(4 4

,ev4 +roc4 KP= KKP I4,4(4 4 .4'4 G= .reas4 'ec4 Int4 ,ev4 GK TKU4

+;:3 LegPslQtPve QterPQls

Federal (lls and ,esolutonsIf unenacted= cte as follows5 =

= = wth addtonal nforiaton when needed to dstngushbetween d^erent versons of the bll n a gven %ongress= wth naies of

subcoiittees and coiittees abbrevated accordng to the fori set out

n .able .= .able .= and .able .D4

-elect an abbrevaton based on the type of bll or resoluton5

-ype !bbrevPQtPon

-enate (ll -4

House (ll H4,4-enate ,esoluton -4 ,es4

House ,esoluton H4,4 ,es4

-enate Jont ,esoluton -4J4 ,es4

House Jont ,esoluton H4,4J4 ,es4

-enate %oncurrent ,esoluton -4 %on4 ,es4

House %oncurrent ,esoluton H4,4 %on4 ,es4

-enate Executve ,esoluton -4 Exec4 ,es4

ExQOples4

-4 M= DMth %ong4 TDDGU4

%lncal -ocal 0ork !edcare Equalty "ct of DD= -4 DMG= Dth%ong4 [ TbU TDDU4

"(LE "ct of D= H4,4 = Gth %ong4 Tas passed by House= 'ec4 G=DU4

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H4,4 = th %ong4 [ TcUTU Tas reported by H4 %oii4 on .ransp4and Infrastructure= "pr4 G= DDKU4

H4,4 ,es4 G= th %ong4 TDU4

-4J4 ,es4 = DKth %ong4 TDDU4

'!'1'L.E$L.E0hen ctng %ongressonal legslaton= you can nclude n your ctatonwhether t was enacted n the _rst or second sesson of %ongress4

Enacted federal blls and resolutons

#nce enacted= blls and jont resolutons are statutes and should be cted as

such= except cte thei as unenacted blls or resolutons when showng the

legslaton>s hstory4 %te enacted siple resolutons and concurrent

resolutons as f they were unenacted= but add an ATenactedU@ parenthetcal

f t would be helpful4

-tate blls and resolutons

%te as follows5 = = 4

ExQOples4

L4'4 G= th Leg4= ,eg4 -ess4 T!e4 DU4

%oiittee Hearngs

%te coiittee hearngs as follows5 5

eVrUng on Before the = 4 For the naies of subcoiittees and

coiittees= abbrevate accordng to the fori set out n .able .=

.able .= and .able .D4 For the naies of ndvduals= abbrevate

usng.able .4

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%tatons to federal and state nonPstatutory legslatve iaterals=

ncludng legslatve hstory and unenacted blls= aren>t expressed n

a unfori ianner= but generally nclude the followng eleients5

ttle= f avalable=

naie of legslatve body= abbrevated

secton nuiber= page no4 or nuiber of report

nuiber of %ongress and]or legslatve sesson

Tpublcaton yearU

Tf the bll or resoluton was enactedU4 #nly nclude thsaddtonal parenthetcal f the bll was enacted6 f unenacted=you don>t need to add anythng extra4

ExQOples4

+aycheck Farness "ct= H4,4 = th %ong4 [ DG TDDKU4

"iercan %lean Energy and -ecurty "ct= H4,4 = th%ong4 TDDKU4

-4 GM= th %ong4 TDGU TenactedU4

+;;3 ,hort ForO $PtQtPon of LegPslQtPve Qnd !dOPnPstrQtPveQterPQls

.he _rst tie you ienton a statute= rule= regulaton= or legslatveiateral= use the full ctaton4

For subsequent ctatons n the saie general dscusson= you iay use anyshort fori that clearly dent_es the source4

