AVIAN INFLUENZA: PREVENTION OF RESURGENCE IN OYO STATE

Nigerian Veterinary Medical Association

Oyo State Conference28 August, 2013

Dr. Omolade A. Oladele(DVM., MVSc., P.hD., MCVSN)

Avian Diseases Unit, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine,University of Ibadan, Ibadan.

OutlinePoultry industry in Nigeria & relevance.Avian influenza: History, Nigerian situation.DiseaseWhy Nigeria is at risk.Prevention of resurgence

Role of Public sector. Role of private sector Thailand example Rural poultry

A challenge to all stakeholders.

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IntroductionPoultry production sector is impt in the agricultural & economic devt, food security. The Nigerian poultry industry has an estimated 150.682 million birds (FAO, 2008) comprising chickens, turkeys, ducks & quails.25% commercially farmed, 15% semi-com., 60% backyard (rural).Hen eggs: 526,400 tonnes - 2008 Chicken meat: 221,750 tonnes -200810% of Nigerians are engaged in poultry production.

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Nigerians consume 62g/hd/day protein

Only 7.9g of this is animal protein. (2008 Country profile: Food Security Indicators –FAO, 2010)

WHO’s recommendation: 46g/day – women 56g/day –men (based on complete protein found in animal

sources).This deficiency can easily be addressed by increasing poultry meat and egg production.However, disease is a major constraint to the growth of the industry & a major concern for the health of consumers.

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AVIAN INFLUENZA?

An infectious viral disease of birds characterized mainly by respiratory signs, depression, reduced feed and water intake, diarrhoea, decrease in egg production and quality + nervous signs.

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History:

First identified in Italy more than 100 years ago and was called ‘Fowl Plague’.First Influenza pandemic occurred in 1918-1919.Another pandemic occurred in 1957-1958.‘Hong Kong flu’ in 1968-1969 caused by H3N2.Outbreak of H5N1 in Hong Kong in 1997.

* Poultry population was destroyed within 3 days. * Believed to have prevented a pandemic.

Outbreak of H9N2 in Hong Kong in 1999.

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History:Last Pandemic

Outbreak of H5N1 in Hong Kong in February 2003.

Outbreak of H7N7 in Netherlands in 2003.Outbreaks of H5N1 in Vietnam and Thailand in 2004.Outbreak of H5N1 in Turkey in 2005.Outbreak of H5N1 in Nigeria – Kaduna State in January, 2006.Outbreak of H5N1 in Nigeria – Lagos State in March, 2006.

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Nigeria:

First outbreak in Jan., 2006 –Kaduna state. No. of suspicious cases – 1675 Positive cases – 300 Last outbreak – 24th July, 2008. Kano &

Katsina states. Positive cases detected in 25 States + FCT. Over 1 million birds depopulated with

compensations paid.

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Classification of Influenza Viruses

Influenza viruses are classified into A, B and C.Group A – Avian group; may also affect pigs and

humans.Group B – Humans only.Group C – Mammals only, especially humans and pigs.

New serotypes emerge every year.

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Avian Influenza virus:

Type A influenza virus.Family – Orthomyxoviridae.Subtypes – surface proteins (HA; NA).

- 16 H and 9 N subtypes.Broadly classified into LPAI and HPAI.Survives for long periods at moderate temperature and indefinitely in frozen materials.

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Host Species: All birds are susceptible. - domestic poultry particularly. - migratory water fowls are natural

reservoirs of AI virus.

Humans, horses, pigs and some wildlife species may be infected with influenza viruses.

A cycle of infection exists btw birds & swine.

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Transmission:

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Migratory water fowls

International movt. of poultry, poultry equipment & people.

Introduction of AI into any country.

Contact Manure Equipment VehiclesEgg crates Humans

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Migratory water fowls04/21/23 NVMA Oyo State: Oladele, O.A

Why should we be concerned?

It’s effect on the Poultry industry. * animal protein supply * increased poverty level

Public health importance.

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Why Nigeria is at Risk?Extensive & largely unpatrolled borders.Nigeria is in the fly-paths of wild birds from Asia

& middle east.Extensive uncontrolled movt. of humans &

livestock rapid spread in the event of outbreak. High proportion of smallholder poultry farms

with minimal level of biosecurity.Lack of standards in poultry production and

marketing.integrated farming and marketing through

poorly regulated LBM are high risk enterprises.

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Prevention of Resurgence of HPAI

Disease surveillanceImproved biosecurity practicesHumane depopulation & proper disposal of infected & exposed birdsVaccination

These measures require public and private sector participation.

Public policy (Govt.) instruments to induce optimal private sector participation.

