Atomic Structure & Isotope

7/30/2019 Atomic Structure & Isotope

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John Dalton

Small indivisible ball similar to a

very tiny ball

Membayangkan bahawa atom ialah

bola yg tidak boleh dibahagikan samaseperti bola yg sgt halus

(Imagined the atom as a small

indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball)


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J.J Thomson

Atom is positive charged

sphere/cloud with electron

embedded in it.

-Menjumpai elektron(He discovers the electron.)

-Mencadangkan atom sebagai sfera bercas

positif dan juga mengandungi cas negatif di

dlmnya yg dipanggil elektron(He described the atom as a sphere/cloud of

positive charge which contains a few

negatively-charged particles called

electrons.)


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Ernest Rutherford

Protons are concentrated in the centre

of the atom called the nucleus, with a

cloud of electrons surrounding the

nucleus.

- Menjumpai proton iaitu cas positif dlm

atom (He discovered the proton. )- Mencadangkan jisim atom tertumpu dlm

nukleus bercas positif dan elektron

bergerak dlm ruang di luar nukleus (He

suggested that positive charge and mass

of atom are concentrated in the centre of

the atom called the nucleus, and electron

move outside the nucleus.


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The electrons are moved in shells

surrounding the nucleus.

- Mencadangkan elektron-elektron

bergerak mengelilingi nukleus dlm

petala/orbit

(He proposed that the electrons in

an atom move in shells around thenucleus)

Niels Bohr


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James Chadwick

Nucleus consists of protons and

neutrons, with the nucleus

surrounded by electron shells.

-menemui neutron iaitu neutral

zarah wujud dlm nukleus

(He discovered theneutron, neutral

particle in the nucleus).

-Mencadangkan nukleus

mengandungi proton dan neutron(He suggested that nucleus consists

of protons and neutrons, with the

nucleus surrounded by electron

shells.)


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Atom terdiri drpd tiga jenis zarah subatom iaitu :

(Atoms made up of three types of subatomic particles)a) proton

b) neutron

c) elektron (electron)

Proton & neutron dijumpai dlm nukleus(Protons & neutrons found in the nucleus of atom).

Elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus

(Electrons move around the nucleus)


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Subatomic

particle

(zarah

subatom)

Symbol Relative

mass

(jisim

relatif)

Charge

(cas)

Location

Proton p 1 +1 In the nucleus

Electron e 1/1840 -1In orbits around

the nucleus

Neutron n 1 0 In the nucleus

Nukleus adalah bercas positif kerana protonadalah positif & neutron adalah neutral

Atom adalah neutral apabila bil. proton

dan elektron adalah sama.


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Nombor proton (Protons Number) and Nombor nukleon

(Nucleon Number)

Nombor proton(proton number) adalah:

- bil. proton dlm nukleus atom (the number of protons in the

nucleus of an atom).

- Juga dikenali sebagai nombor atom(also known as the

atomic number)

- Apabila atom adalah neutral, maka nombor proton adalah

ditunjukkan oleh bil. elektron.


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Nombor nukleon (nucleon number)

- ialah jumlah bil. proton & neutron di dlmatom sesuatu unsur

(total number of protons & neutrons)

- juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim(also known as mass number)

Nombor nukleon= bil. proton + bil. neutron


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-Setiap unsur kimia mempunyai nama & simbol masing-masing.

-setiap simbol unsur mengandungi satu @ dua huruf

(each symbol consists of one @ two letters).

-Dlm simbol, :huruf pertama ditulis huruf besar(1st letter is written in capital letter)

huruf kedua ditulis huruf kecil (2nd is written in small letter)

simbol ditulis seperti berikut:

nombor nukleon

simbol unsurnombor proton

contoh:

nombor nukleon

simbol unsur Magnesium

nombor proton

A

XZ

24

Mg12Bil. proton= 12

Bil. elektron= 12

Bil. neutron= nombor nukleon nombor proton

= 24-12

= 12


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Proton

number

Element symbol Proton

number

element symbol

1 Hydrogen H 11 Sodium Na

2 Helium He 12 Magnesium Mg

3 Lithium Li 13 Aluminium Al

4 Beryllium Be 14 Silicon Si

5 Boron B 15 Phosphorus P

6 Carbon C 16 S

7 Nitrogen N 17 Chlorine Cl

8 Oxygen O 18 Argon Ar9 Flourine F 19 Potassium K

10 Neon Ne 20 Calcium Ca

HW: pg. 19 WTO 2.4 no. 1,2

pg. 20 QRB no. 1-3


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12

14

15

7 7

9 10

7

10 11

6 6

9

7

10

1. Define proton number & nucleon number.

Proton number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Nucleon number is the total no. of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of atom.