/se of A!d=@5 see below 4 4 4

Full cPtQtPonPd3 cPtQtPonfor sQOe provPsPon

Pd3 cPtQtPonfor dPerent provPsPonwPthPn sQOe tPtle

/4-4%4 [ D TDU4 !d= !d= [ DTU4

K %4F4,4 [ 4 TDU4 !d= !d= [ 4K4

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4

/se .able .D and .able . to _nd abbrevatons4

%tatons to state consttutons are expressed the saie foriat= substtutng/4-4 wth the abbrevated naie of the state4

Z ExQOples4

/4-4 %onst4 aiend4 1III= [ Tabolshng slavery n the /nted -tatesU4

/4-4 %onst4 aiend4 1)III Trepealed KGGU4

/4-4 %onst4 pibl4

"rz4 %onst4 art4 1)I= [ Tprovdng for the creaton of a A*atonal &uardof "rzona4@U4

'!'1'L.E$L.E+erhaps because consttutons are consdered %aptalPI iportant= they shouldnever be expressed n the short fori except for Ud=

&3 $".+- M LI-I%!-I") &"$.E)-,

+;=3 $PtPng $ourt or LPtPgQtPon &ocuOents froO 1our $Qse

.he full ctaton for a court or ltgaton docuient ncludes5

'ocuient ttle

%heck .able . to _gure out what to abbrevate4

ExceptPon4 *ever abbrevate f the abbrevaton would confusethe reader4

"lways abbrevate an ocal record= such as the appellate record=to A,4@

ExQOple4 For ther own pro_t and advantage= 'efendants areisappropratng the nonPtransforied= copyrghted iateral nwhch each +lant^ has nvested heavly4 %oipl4 for %opyrghtInfrngeient 4

.he exact page and lne Tor paragraphU you>re referrng to

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/se coiias only f necessary to avod confuson4

/se colon to separate page and lne4

'on>t use Ap4@ before the page nuiber4

/se Aat@ f ctng to an appellate record4

'ate of docuient= f the date s partcularly relevant or oittng the datecould cause confuson

!ller "^4 \ M= Jan4 = D4

+l4>s (r4 Q= !ay = D4

.ral .r4 vol4 G= = !ar4 = D4

Electronc %ase Flng nuiber= f applcable 5

Include an E%F nuiber n your own case whenever a docuient has

been _led electroncally4 For other cases= the E%F nuiber s optonalunless t s necessary to _nd the docuient4

Fnd the E%F nuiber on +"%E,= a federal case ianageient systeithat assgns each case docuient a docuient nuiber4

/se the page nuiber on the orgnal docuient= not the E%F pagenuiber4

ExQOples4

Z 'efendants> evdence n support of ther Afraud on the copyrght oce@defense conssts of nothng iore than unsupported assertons n ther!oton= iultple rrelevant adavts froi prevously undsclosed thrdpartes= nadissble correspondence between counsel= and exaiples ofpror lawsuts that all ended short of judcal deterinaton4 +l4>s ,esp4 to'efs4> !ot4 for -uii4 J4 at 4

Z +l4>s %oipl4 \ = E%F *o4 4

Z -anchez 'ep4 5Q= Jan4 G= DD= E%F *o4 M4

'!'1'L.E$L.E%tatons to court or ltgaton docuients iay also be enclosed n parentheses5T!ei4 #pp>n U

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+;>3 $PtPng $ourt or LPtPgQtPon &ocuOents froO !nother $Qse

"er you cte to the docuient accordng to the rules set out drectlyabove= add the full ctaton for the case where t coies froi= and end wththe case docket nuiber n parentheses4

If there has been no decson n the case you>re ctng= then replace the yearn parentheses wth the date on whch the _lng was iade4

ExQOples4

Z +l4>s ,esp4 to 'efs4> !ot4 for -uii4 J4 =%VrtUnez%endozV v= ChVTpUon !ntOlCorp== GD F4Gd DD Tth %r4 DDGU T*o4 DPKGKU4