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The Role of Public SectorProvision of information & technical assistance. Incentives for disease outbreak surveillance & improved biosecurity practice.Penalty for non-compliance.Farm subsidies tied to following best mgt practice (biosecurity).Compensation for depopulation of culled birds, appropriate disposal & lost mkt value.Incentives for vaccination.

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Information & Technical AssistanceFarmers require sufficient information on:- HPAI (some may accept significant poultry losses as ‘normal’)- Prevention strategies to reduce likelihood of

infection.- Prompt containment of outbreak.Technical assistance with regards to:- Disinfection- Vaccination- Etc.

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SurveillanceMonitoring system should be in place for

early disease detection.Prompt disease reporting.Proper incentives in place for prompt dse

reporting. Lack of compensation, an impediment to dse reporting e.g. Cambodia (Rushton et al., 2004) & endemicity of HPAI.

To be conducted by govt. Vet. Service Agency.

Usually a major project involving private sector participation.

Testing laboratory is the core element.2004/21/23 NVMA Oyo State: Oladele, O.A

TraceabilityA system that enables tracing of movt. of poultry and

poultry products should be instituted to identify dse origin in the event of outbreak.

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Improved Biosecurity PracticesEssentially the role of the private sector (producers).Most HPAI outbreak occurred in smallholder production systems with minimal biosecurity.Prevent exposure of poultry to wild birds. No access to feed and water.Prevent introduction of infected new poultry into existing flocks.Limit access into poultry houses.Thoroughly clean & disinfect clothing, shoes & equipment before & after use.Etc.

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The Thailand Situation

According to the Department of Livestock Development (DLD), Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Thailand in 2006 (Kanarat, 2007)

147 breeder farms – 16,030,512 7,456 broiler farms - 169,271,750 2,188 layer farms - 49,217,273To ensure food safety, Livestock farm standards

were issued.Compliance is voluntary but compulsory for farmers

who wants to send their birds to slaughter houses approved for export.

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Broiler Farm Standard (2002) Chicken Breeder Farm Standard (2003) Poultry Hatchery Standard (2003) Layer Farm Standard (2003) Duck Breeder and Duck Farm Standard (2003) Regulation on Traceability of Livestock Products

(2003) Notification of the DLD on the Control Measures on

the Detection of Prohibited Substance in Feed and Veterinary Drug or Chemical Residues in Poultry (2003)

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In 2003, DLD issued three Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), as follows:

Requirements for obtaining standard farm accreditation for farmers.

Inspection of broiler standard farm by DLD farm inspectors.

Supervision over broiler standard farm for DLD-registered farm veterinarians.

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The key ingredients in these regulations, notifications and SOPs are:

Good agricultural practiceGood veterinary practiceGood hygienic practiceBiosecurityPenalty in case of non-compliance

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• Feed, drinking water and pharmaceuticals used in DLD-registered farms must comply with set standards.

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Action Steps by Thai Govt.1) Initiation of Standard Farm System.2) Poultry farms were encouraged to apply for

accreditation.3) Farmers were trained on farm standardisation

and good agricultural practice – Govt. agencies &

private sector to upgrade farms and farm operations. 4) Applications were assessed, farms were

inspected & evaluated by DLD team.5) Accredited farms remain under annual

surveillance for renewal.

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6) Regulatory officers and Veterinarians are continually trained by DLD.

7) Veterinarians of accredited farms must attend DLD training courses and get registered by DLD after passing performance evaluation.

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Rural Poultry: Constraint to effective control of AI in Nigeria.

An important segment of our rural socio-economy.Comprises of domestic poultry species reared extensively and usually as a mix.Scavengers with no restriction of movement.Vet. care is almost non-existent.Application of biosecurity measure is almost impossible.Effective means of spread of diseases.Could serve as continual source of virus;

an endemic situation.

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Prevention of Resurgence: A Challenge to AllResearch Institutions – research on epidemiology,

vaccines and virus. Surveillance.Government – policy making (stds. in production &

marketing)Poultry Vet. – provides expert advice to government

and implements govt. policies.Customs Dept. – trade regulation. Prevent smuggling.Extension workers – educate farmers.Food safety agency – ensure consumption of

wholesome poultry and poultry products.Poultry farmers – cooperation on the implementation

of policies.Consumers - ensure consumption of wholesome

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Comparmentalization and zoning in diseases control rec by OIE

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References:• Kanarat, S. (2007). Animal production food safety in

Asia:Development of on-farm food safety in Thailand’s poultry industry. 25th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for Asia, the Far East and Oceania.

• UNDPs, July 2006, Socio- Economic Impact of Avian Influenza in Nigeria, UNDP Nigeria, Abuja.

• World Bank, 2013. Project performance assessment report. Federal republic of Nigeria. Avian influenza control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response Project (IDA 41600).

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The Veterinarian as a Guide for the Poultry industry

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