ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance
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Transcript of ASIS CCCT Workshop: Wireless Security & Surveillance
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Wireless Infrastructure for
Security and Surveillance
Ksenia Coffman, Firetide
ASIS CCTV Workshop, Las Vegas, NV 10/26-29
Agenda
� Why wireless?
� Wireless options
� Considerations for wireless video systems
� Case studies
� Municipal public safety; Campus security; Critical
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� Municipal public safety; Campus security; Critical
infrastructure/industrial operations; Transportation
security; Mobile video
� Planning a successful wireless system
� Q & A
Why Wireless?
� Cost savings
� Deploy virtually anywhere
� Mobility and flexibility
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� Mobility and flexibility
� Extend or back-up wired
infrastructure
Industrial TransportationPublic Safety
Who Needs Wireless Security & Surveillance?
Education
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Industrial TransportationPublic Safety
Hospitality HealthcareRetail Government Utilities
Education
Wireless Challenges
� Availability of channels & spectrum
� RF interference
� Dynamic RF & physical environment
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� Dynamic RF & physical environment
� “Trust but verify” attitude required
Wireless Options
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Wireless Frequency Bands
Licensed? Line of site Advantage Disadvantage
900 MHz Unlicensed Not required Improved street-level
penetration
Lower throughput
for video compared
to other bands
2.4 GHz Unlicensed Required Better penetration
compared to 5 GHz
Interference from
consumer devices
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compared to 5 GHz consumer devices
4.9 GH Licensed Required Reserved for public
safety; less
interference
Requires frequency
coordination with
other agencies
5 GHz Unlicensed Required Better range and less
interference
compared to 2.4 GHz
Lower penetration
than 2.4 GHz
Point to Point
� Pros
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� Dedicated connection
� Highest bandwidth for backhaul
� Cons
� Does not scale; no flexibility
� Single point of failure
Point to Multi-Point
� Pros
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� Pros
� Simplicity of design
� Cost effective when tall assets are available
� Cons
� Limited scalability: bandwidth divided by # of subscribers
� LOS required to each subscriber unit
� Base station creates a single point of failure
Multi-Point to Multi-Point (Mesh)
� Pros
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� Pros
� Reach & scalability with multi-hop connections
� Flexibility – can be deployed a PtP, PtMP or mesh
� Cons
� Variable performance from different vendors
� More complex design vs PtP or PtMP
� Point to point
� Up to 1 Gig+
� Point to multi-point
� 20-30 Mbps total capacity typical (divided by # of subscribers)
� Wireless mesh
What About Throughput?
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� Wireless mesh
� Can deliver up to 250-300 Mbps in PtP mode or 100-150 Mbps
sustained over multiple hops
� Varies greatly by vendor: from 10-15 Mbps to 100-150 Mbps
sustained
Numbers listed are usable throughput, not theoretical data rate
Deployment Scenario: Mesh & PtP
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Deployment Scenario: PtMP
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�District 4
�District 5
�Linear mode takes advantage of dual-radio capabilities
Deployment Scenario: Linear Mesh
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�District1
�District 2
�District 3
�District 4
Not All ‘Wireless Mesh’
Created Equal
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Created Equal
Imagine a Traditional Wired Switch
Most efficient mesh utilizes L2 distributed wireless switch architecture
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(Wired Ethernet infrastructure)
Now, Give Each Port Wireless Capability
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(Wired Ethernet infrastructure)
Separate the Ports…
(Wired Ethernet infrastructure)
Bingo, a Virtual Ethernet Switch!
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Considerations for
Wireless Video
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Wireless Video
� High throughput
� Low latency < 1.5 ms per hop
� Low packet jitter (variation in latency)
� Support for multicast traffic
� End-to-end QoS & traffic prioritization
Key Requirements for Video
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� End-to-end QoS & traffic prioritization
� Not suitable for professional-grade video surveillance
� Typically shared with other traffic: unpredictable bandwidth
� Limited QoS or traffic prioritization
� Multicast traffic brings effective bandwidth to 6 Mbps
� 2.4 GHz band deployments are especially risky
� Result: packet loss, jitter and high latency = unusable video
Caution About AP-based Systems
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� Result: packet loss, jitter and high latency = unusable video
� Wi-Fi enabled cameras only suitable for indoor, small-scale
surveillance
� Caution: Many of the above limitations apply to “Mesh APs” as well
But Wi-Fi Access Can Be Useful
� Live video in Wi-Fi ‘hot spots’
� Laptops, PDAs
� Local and remote viewing
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Wi-Fi enabled
patrol car
Radio, AP & Camera
� Fixed WiMAX – unlicensed spectrum (2.4/4.9/5 GHz)
� You own the infrastructure
� Point to multi-point topology
� Typically 4.9 GHz & 5.8 GHz spectrum; could be separate HW
� Throughput limitations compared to high-end mesh
� Mobile WiMAX/4G – licensed spectrum
A Word on WiMAX & 4G
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� Mobile WiMAX/4G – licensed spectrum
� License held by operators (Sprint, Clearwire, etc)
� Service model similar to cellular data; available in a few major cities
� 3-4 Mbps downstream; 1 Mbps upstream
� Okay for 1 or 2 covert cameras but not for critical deployments:
outages, downtime for service, etc.
