Artificial Intelligence:Artificial Intelligence:The Cyber Art of Being The Cyber Art of Being

AliveAliveJerry B. Weinberg

Associate ProfessorDepartment of Computer Science

What is Intelligence?• Expert Tasks

– Medical Diagnosis– Airplane Mechanic

• Formal Tasks– Mathematics– Game Playing

• Creative Tasks– Painting– Music Composition

• Everyday Tasks– Visual recognition– Language understanding

Intelligence• The ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's

environment

• The ability to learn, understand, and deal with new situations

– Storing knowledge (facts about a subject)– Reasoning (putting facts together to achieve a goal)– Learning (new knowledge and skill refinement)– Perception (interpreting the environment)

Reasoning: State Space Search

• State Space– The space of all possible states of a problem– The actions that can be applied to a state

• Solving a problem: State Space Search– From a starting state search for a solution by applying possible

actions – Goal test

• Example:– How could you find your car?– States: locations where you are– Actions: moving from one point to the next– Goal test: Being in the same location as your car

Exhaustive Search vs. Intelligent

Search

Heuristic Reasoning• Heuristic

– “Rule of thumb”– a way to measure good a state is to get to your

goal

• Examples– Parking: what would be a good heuristic to find

your car?

Knowledge Representation

• Data Information Knowledge– Data is a collection of raw values– Information is derived facts from values– Knowledge is information applied to a problem

• Knowledge representation encodes information in a program in such a way that it can be applied to a problem

Solve These Problems• What is the name of this shape?

• 432 X 14 =

• How many windows are in your house?

Different type of problems require different ways to represent the knowledge and different ways of reasoning.

Knowledge Representations:

Theories of Cognition

• Rule-based• Model-based• Case-based• Neural Networks• Bayesian Networks• Formal Logic

Intelligent Agents (IA’s) are Physical Symbol Systems

– Symbols and symbols structures that can be manipulated syntactically by a set of processes

– The symbol structure can be interpreted semantically

Symbol Grounding Problem

• 4 apples – 1 apple = 3 apples

• Where does a symbol get its “meaning”

• How does a computer “understand” what the symbol means?

• How do we understand what a symbol means?

Where are we going?

Caveat: The Difficulties of Being a Futurist

• The future is difficult to predict– Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943

• “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers”

– Ken Olson, President of DEC, 1977• “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.”

– Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, 1981• “640 Kilobytes ought to be enough for anybody.”

• Things are not always used for what they are design to do– Arpanet (original Internet) was designed for robust communication

in the event of a war.– We are now using it to order dog food and post pictures of our

spring break vacation.

Where is the AI now?

• Microsoft Office Helpers• Amazon.com • NBA Scout• Furby• Wal-Mart Stocker• Batman the Movie• Half-life• The Sims• NASA

Creative AI’s• AARON the cyberartist

– Knowledge of objects and colors– Creates original paintings

• The Cyber Poet– “Reads” books and creates a language model– Uses the model to create original hiaku’sSoulA haiku written by Ray Kurzweil's Cybernetic Poet after reading poems by John Keats and Wendy Dennis

You broke my soulthe juice of eternity,the spirit of my lips. 

Computer Power

• Apple IIe, 1983

– 1 Mhz, $1,400

• Dell PC, Today – 4 2 Ghz processors, $900

Embedded Computers: Embedded AI• Augmented Reality• Ubiquitous Computing

– GPS: Path Finding– Security Face Recognition

Robotics

A machine able to extract information from its environment and use knowledge about its world to move safely in a meaningful manner

Physically Embodied ComputationThe Real World is a Harsh Place

InaccessibleNon-deterministicDynamic

Teleprescence

• The next best thing to being there?– Meetings, building inspections, home

doctor visits, search & rescue

• SOE Tour Guide

Autonomous Robots• Mobile Robotics

– Maintenance

– Construction

– Entertainment

Autonomous Robots

• Robotics– Productivity– Service– Friends

Everyone can be a robot scientist• Robot Kits between $200 - $2000