ARTHROLOGY

DR.VINIT.K.ASHOK

ADJUNCT INSTRUCTOR

• DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS.

• SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:

A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION:

B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

• SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures)

• AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs)

• DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL)

• SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON

• DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

• BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY.

A) FIBROUS JOINTS

B) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS

FIBROUS JOINTS-

-BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE

-no joint cavity

a) Sutures

b) Syndesmoses

c) Gomphoses

• CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-

- THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE

- THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY

a) Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones)

b) Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS-

-MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY

-THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID)

-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES)

-ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED)

-REINFORCING LIGAMENTS

-BURSAE

-MOVEMENT VS STABILITY

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS

• 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS

• 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS

• 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS

• 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT.

• 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

synchodroses

SYMPHSIS

SYNOVIAL JOINT

BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

ELBOW JOINT

BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT)BALL AND SOCKET

BALL AND SOCKET

MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/CIRCUMDUCTION

INVERSION/EVERSION