Mistakes You Can Make
Mistakes You Can Make
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� Not verifying claims/performance
� Not talking to users with like-size systems
� Specifying solution based on a 3-camera trial
� Not being clear on requirements
� Accepting the lowest bid without making
RFP Process
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� Accepting the lowest bid without making
apples-to-apples comparison
� Skipping a formal, professional site survey
� Not securing access to camera sites & power ahead of time
� Not taking seasonal variations into account
� 4.9 GHz users – not verifying spectrum availability
� Using non-manufacturer-approved accessories (i.e. antennas)
Design & Deployment
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� Not planning for future growth
� Not securing a maintenance agreement with the integrator
� Not purchasing spares
and
� Who will clean the cameras?
Operation
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Case Studies
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Public Safety and Security
�Hospital
�Ambulance
�Fire Station
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�PoliceStation
�Police Car
�Public Park
�City Hall
Los Angeles County Sheriff
� Narcotics, prostitution,
gang retaliations
� 30 cameras trained on
priority locations: key
intersections, parks,
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intersections, parks,
schools, hospitals
� Linear mesh topology
due to lack of fiber
points of presence
Wireless-enabled Campus
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Cal State Long Beach PD
� 37 cameras
� How used
� Overt surveillance
� Integrated with
dispatch
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dispatch
� Wireless offload for
ALPR cameras
� Funding
� PD budget
Critical Infrastructure & Industrial Ops
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Construction – Dubai Tower
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� Radio over IP
� Video surveillance
Open Pit Mining
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� Diagnostics & weight data
� Video surveillance – operator safety
& location
Transportation Security
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Steveston Harbor, BC, Canada
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� Overt surveillance
� Fixed and PTZ, megapixel cameras
Wireless ‘Look-in’: MBTA, Boston
• 500 busses, 8 cameras each
• Mobile-to-mobile surveillance
• Passenger and operator safety; liability protection
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Mobile Video
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�Internet�Gateway
�Internet
�Security Monitors
Outfitting Patrol with Mobile Video
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Wireless Gear
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Radio Equipment
Indoor Radios
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Outdoor Radios Custom or Integrated Enclosures
� Omni-directional - doughnut-shaped radiation pattern
� Sector – Broadcast signal in one general direction
Antenna Types
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� Patch/Panel – Moderately-directional “spotlight’ pattern
� Yagi – Directional antenna used for point to point
� Parabolic – high-gain, highly directional
Use Directional Antennas for Video
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Sector antenna for head end Patch antenna for street level
Planning a Successful Wireless System
Business objectives
System requirements
Future growth
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Site survey
RF/Network design
Deployment
Requirements
� Application – what do you want to do?
� Real-time video vs R&R (“recording & retrieval”) operation
� Any data or voice requirements?
� Is there a need for roaming or mobility?
� Bandwidth – how many video streams? What frame rate?
� Logistics
� Permits, approvals
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� Permits, approvals
� Access to mounting locations: rooftops, light poles, towers
� Future changes: construction? expansion?
� Facility – consider differences:
� Ports, construction sites – moving objects, unpredictable LOS
� Shopping centers – people absorb RF
� Special events – ad-hoc, remote and on-site command centers
Site Survey
� The #1 ingredient to a successful system
� Results
� Detailed layout prepared
� Required network throughput determined
� Potential interference identified
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� Power sources identified
� Available frequencies identified
� BOM and deployment plan created
Design
� Determine bandwidth requirements
• Per stream & aggregate
� Get a map, plan, aerial photograph
� Plot camera and other equipment
location
� Develop a proposed layout
� Analyze bandwidth per radio link
� Adjust proposed layout as required
� Use directional antennas
� Add intermediate nodes
� Increase bandwidth
� Route around obstacles
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• Node types
• Antennas and directions
• Head-end/wired infrastructure
connections
� Route around obstacles
� Make sure you have enough
head-end bandwidth
Deployment
� Use experienced installers who are certified on the equipment
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Bad Radio Placement – Wall Mount
� Multipath due to wall reflections
� Metal objects near antenna
� Wrong antenna for position
• Sector would be better choice
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Bad Antenna Placement – Toll Booth
� Antenna obstructed by AC unit
� LOS is compromised
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Good Intersection Camera Design
� Sector to head node
� Omni mounted on bracket
• approx. 2 feet away from pole
• 4 feet below sector antenna
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Good Pole Mount Design
� Patch instead of omni
� RF cables less than 10 feet
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Future Growth
� Make sure the network can scale
� Engage other departments / entities to fund or support the system
� Evaluate new applications
� Cameras technology: ALPR, infrared, HD, megapixel
� Other services: Wi-Fi access, VoIP
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Other services: Wi-Fi access, VoIP
� Mobility: real-time mobile video
Questions to Ask Your Wireless Vendor
� What is usable throughput per link/total capacity? (not ‘data rate’)
� How do you handle multicast traffic?
� What is the latency per hop/per 5 hops?
� Max number of hops before backhaul is needed?
� What QoS mechanisms do you support?
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What QoS mechanisms do you support?
� What security mechanisms have you implemented?
� What is the largest install do you have in terms of # of cameras?
� Can I contact your customers?
Wireless Saves Time, Money
Buffalo, NYRockford, IL Denver / DNC ‘08
LA County Sheriff’s Dept.
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Buffalo, NY
Dallas, TX
Downtown Chicago
Rockford, IL
NASA Dryden
Denver / DNC ‘08
Yuma Intl Airport
Thank You!
For a copy of the presentation, please contact:
Ksenia Coffman, Firetide
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See more case studies at:
www.firetide.com/video2
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