2. complete the table below:

Atom No. of

protons

No. of

electrons

No. of

neutrons

P 6 6

Q 7

R 9

S 7 8

T 10

Proton

number

7

Nucleon

number

19

21

6 6 12

7 7 14

9 10 9

1577

10 11 10

6

9

7

10

66 6 12

7 7 14

9 10 9

7 7 15

10 11 10


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3. Who proposed this model?

electron

nucleus contains proton & neutron

a) Neils Bohrb) J.J. Thomson

c) James Chadwick

d) Ernest Rutherford


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14

N7

4. Figure above shows the symbol of nitrogen atom.

Determine:a) Proton number

b) Nucleon number

c) Number of protons

d) Number of electrons

e) Number of neutrons

7

14

7

7

7


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I t d k ti


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Isotop dan kepentingannya

(Isotopes and Their Importance)

What is isotope?

Isotop adalah atom-atom unsur yg sama ygmempunyai bil. proton yg sama tetapi bil.

neutron yg berbeza

( the atoms of same element which contain a

same number of protons, but a differentnumber of neutrons.)

Isotop juga mempunyai nombor proton yg

sama tetapi nombor nukleon yg berbeza.

I t f l t


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Isotopesof some elementElement Isotopes

Hydrogen

1 proton0 neutron 1 proton1 neutron 1 proton2 neutrons

Carbon

6 protons

6 neutrons

6 protons

7 neutrons

6 protons

8 neutrons

Oxygen

8 protons

8 neutrons

8 protons

9 neutrons

8 protons

10 neutrons

16 protons

16 neutrons

16 protons

18 neutrons

-

Bromine

35 protons

44neutrons

35 protons

46 neutrons

-

H1

1H

2

1 H3

1

C12

6 C13

6C

14

6

O16

8 O17

8 O18

8

S32

16S

34

16

rB79

35rB

81

35


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Bidang (Field) Isotope applications

Perubatan

(Medical)

sinaran gamma drpd kobalt-60 digunakan utk rawat

kanser (gamma rays ofcobalt-60 used to kill cancer)

Iodin-131 digunakan utk rawat pesakit tiroid (iodine-131

used to treat thyroid patient).

Arkeologi

(Archeology)

Karbon-14 utk kaji umur bahan-bahan purba/fosil

( carbon-14 used to study age of ancient artifacts)

Pertanian

(Agricultural)

fosforus-32 utk mengkaji serapan baja oleh tumbuhan

carbon-14 is used to study passage of carbon in

photosynthesis.

Perindustrian

(Industrial)

Natrium-24 utk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah

(sodium-24 used to detect leakage of undergroundpipe)

HW: pg. 21 WTO 2.5

pg. 21 QRC no. 1-4


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Isotope Proton

number

Nucleon

number

Number

of

protons

Number

of

neutrons

1

Hydrogen-1 H1

1 1 1 0

2

Hydrogen-2 H1

1 2 1 1

3

Hydrogen-3 H1

1 3 1 2

80Bromine-80 Br

35

35 80 35 45

81

Bromine-81 Br35

35 81 35 46

Element

Hydrogen

Bromine


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Isotope Proton

number

Nucleon

number

Number

of

protons

Number

of

neutrons

12

Carbon-12 C6

6 12 6 6

13

Carbon-13 C6

6 13 6 7

14

Carbon-14 C6

6 14 6 8

Element

Carbon


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Atoms made up of :

nucleus that contain protons & neutrons

electrons that move in shells around

nucleus


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Shells of an atom is numbered starting from shells that closest to nucleus.

Shells closest to nucleus numbered with one.

Next shells is numbered with two & so on..

Each shells can only consists of a certain number of electrons.

The ways electrons distributed @ arranged in shells of an atom is called electron

arrangement @ electron configuration.

First shell

Second shell

Third shell

Max no. of e for elements with proton number 1-20

Nucleus

8


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1. Fill electrons to the shells that closet to nucleus first which is 1st shell

with max number of electrons that 1st

shells can hold.

2. The next shells is filled up (diisi) if there are remaining of electrons.

Eg: Calcium, Ca has 20 electrons (20 protons)

electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2

CaCa


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Valence electrons:

are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

eg:electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2

Thus, it has two valence electrons.

element with same number of valence electrons

have same chemical properties.


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1. What mean by isotope?

Atom of same element with same proton number but different

nucleon numbers.

@ atom of an element with different number of neutrons

32 31

2. P and P are two isotopes of phosphorus. State the number of subatomic15 15

particles for each isotopes.

Isotope Proton

number

Nucleon

number

Number of

protons

Number of

neutrons

32

P15

15 32 15 17

31

P15

15 31 15 16


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3. Write the electron arrangement for the atoms below.

35

a) Cl17

19

b) F9

4. Determine the number of valence electrons for elements with this proton number:a) 7

b) 9

c) 16


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Atomic Structure & Isotope

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