Z %oipl4 =(Vrsell v= +hell 'Ul Co== F4 -upp4 T'4 %onn4 KU4

Z %oipl4 ="ones v= +TUth= *o4 DKPGD TKth %r4 "pr4 = DU

+;?3 ,hort ForO $PtQtPon for $ourt &ocuOents

/se a short fori ctaton for court docuients when5

4 there s no istakng what the short ctaton refers to6

4 the full ctaton s not too far away Tthe full ctaton can be to the case tself=any other docuient froi the case= or to the saie docuientU6 and

G4 the reader has easy access to the full ctaton4

'!'1'L.E$L.E'on>t use AId4@ n court docuients= unless t saves a lot of space4 /nlke cases=court docuients iay be cted usngsuprV4

ExQOples4

Full ForO D"rPgPnQl cPtQtPon,hort ForO $PtQtPon Dsubsequentreference

+l4>s ,esp4 to 'efs4> !ot4 for -uii4 J4 at =%VrtUnez%endozV v= ChVTpUon !ntOl Corp== GD F4Gd DD Tth %r4DDGU T*o4 DPKGKU4

+l4>s ,esp4 to 'efs4> !ot4 for -uii4 J4 at=%VrtUnez%endozV= GD F4Gd DDT*o4 DPKGKU4

'ecl4 of !artha 0oodiansee at = +VlUnger v= ColtUng= F4 -upp4 d D T-4'4*424 DDU T*o4 DK %v4 DDKU4

'ecl4 of !artha 0oodiansee at =+VlUnger= F4 -upp4 d D T*o4 DK%v4 DDKU4

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+;A3 $QpPtQlPzQtPon /PthPn the -ext of $ourt &ocuOents Qnd LegQleOorQndQ

%aptalze A%ourt@ f5

you are naing the court n full4

you are referrng to the /4-4 -upreie %ourt4

you are referrng to the court you>re sendng the docuient to4

ExQOple4 .he %ourt of "ppeals held that actress>s perforiance sats_ed

iniui requreients for perforiance to be copyrghtable4

'ut4 .heAVlTuhVTTed court explaned that Athe word author s

tradtonally used to iean the orgnator or the person who causes

soiethng to coie nto beng4@

%aptalze 8*lQPntP57 8&efendQnt57 8!ppellQnt7 and8!ppellee57 unless youare referrng to partes froi other ltgaton4

ExQOple4 .he %ourt concluded that t was unclear whether the+lant^ had a copyrght nterest n her actng perforiance4

'ut5 Pf referrPng to pQrtPes froO other lPtPgQtPon4 InBobbs%errUll theplant^Pcopyrght owner sold ts book wth a prnted notceannouncng that any retaler who sold the book for less than onedollar was lable for copyrght nfrngeient4

%aptalze court docuOent tPtles f5

the docuient s _led n your dspute and

you>re usng the exact ttle or short fori4 T'o not abbrevate courtdocuients wthn the text4U

'o not captalze the naie for a type of court docuient= such as annjuncton= petton= etc4

E3 '""K, M )")C*E+I"&I$!L,+;B3 Full $PtQtPon for 'ooks M )onC*erPodPcQls

" full ctaton to a book or other nonPperodcal s iade up of the followng

eleients5

4 )oluie nuiber Tf there s iore than one voluieU4

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4 *aies of the authors= as lsted on the publcaton4

For two authors= lst n the saie order and use an A4@

For iore than two authors= use an Aet al4@ aer the _rst naie and stopthere4 TIf you>re bored= feel free to lst out all the authors wth an A@before the last4U

/se ttles that follow an author>s naie T-r4U but not ttles that precedethei THon4U

G4 Italczed ttle of the publcaton= captalzed as necessary4

For "L's= use siall caps for both the ttle and author= and do nottalcze the ttle4

4 .he exact page nuiber you are referrng to4 If you are ctng a workorganzed usng sectons or paragraphs= use those nstead= addng a page

nuiber only f helpful44 2ear of publcaton= naie of edtor or translator Tf applcableU= edton Tf

iore than oneU= all n parentheses4

If lstng an edtor or a translator= then follow the naie wth ed4= ortrans4= respectvely4 Include that coiia before the year ofpublcaton4

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BabyBlue.20160205

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